nach oben

Erschienen in:

2010 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Noise Techniques in Nuclear Systems

verfasst von : Imre Pázsit, Christophe Demazière

Erschienen in: Handbook of Nuclear Engineering

Verlag: Springer US

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

This chapter deals with neutron fluctuations in nuclear systems. Such neutron fluctuations, or neutron noise, fall into two categories: neutron noise in zero power systems and neutron noise in power reactors. The concepts, the theory, and the methodology of these fluctuations as well as their various applications for extracting information in a nonintrusive way about the system in question are described. A number of specific applications are described, where detection and analysis of zero power and power reactor noise make it possible to extract diagnostic information about the system by determining some parameters of the system during normal operation, or by detecting, identifying, and quantifying developing anomalies at an early stage and determining their severity. This chapter ends with an outline of future developments and actual issues in the field.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel Analysis of Reactor Fuel Rod Behavior

Nächstes Kapitel Deterministic and Probabilistic Safety Analysis

Adorján F, Czibók T, Kiss S, Krinizs K, Vgh J (2000) Core asymmetry evolution using static measurements and neutron noise analysis. Ann Nucl Energy 27(7):649–658CrossRef

Baeten P (2004) Heuristic derivation of the Rossi-alpha formula for a pulsed neutron source. Ann Nucl Energy 31:43–53CrossRef

Baeten P, Lafuente A, Janssens J, Kochetkov A, Pázsit I, Van Grieken G and Van den Eynde G (2010) Subcriticality determination using the ²⁵²Cf source-detector method. Ann Nucl Energy 37(5):672-680CrossRef

Ballester D, Munoz-Cobo JL (2005) Feynman-Y function for a subcritical assembly with intrinsic spontaneous fissions driven by external pulsed sources. Ann Nucl Energy 32(5):493–519CrossRef

Behringer K, Kosály G, Pázsit I (1979) Linear response of the neutron field to a propagating perturbation of moderator density (two-group theory of BWR noise). Nucl Sci Eng 72:304

Bell GI (1965) On the stochastic theory of neutron transport. Nucl Sci Eng 21:390–401

Bell GI, Glasstone S (1970) Nuclear reactor theory. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York

Bennett EF (1981) An experimental method for reactor-noise measurements of effective beta. ANL-81-72

Blakeman ED (2009) Summary description of the ²⁵²Cf-source-driven noise analysis method for measurement of subcriticality. Oak Ridge National Laboratory internal report ORNL/TM-2008/187

Böhnel K (1985) The effect of multiplication on the quantitative determination of spontaneous fissioning isotopes by neutron correlation analysis. Nucl Sci Eng 90:75

Cacuci DG (1993) On chaotic dynamics in nuclear engineering systems. Nucl Technol 103: 303–309

Cacuci DG, March-Leuba J, Perez RB (1986) Limit cycles and bifurcations in nuclear systems. Trans Am Nucl Soc 53:239

Cifarelli D, Hage W (1986) Models for a three-parameter analysis of neutron signal correlation measurements for fissile material assay. Nucl Instrum Methods 251 (3):550–563CrossRef

Croft S, Bourva LC-A (2000) The measurement of passive neutron multiplicity counter gate utilisation factors and comparisons with theory. Nucl Instrum Methods 453 (3):553–568CrossRef

Czibók T, Kiss G, Kiss S, Krinizs K, Végh J (2003) Regular neutron noise diagnostics measurements at the Hungarian Paks NPP. Prog Nucl Energy 43:67–74CrossRef

D’Auria F et al (1997) State of the art report on boiling water reactor stability – appendix B: methods for evaluating decay ratio. NEA report NEA/CSNI/R(96) 21, pp 333–341

Degweker SB (1998) Simple formulae for interpretation of the dead time alpha (first moment) method of reactor noise. Ann Nucl Energy 26(15):1267–1273CrossRef

Degweker SB (1999) An exact solution for a non-extending dead time problem in passive neutron assay. Ann Nucl Energy 25(15):387–401CrossRef

Degweker SB (2000) Some variants of the Feynman alpha method in critical and accelerator driven sub critical systems. Ann Nucl Energy 27(14):1245–1257CrossRef

Degweker SB (2003) Reactor noise in accelerator driven systems. Ann Nucl Energy 30:223CrossRef

