nach oben

International Journal of Geosynthetics and Ground Engineering

Erschienen in:

01.02.2022 | Original Paper

Experimental Investigation and Performance Evaluation of Lithomargic Clay Stabilized with Granulated Blast Furnace Slag and Calcium Chloride

verfasst von: Balaji Lakkimsetti, Sitaram Nayak

Erschienen in: International Journal of Geosynthetics and Ground Engineering | Ausgabe 1/2022

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

South-western coast of India has vast deposits of highly problematic silty soil normally referred to as lithomargic clay in the literature. This problematic silty soil is characterized by its high sensitivity to moisture content with high erosion potential and low shear strength. This paper attempts to address this problem by chemical stabilization of lithomargic clay using Calcium chloride (CaCl₂) and an industrial by-product obtained from the iron industry, i.e., granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS). Disposing of huge quantities of GBFS poses a severe impact on the environment. GBFS has high pozzolanic activity, and utilizing it for the stabilization of soils would be a sustainable and eco-friendly solution. To optimize CaCl₂ and GBFS contents for achieving better geotechnical properties of the stabilized soil and to understand the mechanism governing the improvement, a series of laboratory experiments were performed on lithomargic clay by stabilizing it with different amounts of CaCl₂ and GBFS. Optimum CaCl₂ and GBFS contents obtained from the laboratory experiments are 6% and 20%, respectively, and a significant increase in strength was achieved with this optimized mix. Scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction analyses were carried out on the powdered samples of the treated soil, and the improvement in strength was justified through the microstructural changes observed due to the formation of cementitious compounds. Response of strip footings lying on unstabilized, and stabilized soils was analyzed using PLAXIS-2D. Numerical simulations showed a significant increase in the allowable bearing pressure with stabilization of lithomargic clay with GBFS and CaCl₂.

Vorheriger Artikel Pore Water Pressure Analysis in Coir Mat-Reinforced Soil Incorporating Soil-Structure Interaction

Nächster Artikel Development and Evaluation of Arduino-Based Automatic Irrigation System for Regulation of Soil Moisture

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Doloi H, Sawhney A, Iyer KC, Rentala S (2012) Analysing factors affecting delays in Indian construction projects. Int J Proj Manag 30(4):479–489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2011.10.004CrossRef

Mohamad NO, Razali CE, Hadi AAA, Som PP, Eng BC, Rusli MB, Mohamad FR (2016) Challenges in construction over soft soil-case studies in Malaysia. In: IOP conference series: materials science and engineering, vol 136. IOP Publishing, p 12002

Firoozi AA, Olgun CG, Firoozi AA, Baghini MS (2017) Fundamentals of soil stabilization. Int J Geo-Eng 8(1):1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40703-017-0064-9CrossRef

Murmu AL, Patel A (2020) Studies on the properties of fly ash–rice husk ash-based geopolymer for use in black cotton soils. Int J Geosynth Ground Eng 6(3):1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-020-00224-zCrossRef

Joseph A, Chandrakaran S, Sankar N (2018) Performance of compacted lime column and lime-fly ash column techniques for cochin marine clays. Int J Geosynth Ground Eng 4(4):1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-018-0147-5CrossRef

Miura N, Horpibulsuk S, Nagaraj TS (2001) Engineering behavior of cement stabilized clay at high water content. Soils Found 41(5):33–45. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.41.5_33CrossRef

Zango MU, Kassim KA, Ahmad K, Muhammed AS (2021) Improvement of strength behaviour of residual soil via enzymatically induced calcite precipitation. Int J Geosynth Ground Eng 7(4):1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-021-00323-5CrossRef

Punnoi B, Arpajirakul S, Pungrasmi W, Chompoorat T, Likitlersuang S (2021) Use of microbially induced calcite precipitation for soil improvement in compacted clays. Int J Geosynth Ground Eng 7(4):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-021-00327-1CrossRef

Villarreal J, Wang F (2021) Feasibility study on biochar-treated expansive soils. Int J Geosynth Ground Eng 7(2):1–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-021-00277-8CrossRef

10.

Prusinski JR, Bhattacharja S (1999) Effectiveness of Portland cement and lime in stabilizing clay soils. Transp Res Rec 1652(1):215–227. https://doi.org/10.3141/2F1652-28CrossRef

11.

