Introduction
Materials and Methods
Study Area
Analyses of PAs Over Time and in Space
IUCN | Norway | Sweden | Finland | Russian Federation |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ia | Nature reserve | Nature protection area | Strict nature reserve | Strict nature reserve |
Nature reserve | ||||
Ib | Nature reserve | Wilderness reserve, | ||
Old-growth forest reserve | ||||
Mire conservation reserve | ||||
Wilderness reserve | ||||
Nature conservation program | ||||
Nature conservation program site | ||||
II | National park | National park | National park | Natural park |
Nature reserve | National hiking area | National park | ||
Nature conservation program | ||||
III | Natural monument | National park | Natural and cultural area | |
Nature reserve | Natural monument | |||
IV | Botanical conservation area | National park | Herb-rich forest reserve | Nature reserve (federal and municipal) |
Nature reserve | Nature reserve (MH) | |||
Wildlife conservation area | Nature protection area | Nature conservation program site | Municipal landscape reserve | |
Municipal botanic reserve | ||||
Peat deposit | ||||
Protected landscape | Area designated in land use plan | Protected natural complex | ||
Protected bog | ||||
Protected forest | Protected landscape | |||
Reserved sites | Natural monument | |||
Regional nature reserve | ||||
Protected historic and natural complex | ||||
Regional nature reserve | ||||
V | Protected landscape | Nature reserve | Recreation site (MH) | Regional nature reserve |
Nature protection area | Tourist and recreational area | |||
Recourse reserve | ||||
Garden art monument | ||||
Protected landscape | ||||
Natural monument | ||||
VI | Regional nature reserve | |||
Natural monument | ||||
Green zone | ||||
Recreational area | ||||
Hunting resource protection zone | ||||
Therapeutic area | ||||
Forest genetic reserve | ||||
High value cranberry bog | ||||
Crayfish nursery | ||||
Protected historic and natural complex |
Materials
Results
Protected Areas Over Time in Europe’s Boreal Forest
Norway | Sweden | Finland | NW Russia | Total | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | M | S | N | M | S | N | M | S | N | M | S | N | M | S | |
1900– | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 00 | |||||||||||
1910– | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |||||||||||
1920– | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |||||||||||
1930– | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |||||||||
1940– | 0.1 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.2 | |||||||
1950– | 0.1 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 3.1 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | |||
1960– | 0.1 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 3.1 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 2.3 | 1.6 | 0.8 | 1.8 | ||
1970– | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 3.3 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 3.1 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 2.1 | 4.6 | 4.9 | 2.4 | 3.2 | 3.7 |
1980– | 1.1 | 3.9 | 1.1 | 7.9 | 0.6 | 1.5 | 9.0 | 1.8 | 1.3 | 6.9 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 7.2 | 4.9 | 5.0 |
1990– | 1.9 | 4.3 | 1.8 | 13.0 | 2.1 | 1.8 | 18.1 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 12.4 | 9.3 | 9.5 | 13.0 | 7.0 | 7.3 |
2000– | 16.3 | 12.7 | 4.4 | 25.2 | 2.9 | 2.2 | 21.3 | 2.6 | 4.4 | 13.3 | 8.1 | 9.7 | 16.2 | 6.5 | 7.6 |
2010– | 18.9 | 13.7 | 5.3 | 25.4 | 3.2 | 2.4 | 21.3 | 2.6 | 4.4 | 14.6 | 10.1 | 11.9 | 17.2 | 7.9 | 8.7 |
Comparisons Among Countries
Country | Boreal forests | Total area proportion (%) of PAs | Average annual change (%) of total PAs | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
In 1909 | In 1950 | In 2010 | 1909–1950 | 1950–2010 | ||
Norway | Northern | 0 | 0.0 | 18.9 | <0.001 | 0.3 |
Middle | 0 | 0.1 | 13.7 | 0.003 | 0.6 | |
Southern | 0 | 0.0 | 5.3 | <0.001 | 0.1 | |
Sweden | Northern | 0.3 | 1.0 | 32.6 | 0.015 | 0.6 |
Middle | 0.0 | 0.0 | 6.1 | <0.001 | 0.1 | |
Southern | 0.0 | 0.0 | 5.5 | <0.001 | 0.1 | |
Finland | Northern | 0 | 3.1 | 21.3 | 0.045 | 0.4 |
Middle | 0 | 0.1 | 2.6 | 0.003 | 0.1 | |
Southern | 0 | 0.7 | 4.4 | 0.010 | 0.1 | |
Russia | Northern | 0 | 1.1 | 14.6 | 0.028 | 0.3 |
Middle | 0 | 0.2 | 10.3 | 0.003 | 0.2 | |
Southern | 0 | 0.3 | 11.9 | 0.007 | 0.2 |