Degweker SB, Rana YS (2007) Reactor noise in accelerator driven system – II. Ann Nucl Energy 34:463–482CrossRef

Demazière C (2004) Development of a 2-D 2-group neutron noise simulator. Ann Nucl Energy 19:647–680CrossRef

Demazière C (2006) Analysis methods for the determination of possible unseated fuel assemblies in BWRs. Int J Nucl Energy Sci Technol 2(3):167–188CrossRef

Demazière C, Pázsit I (2002) Online determination of the MTC (moderator temperature coefficient) by neutron noise and gamma-thermometer signals. In: Ruan D, Fantoni PF (eds) Power plant surveillance and diagnostics – modern approaches and advanced applications, Physica Verlag/Springer, Heidelberg, pp 135–157, ISBN 3–540–43247–7

Demazière C, Pázsit I (2004) Development of a method for measuring the MTC by noise analysis and its experimental verification in Ringhals-2. Nucl Sci Eng 148 (1):1–29

Demazière C, Pázsit I (2005) On the possibility of the space-dependence of the stability indicator (decay ratio) of a BWR. Ann Nucl Energy 32(12):1305–1322CrossRef

Demazière C, Pázsit I (2008) Numerical tools applied to power reactor noise analysis. Prog Nucl Energy 51:67–81CrossRef

Demazière C, Sunde C, Arzhanov V, Pázsit I (2003) Final report on the research project Ringhals diagnostics and monitoring, Stage 8. Chalmers report CTH-RF-177/RR-10, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg

Enqvist A, Pázsit I, Pozzi SA (2006) The number distribution of neutrons and gamma photons generated in a multiplying sample. Nucl Instrum Methods 566:598–608CrossRef

Enqvist A, Pázsit I, Avdic S (2010) Sample characterization using both neutron and gamma multiplicities. Nucl Instrum Methods A 615:62–69CrossRef

Ensslin N, Harker WC, Krick MS, Langner DG, Pickrell MM, Stewart JE (1998) Application guide to neutron multiplicity counting. Los Alamos report LA-13422-M

Fry DN (1971) Experience in reactor malfunction diagnosis using on-line noise analysis. Nucl Technol 10(3):273–282

Fry DN, Kryter RC, Robinson JC (1974) Analysis of neutron-density oscillations resulting from core barrel motion in the Palisades nuclear power plant. Oak Ridge National Laboratory internal report ORNL-TM-4570

Ginestar D, Miró R, Verdú G, Hennig D (2002) A transient modal analysis of a BWR instability event. J Nucl Sci Technol 39(5):554–563CrossRef

Ginestar D, Verdú G, Miro R (2006) Singular system analysis of the local power range monitor (LPRM) readings of a boiling water reactor (BWR) in an unstable event. Int J Nucl Energ Sci Technol 2(3):253–265.CrossRef

Graves HW Jr (1979) Nuclear fuel management. Wiley, New York

Hage W, Cifarelli D (1985) On the factorial moments of the neutron multiplicity distribution of fission cascades. Nucl Instrum Methods 236(1):165–177CrossRef

Harris DR (1964) Naval reactor physics handbook, vol I. United States Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, pp 1010–1142

Hennig D (1999) A study on boiling water reactor stability behaviour. Nucl Technol 126(1):10–31MathSciNet

Henry AF (1958) The application of reactor kinetics to the analysis of experiments. Nucl Sci Eng 3:52–70

Henry AF (1975) Nuclear-reactor analysis. The MIT Press, Cambridge

Hotta A, Suzawa Y, Takeuchi H (1997) Development of BWR regional instability model and verification based on Ringhals 1 test. Ann Nucl Energy 24(17):1403–1427CrossRef

Karlsson JK-H, Pázsit I, Gill RD (1997) Spectral and correlation analysis of soft X-ray signals from the Joint European Torus tokamak. Fusion Eng Des 34–35:175–178CrossRef

Karlsson JK-H, Pzsit I (1998) Analysis of core barrel vibration in Ringhals2, 3 and 4 for several fuel cycles. Chalmers internal report CTH-RF-135/RR-5

Karlsson JK-H, Pzsit I (1999) Localisation of a channel instability in the Forskmark-1 boiling water reactor. Ann Nucl Energi 26(13):1183–1204CrossRef

Kitamura Y, Pázsit I, Wright J, Yamamoto A, Yamane Y (2005) Derivation of pulsed Feynman- and Rossi-alpha formulae including delayed neutrons. Ann Nucl Energy 32:671–692CrossRef