Mitchell JK, EI Jack SA (1966) The fabric of soil-cement and its formation. Clays Clay Miner. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-011908-3.50028-1CrossRef

12.

Bhattacharja S, Bhatty J (2003) Comparative performance of portland cement and lime stabilization of moderate to high plasticity clay soils. Portl Cem Assoc 2066:60–67

13.

Tremblay H, Duchesne J, Locat J, Leroueil S (2002) Influence of the nature of organic compounds on fine soil stabilization with cement. Can Geotech J 39(3):535–546. https://doi.org/10.1139/t02-002CrossRef

14.

Horpibulsuk S, Rachan R, Chinkulkijniwat A, Raksachon Y, Suddeepong A (2010) Analysis of strength development in cement-stabilized silty clay from microstructural considerations. Constr Build Mater 24(10):2011–2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.03.011CrossRef

15.

Consoli NC, Parraga Morales D, Saldanha RB (2021) A new approach for stabilization of lateritic soil with Portland cement and sand: Strength and durability. Acta Geotech 16(5):1473–1486. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-020-01136-yCrossRef

16.

Preetham HK, Nayak S (2019) Geotechnical investigations on marine clay stabilized using granulated blast furnace slag and cement. Int J Geosynth Ground Eng 5(4):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-019-0179-5CrossRef

17.

Shibi T, Ohtsuka Y (2021) Influence of applying overburden stress during curing on the unconfined compressive strength of cement-stabilized clay. Soils Found 61(4):1123–1131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2021.03.007CrossRef

18.

Bergado DT, Anderson LR, Miura N, Balasubramaniam AS (1996) Soft ground improvement in lowland and other environments. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, NY. 978-0-7844-0151-4 (ISBN-13)

19.

Croft JB (1967) The influence of soil mineralogical composition on cement stabilization. Geotechnique 17(2):119–135. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1967.17.2.119MathSciNetCrossRef

20.

Herzog A, Mitchell JK (1963) Reactions accompanying stabilization of clay with cement. Highw Res Rec 36:146–71. http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/hrr/1963/36/36-008.pdf. Accessed 15 Aug 2004

21.

Sasanian S, Newson TA (2014) Basic parameters governing the behaviour of cement-treated clays. Soils Found 54(2):209–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2014.02.011CrossRef

22.

Bouras F, Al-Mukhtar M, Tapsoba N, Belayachi N, Sabio S, Beck K, Martin M (2021) Geotechnical behavior and physico-chemical changes of lime-treated and cement-treated silty soil. Geotech Geol Eng. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-021-02008-2CrossRef

23.

Liska M, Al-Tabbaa A (2008) Performance of magnesia cements in pressed masonry units with natural aggregates: production parameters optimisation. Constr Build Mater 22(8):1789–1797. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.05.007CrossRef

24.

Gartner E (2004) Industrially interesting approaches to “low-CO₂” cements. Cem Concr Res 34(9):1489–1498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.01.021CrossRef

25.

Pade C, Guimaraes M (2007) The CO₂ uptake of concrete in a 100 year perspective. Cem Concr Res 37(9):1348–1356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.06.009CrossRef

26.

Huntzinger DN, Eatmon TD (2009) A life-cycle assessment of Portland cement manufacturing: comparing the traditional process with alternative technologies. J Clean Prod 17(7):668–675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2008.04.007CrossRef

27.

Higgins DD, Kinuthia JM, Wild S (1998) Soil stabilization using lime-activated ground granulated blast furnace slag. Spec Publ 178:1057–1074

28.

Mohanty SK, Pradhan PK, Mohanty CR (2017) Stabilization of expansive soil using industrial wastes. Geomech Eng 12(1):111–125. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2017.12.1.111CrossRef

29.

Kamon M, Nontananandh S (1991) Combining industrial wastes with lime for soil stabilization. J Geotech Eng 117(1):1–17. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1991)117:1(1)CrossRef

30.

Sharma AK, Sivapullaiah PV (2021) Studies on the compressibility and shear strength behaviour of fly ash and slag mixtures. Int J Geosynth Ground Eng 7(2):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-021-00264-zCrossRef

31.

