5. Off-Grid Generators, Gen Sets, and Biomass Systems

With the exception of solar-powered systems, the electricity produced in off-grid systems is provided by a rotating generator. The operating principles, frequency, and voltage control aspects, circuit model, and efficiency of synchronous generators are described in this chapter. The mechanical power provided to the generator can come from several sources, including wind turbines, hydro turbines, and internal combustion engines. Internal combustion engines are especially common. The operating principles, efficiency, and fuel consumption of internal combustion engine-coupled generators are described in this chapter. Biomass systems are also covered as they produce biogas and syngas that can be used as fuel for internal combustion engines. In particular, anaerobic and gasification processes are detailed.