Kitamura Y, Taguchi K, Misawa T, Pázsit I, Yamamoto A, Yamane Y, Ichihara C, Nakamura H, Oigawa H (2006) Calculation of the stochastic pulsed Rossi-alpha formula and its experimental verification. Prog Nucl Energy 48:37–50CrossRef

Kleiss E, van Dam H (1978) Analysis of neutron detector response to bubbles in a water moderated reactor. Ann Nucl Energy 6(7–8):385–398

Konno H, Kanemoto S, Takeuchi Y (1999) Parametric stochastic stability and decay ratio for a stochastic non-linear BWR model below the Hopf bifurcation. Ann Nucl Energy 26:1465

Kosály G (1975) Investigation of the local component of power-reactor noise via diffusion theory. KFKI report, KFKI-75–27

Kosály G (1980) Noise investigations in boiling-water and pressurized-water reactors. Prog Nucl Energy 5:145–199CrossRef

Kosály G, Meskó L (1972a) Remarks on the transfer function relating inlet temperature fluctuations to neutron noise. Atomkernenergie 20:33–36

Kosály G, Meskó L (1972b) Investigation of the cross correlation of coolant temperature fluctuations via the axial dependent two point model of heat transfer. Atomkernenergie 20:91–94

Kuang ZF, Pázsit I (1999) The general backward theory of neutron fluctuations in subcritical systems with multiple emission sources. Il Nuovo Cimento 112 A:1067–1092

Kuang ZF, Pázsit I (2002) The generalised theory of neutron noise in a random medium. Proc R Soc A 458:232–252CrossRef

Lamarsh JR (2002) Introduction to nuclear reactor theory. American Nuclear Society, LaGrange Park

Larsson V, Demazière C (2009) Comparative study of 2-group P1 and diffusion theories for the calculation of the neutron noise in 1D 2-region system. Ann Nucl Energy 36(10):1574–1587CrossRef

Lathouwers D, Agung A, van der Hagen THJJ, van Dam H, Pain CC, De Oliveira CRE, Goddard AJH (2003) Dynamics modeling and stability analysis of a fluidized bed nuclear reactor. Prog Nucl Energy 43(1–4):437–443CrossRef

Makai M, Kalya Z, Nemes I, Pos I, Pór G (2007) Evaluating new methods for direct measurement of the moderator temperature coefficient in nuclear power plants during normal operation. In: Proceedings of the 17th symposium of AER on VVER reactor physics and reactor safety, Yalta, September 24–29, 2007

March-Leuba J, Cacuci DG, Perez RB (1983) Nonlinear dynamics of boiling water reactors. Trans Am Nucl Soc 45:725

March-Leuba J, Cacuci DG, Perez RB (1984) Universality and aperiodic behavior of nuclear reactors. Nucl Sci Eng 86:401–404

March-Leuba J, Cacuci DG, Perez RB (1986a) Nonlinear dynamics and stability of boiling water reactors, I: qualitative analysis. Nucl Sci Eng 93:111–123

March-Leuba J, Cacuci DG, Perez RB (1986b) Nonlinear dynamics and stability of Boiling Water Reactors, II: quantitative Analysis. Nucl Sci Eng 93:124–136

Mellier F (Co-ordinator) (2005) The MUSE experiments for sub critical neutronics validation. Final report of the EU-supported project MUSE, Contract No: FIKW-CT-2000-00063

Mihalczo JT et al (1990) Dynamic subcriticality measurements using the 252Cf-source-driven neutron noise method. Nucl Sci Eng 104:314–338

Miro R, Ginestar D, Hennig D, Verdu G (2000) On the regional oscillation phenomenon in BWRs. Prog Nucl Energy 36(2):189–229CrossRef

Mogilner AI, Zolotukhin VG (1961) Atomnaya Energiya 10:377

Munoz-Cobo JL, Perez RB, Verdú G (1987) Stochastic neutron transport theory: neutron counting statistics in nuclear assemblies. Nucl Sci Eng 95(2):83–105

Munoz-Cobo JL, Chiva S, Sekhri A (2004) A reduced order model of BWR dynamics with subcooled boiling and modal kinetics: application to out of phase oscillations. Ann Nucl Energy 31(10):1135–1162CrossRef