Ünver İS, Lav MA, Çokça E (2021) Improvement of an extremely highly plastic expansive clay with hydrated lime and fly ash. Geotech Geol Eng 39:4917–4932. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-021-01803-1CrossRef

32.

Mujtaba H, Aziz T, Farooq K, Sivakugan N, Das BM (2018) Improvement in engineering properties of expansive soils using ground granulated blast furnace slag. J Geol Soc India 92(3):357–362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-018-1019-2CrossRef

33.

Xu B, Yi Y (2021) Soft clay stabilization using three industry by-products. J Mater Civ Eng 33(5):6021002. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003710CrossRef

34.

Seggiani M, Vitolo S (2003) Recovery of silica gel from blast furnace slag. Resour Conserv Recycl 40(1):71–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-3449(03)00034-XCrossRef

35.

Yi Y, Liska M, Jin F, Al-Tabbaa A (2016) Mechanism of reactive magnesia – ground granulated blastfurnace slag (GGBS) soil stabilization. Can Geotech J 53(5):773–782. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2015-0183CrossRef

36.

Cokca E, Yazici V, Ozaydin V (2009) Stabilization of expansive clays using granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) and GBFS-cement. Geotech Geol Eng 27(4):489–499. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-008-9250-zCrossRef

37.

Yi Y, Li C, Liu S (2015) Alkali-activated ground-granulated blast furnace slag for stabilization of marine soft clay. J Mater Civ Eng 27(4):04014146. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001100CrossRef

38.

Goodarzi AR, Salimi M (2015) Stabilization treatment of a dispersive clayey soil using granulated blast furnace slag and basic oxygen furnace slag. Appl Clay Sci 108:61–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2015.02.024CrossRef

39.

Paul A, Hussain M (2020) Sustainable use of GGBS and RHA as a partial replacement of cement in the stabilization of Indian peat. Int J Geosynth Ground Eng 6(1):1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-020-0185-7CrossRef

40.

Nayak S, Sarvade PG (2012) Effect of cement and quarry dust on shear strength and hydraulic characteristics of lithomargic clay. Geotech Geol Eng 30(2):419–430. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-011-9477-yCrossRef

41.

Ramesh HN, Nanda HS (2007) Strength behaviour of Shedi soil treated with fly ashes. In: 13th ARC, pp 893–896

42.

Shivashankar R, Thomas BC, Krishnanunni KT, Reddy DV (2019) Slope stability studies of excavated slopes in lateritic formations. In: Anirudhan IV, Maji VB (eds) Geotechnical applications. Springer, Singapore, pp 127–134. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0368-5_14

43.

Amulya S, Ravi Shankar AU, Praveen M (2020) Stabilisation of lithomargic clay using alkali activated fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag. Int J Pavement Eng 21(9):1114–1121. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2018.1521520CrossRef

44.

Yearbook IM (2015) Slag-iron and steel. Minist Mines 16:1–10

45.

Sakr MA, Azzam WR, Meguid MA et al (2021) Enhancing the swelling characteristics and shear strength of expansive soil using ferric chloride solution. Int J Geosynth Gr Eng 7(4):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-021-00320-8CrossRef

46.

ShahriarKian M, Kabiri S, Bayat M (2021) Utilization of zeolite to improve the behavior of cement-stabilized soil. Int J Geosynth Ground Eng 7(2):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-021-00284-9CrossRef

47.

Sani JE, Etim RK, Joseph A (2019) Compaction behaviour of lateritic soil-calcium chloride mixtures. Geotech Geol Eng 37(4):2343–2362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-018-00760-6CrossRef

48.

Sharma RS, Phanikumar BR, Rao BV (2008) Engineering behavior of a remolded expansive clay blended with lime, calcium chloride, and rice-husk ash. J Mater Civ Eng 20(8):509–515. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2008)20:8(509)CrossRef

49.

Shon C-S, Saylak D, Mishra SK (2010) Combined use of calcium chloride and fly ash in road base stabilization. Transp Res Rec 2186(1):120–129. https://doi.org/10.3141/2186-13CrossRef

50.

Bowers BF, Daniels JL, Anderson JB (2014) Field considerations for calcium chloride modification of soil-cement. J Mater Civ Eng 26(1):65–70. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000780CrossRef

51.

