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2017 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

4. Making History

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Abstract

Karl Mark suggests that “Men make their own history.” The idea that humankind can shape or make its own history with a real sense of purpose directed toward a particular end is central to the ideas of progress and universal history. This chapter demonstrates how since the end of the Second World War, at the instigation of President Harry S. Truman, international organizations dedicated to economic development and modernization more generally, have sought to harness science and technology to drive human progress.

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Fußnoten
1
Ronald Wright, A Short History of Progress (Melbourne: Text Publishing, 2004), p. 132.
 
2
Immanuel Kant, “Idea for a Universal History from a Cosmopolitan Point of View,” in Kant On History, ed. Lewis White Beck (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1963), pp. 22–23. Italics in original.
 
3
Kant, “Idea for a Universal History,” p. 22.
 
4
Kant, “Idea for a Universal History,” p. 23.
 
5
Immanuel Kant, “An Old Questions Raised Again: Is the Human Race Constantly Progressing?,” in Kant On History, ed. Lewis White Beck (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1963), p. 137. Italics in original.
 
6
Kant, “An Old Questions Raised Again,” pp. 137–138
 
7
Karl Marx, “The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte,” in Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Works, vol. I (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1958), p. 247.
 
8
Marx, “The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte,” p. 247.
 
9
Alain de Benoist, “A Brief History of the Idea of Progress,” The Occidental Quarterly 8, no. 1 (2008): 7–8.
 
10
Ignacy Sachs, “The Logic of Development,” International Social Science Journal 24, no. 1 (1972): 361.
 
11
Benoist, “A Brief History of the Idea of Progress,” p. 16.
 
13
Gustavo Esteva, “Development,” in The Development Dictionary: A Guide to Knowledge as Power, ed. Wolfgang Sachs, 2nd edition (London and New York: Zed Books, 2010), p. 2.
 
14
See Michael Adas, Machines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology, and Ideologies of Western Dominance (Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 1989). The adverse effects of applying science and technology to agriculture are highlighted in Rachel Carson, Silent Spring (New York: Houghton Mifflin, Anniversary edition, 2002).
 
16
https://​undg.​org/​home/​about-undg/​. Some of this language is also present in the Covenant of the League of Nations, particularly Article 22 concerning mandates.
 
17
Robert Nisbet, History of the Idea of Progress (London: Heinemann, 1980), p. 308.
 
18
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Articles of Agreement at http://​www.​worldbank.​org/​en/​about
 
19
International Development Association, Articles of Agreement at http://​www.​worldbank.​org/​en/​about
 
20
United Nations, Department of Social and Economic Affairs, Measures for the Economic Development of Underdeveloped Countries, 1951, p.15.
 
22
Joseph E. Stiglitz, “Towards a New Paradigm for Development: Strategies, Policies, and Processes,” given as the 1998 Raúl Prebisch Lecture at UNCTAD, Geneva, October 19, 1998. Italics in original.
 
23
Arturo Escobar, Encountering Development: The making and Unmaking of the Third World (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995), pp. 3–4.
 
24
Escobar, Encountering Development, p. 4.
 
26
Philipp H. Lepenies, Art, Politics, and Development: How Linear Perspective Shaped Policies in the Western World (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 2013), p. 1. Italics in original.
 
27
Lepenies, Art, Politics, and Development, pp. 1–2.
 
28
John Maynard Keynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (London: MacMillan and Co., 1936), p. 383.
 
29
Lepenies, Art, Politics, and Development, p. 7.
 
30
Georg G. Iggers, “The Idea of Progress in Historiography and Social Thought Since the Enlightenment,” in Progress and its Discontents, eds. Gabriel A. Almond, Marvin Chodorow, and Roy Harvey Pearce (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982), p. 65.
 
31
E. Shils, “Political Development in the New States—The Will to be Modern,” in Readings in Social Evolution and Development, ed. S. N. Eisenstadt (Oxford and New York: Pergamon Press, 1970), p. 379.
 
32
Islamic State is not the first to reject the idea of modernity, see for instance, Henry David Thoreau, Walden; or, Life in the Woods (Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1854); John Milbank, Catherine Pickstock, and Graham Ward, eds., Radical Orthodoxy: A New Theology (New York: Routledge, 1998); and Ron Melchiore, Off Grid and Free: My Path to the Wilderness (Coquitlam, BC: Moon Willow Press, 2016).
 
33
Samuel P. Huntington, “The Change to Change: Modernization, Development, and Politics,” Comparative Politics 3, no. 3: (1971): 288.
 
34
Richard B. Norgaard, Development Betrayed: The End of Progress and a Co-Evolutionary Revisioning of the Future (London and New York: Routledge, 1994), p. 1.
 
35
Huntington, “The Change to Change,” p. 292.
 
36
Huntington, “The Change to Change,” p. 286.
 
37
W. W. Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1961), p. 1.
 
38
Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth, pp. 12–13.
 
39
Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth, pp. 4–11.
 
40
Huntington, “The Change to Change,”, p. 288. See for example, Talcott Parsons, The Social System (New York: The Free Press of Glencoe, 1951); Marion Joseph Levy, Modernization and the Structure of Societies: A Setting for International Affairs, 2 volumes (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966); Cyril E. Black, The Dynamics of Modernization: A Study in Comparative History (New York: Harper & Row, 1966); Robert E. Ward and Dankwart A. Rustow, eds., Political Modernization in Japan and Turkey (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1964); and Daniel Lerner, The Passing of Traditional Society: Modernizing the Middle East (New York: Free Press of Glencoe, 1958).
 
41
Huntington, “The Change to Change,” pp. 288–290. Italics in original.
 
42
Huntington, “The Change to Change,” pp. 294–295.
 
43
Dean C. Tipps, “Modernization Theory and the Comparative Study of Societies: A Critical Perspective,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 15, no. 2 (1973): 210.
 
44
David L. Blaney and Naeem Inayatullah, “Neo-Modernization? IR and the Inner Life of Modernization Theory,” European Journal of International Relations 8, no. 1 (2002): 103–104. Italics in original.
 
45
Blaney and Inayatullah, “Neo-Modernization?” p. 105. See also Naeem Inayatullah and David L. Blaney, International Relations and the Problem of Difference (New York and London: Routledge, 2004).
 
46
Blaney and Inayatullah, “Neo-Modernization?” p. 118. See Lucian W. Pye, Aspects of Political Development (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1966).
 
47
Brett Bowden, The Empire of Civilization: The Evolution of an Imperial Idea (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2009); Brett Bowden, “To Rethink Standards of Civilisation, Start with the End,” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 42, no. 3 (2014): 614–631; Brett Bowden, “The Colonial Origins of International Law: European Expansion and the Classical Standard of Civilisation,” Journal of the History of International Law/Revue d’histoire du droit international 7, no. 1, (2005): 1–23; and Brett Bowden, “In the Name of Progress and Peace: The ‘Standard of Civilization’ and the Universalizing Project,” Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 29, no. 1, (2004): 43–68.
 
48
Thomas McCarthy, Race, Empire and the Idea of Human Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), p. 1.
 
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Metadaten
Titel
Making History
verfasst von
Brett Bowden
Copyright-Jahr
2017
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52410-8_4

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