Munoz-Cobo JL, Pena J, Gonzalez E (2008) Rossi-alpha and Feynmann Y functions for non-Poissonian pulsed sources of neutrons in the stochastic pulsing method: application to subcriticality monitoring in ADS and comparison with the results of Poissonian pulsed neutron sources. Ann Nucl Energy 35(12): 2375–2386CrossRef

OECD (2002) Reactor surveillance and diagnostics. In: Proceedings of the SMORN conferences. http://www.nea.fr/html/science/rsd/

Oguma R (1997) Application of noise analysis for the study of core local instability at Forsmark 1. SKI report 97:42, Statens Kärnkraftinspektion (Swedish Nuclear Power Inspectorate), Stockholm

Ott KO, Neuhold RJ (1985) Introductory nuclear reactor dynamics. American Nuclear Society, La Grange Park

Pacilio N (1970) Reactor-noise analysis in the time domain. United States Atomic Energy Commission, Washington

Pál L (1958) On the theory of stochastic processes in nuclear reactors. Nuovo Cimento, Supplemento 7:25–42MATHCrossRef

Pál L, Pázsit I (2006) Neutron fluctuations in a multiplying medium randomly varying in time. Phys Scripta 74(1):62–70MATHCrossRef

Pál L, Pázsit I (2007) Theory of neutron noise in a temporally fluctuating multiplying medium. Nucl Sci Eng 155(3):425–440

Pázsit I (1992) Dynamic transfer function calculations for core diagnostics. Ann Nucl Energy 19:303–312CrossRef

Pázsit I (1995) Determination of reactor stability in case of dual oscillations. Ann Nucl Energy 22:377–387CrossRef

Pázsit I (2002) Neutron noise theory in the P1 approximation. Prog Nucl Energy 40:217–236CrossRef

Pázsit I (2003) Hugo van Dam and the dynamic adjoint function. Ann Nucl Energy 30:1757–1775CrossRef

Pázsit I, Glckler O (1988) On the neutron noise diagnostics of PWR control vibrations, III: application at a power plant. Nucl Sci Eng 99(4):313–328

Pázsit I, Garis NS, Glöckler O (1994) BWR instrument tube vibrations: interpretation of measurements and simulations. Ann Nucl Energy 21(12): 759–786CrossRef

Pázsit I, Glöckler O (1996) On the neutron noise diagnostics of PWR control vibrations, IV: application of neural networks. Nucl Sci Eng 124(1):167–177

Pázsit I, Kitamura M (1996) The role of neural networks in reactor diagnostics and control. Adv Nucl Sci Technol 24:95–130CrossRef

Pázsit I, Pál L (2008) Neutron fluctuations – a treatise on the physics of branching processes. Elsevier Ltd., London/New York/TokyoMATH

Pázsit I, Pozzi SA (2005) Calculation of gamma multiplicities in a multiplying sample for the assay of nuclear materials. Nucl Instrum Methods A 555: 340–346CrossRef

Pázsit I, Karlsson JK-H, Garis NS (1998) Some developments in core-barrel vibration diagnostics. Ann Nucl Energy 25(13):1079–1093CrossRef

Pázsit I, Kuang ZF, Prinja AK (2002) A unified theory of zero power and power reactor noise via backward master equations. Ann Nucl Energy 29(2):169–192CrossRef

Pázsit I, Demaziére C, Sunde C, Bernitt C, Hernándes-Solz A (2008) Final report on the research project ringhals diagnostics and monitoring stage 12. Chalmers internal report CTH-NT-220/RR-14

Pokol G, Pór G, Zoletnik S, The W7-AS Team (2007) Application of a bandpower correlation method to the statistical analysis of MHD bursts in quiescent Wendelstein-7 AS stellarator plasmas. Plasma Phys Control Fusion 49: 1391–1408CrossRef

Pór G (1981) Investigations on the phase at low frequencies of the CPSD between detectors in the Borssele PWR power plant. ECN -81–131 report

Pór G, Izsák E, Valkó J (1985) Some results of noise measurements in a PWR NPP. Prog Nucl Energy 15:387–393CrossRef

Pór G, Berta M, Csuvar M (2003) Measurement of the coolant flow rate using correlation of temperature fluctuations. Prog Nucl Energy 43:281–288CrossRef

Saito K (1979) Source papers in reactor noise. Prog Nucl Energy 3(3):157–218CrossRef