Suresh R, Murugaiyan V (2021) Experimental studies on influence of alccofine and calcium chloride on geotechnical properties of expansive soil. In: Proceedings of the Indian geotechnical conference 2019. Springer, pp 629–640

52.

Zumrawi MME, Eltayeb KA (2016) Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with calcium chloride. Int J Environ Chem Ecol Geol Geophys Eng 10(2):199–203

53.

Sharo AA, Alhouidi YA, Al-Tawaha MS (2018) Feasibility of calcium chloride dehydrate as stabilizing agent for expansive soil. J Eng Sci Technol Rev 11(6):156–161CrossRef

54.

Estabragh AR, Kazemi A, Javadi AA, Moghadas M (2021) Stabilization of a clay soil by injection of different ions. Proc Inst Civ Eng Improv 1–51. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgrim.20.00050

55.

Thomas A, Tripathi RK, Yadu LK (2018) A laboratory investigation of soil stabilization using enzyme and alkali-activated ground granulated blast-furnace slag. Arab J Sci Eng (Springer Sci Bus Media BV) 43(10):5193–5202CrossRef

56.

Kumar Sharma A, Sivapullaiah PV (2012) Improvement of strength of expansive soil with waste granulated blast furnace slag. In: GeoCongress 2012: state of the art and practice in geotechnical engineering, pp 3920–3928

57.

Wild S, Kinuthia JM, Robinson RB, Humphreys I (1996) Effects of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) on the strength and swelling properties of lime-stabilized kaolinite in the presence of sulphates. Clay Miner 31(3):423–433. https://doi.org/10.1180/claymin.1996.031.3.12CrossRef

58.

Yadu L, Tripathi RK (2013) Effects of granulated blast furnace slag in the engineering behaviour of stabilized soft soil. Procedia Eng 51:125–131CrossRef

59.

He J, Wang X, Su Y, Li ZX, Shi XK (2019) Shear strength of stabilized clay treated with soda residue and ground granulated blast furnace slag. J Mater Civ Eng 31(3):06018029. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002629CrossRef

60.

Bowders JJ Jr, Daniel DE (1987) Hydraulic conductivity of compacted clay to dilute organic chemicals. J Geotech Eng 113(12):1432–1448. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1987)113:12(1432)CrossRef

61.

Abood TT, Bin KA, Bin CZ (2007) Stabilisation of silty clay soil using chloride compounds. J Eng Sci Technol 2(1):102–110

62.

Dermatas D, Meng X (2003) Utilization of fly ash for stabilization/solidification of heavy metal contaminated soils. Eng Geol 70(3–4):377–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(03)00105-4CrossRef

63.

Kolias S, Rigopoulou KV, Karahalios A (2005) Stabilisation of clayey soils with high calcium fly ash and cement. Cem Concr Compos 27(2):301–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2004.02.019CrossRef

64.

Sharma AK, Sivapullaiah PV (2016) Ground granulated blast furnace slag amended fly ash as an expansive soil stabilizer. Soils Found 56(2):205–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2016.02.004CrossRef

Titel: Experimental Investigation and Performance Evaluation of Lithomargic Clay Stabilized with Granulated Blast Furnace Slag and Calcium Chloride
verfasst von: Balaji Lakkimsetti
Sitaram Nayak
Publikationsdatum: 01.02.2022
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Erschienen in: International Journal of Geosynthetics and Ground Engineering / Ausgabe 1/2022
Print ISSN: 2199-9260
Elektronische ISSN: 2199-9279
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-022-00355-5

Springer Professional

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2022

Puncture Behavior of HDPE Geomembranes with Defects: Laboratory Investigation

Stabilization of Soft Clay Using Perlite Geopolymer Activated by Sodium Hydroxide

Potential Applications of Waste Plastic Bottles Cells for the Improvement of the CBR of Soft Soils of Coastal Regions of Gujarat

Impact of Footing Shape on Dynamic Properties and Vibration Transmission Characteristics of Machine Foundations

Parameters Controlling Strength, Stiffness and Durability of a Fibre-Reinforced Clay

Evaluation of Strength Characteristics of Soil Stabilized with Nano Zinc Oxide—Cement Mixes for Low Volume Road Applications