Sanchez R (1989) Linear kinetic theory in stochastic media. J Math Phys 30:2498–2511MathSciNetMATHCrossRef

Sanchez R, Pomraning GC (1991) A statistical analysis of the double heterogeneity problem. Ann Nucl Energy 18(7):371–395CrossRef

Shiralkar B (2005) BWR stability analysis – phenomena and requirements. Talk given at the workshop on status and perspectives of coupled code analysis for BWRs, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, June 27–28, 2005

Sjöstrand NG (1956) Measurements on a subcritical reactor using a pulsed neutron source. Arkiv för Fysik 11:233–246

Stacey WM Jr (1969) Space-time nuclear reactor kinetics. Academic, New York

Takeuchi Y, Takigawa Y, Uematsu H (1994) A study on boiling water reactor regional stability from the viewpoint of higher harmonics. Nucl Technol 106 (3):300–314

Thie JA (1959) Dynamic behavior of boiling reactors. ANL-5849, Argonne National Laboratory

Thie JA (1963) Reactor noise. Rowman & Littlefield, New York

Thie JA (1977) Neutron noise sources in PWRs. Prog Nucl Energy 1(2–4):283–292CrossRef

Thie JA (1981) Power reactor noise. American Nuclear Society, La Grange Park

Uhrig RE (ed) (1966) Proceedings of the symposium on neutron noise, waves and pulse propagation, Gainesville

Uhrig RE (1970) Random noise in nuclear reactor systems. Ronald Press, New York

van Dam H (1975) A perturbation method for analysis of detector response to parametric fluctuations in reactors. Atomkernenergie 25:70

van Dam H (1976) Neutron noise in boiling water reactors. Atomkernenergie 27:8

van Dam H (2000) Self-stabilizing criticality waves. Ann Nucl Energy 27(16):1505–1521CrossRef

van der Hagen THJJ, Hoogenboom JE, van Dam H (1992) A multi dimensional multigroup diffusion model for the determination of the frequency-dependent field of view of a neutron detector. Nucl Sci Eng 110:237–253

van der Hagen THJJ, Pázsit I, Thomson O, Melkerson B (1994) Methods for the determination of the in-phase and out-of-phase stability characteristics of a boiling water reactor. Nucl Technol 107(2):193–214

Verdú G, Ginestar D, Vidal V, Miró R (1998) Modal decomposition method for BWR stability analysis. J Nucl Sci Technol 35(8):538–546

Wach D, Kosály G (1974) Investigation of the joint effect of local and global driving sources in in-core neutron noise measurements, Atomkernenergie 23(4):244–250

Watson HW, Galton F (1873) Educational Times 19:103

Weinberg AM, Schweinler HC (1948) Theory of oscillating absorber in a chain reactor. Phys Rev 74:851–863MathSciNetMATHCrossRef

Williams MMR (1974) Random processes in nuclear reactors. Pergamon Press, Oxford

Yadigaroglu G, Bergles AE (1972) Fundamental and higher-mode density wave oscillations in two-phase flow. Trans ASME J Heat Transfer 94(2):189–195CrossRef

Yamane Y, Pázsit I (1998) Heuristic derivation of Rossi-alpha formula with delayed neutrons and correlated source. Ann Nucl Energy 25:1373–1382CrossRef

Yamane Y, Takemoto Y, Imai T (1999) Effective delayed neutron fraction measurements in FCA-XIX cores by using modified Bennett method. Prog Nucl Energy 35(2):183–194CrossRef

Yamane Y, Kitamura Y, Kataoka H, Ishitani K, Shiroya S (2002) Application of variance-to-mean method to accelerator-driven subcritical system. In: PHYSOR-2002 international conference on the new frontiers of nuclear technology: reactor physics, safety and high-performance computing, Seoul, October 7–10, 2002

Zinzani F, Demazière C, Sunde C (2008) Calculation of the eigenfunctions of the two-group neutron diffusion equation and application to modal decomposition of BWR instabilities. Ann Nucl Energy 35(11):2109–2125CrossRef

Titel: Noise Techniques in Nuclear Systems
verfasst von: Imre Pázsit
Christophe Demazière
Verlag: Springer US
Buch: Handbook of Nuclear Engineering
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-98130-7

Electronic ISBN: 978-0-387-98149-9

Copyright-Jahr: 2010
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-98149-9_14