Optimization of biodiesel production from Indian mustard oil by biological tri-calcium phosphate catalyst derived from turkey bone ash

Turkey bone (TB) has been converted to an efficient, reusable biological tri-calcium phosphate (BTCP) catalyst simply through air incineration, and its catalytic efficacy was investigated in the methanolysis of Indian mustard oil (Brassica nigra) for production of biodiesel. The catalyst has been meticulously characterized by XRD, FESEM, BET, BJH, TGA, and FTIR analyses. The catalyst has 4 m²/g specific surface area, 0.0107 cc/g pore volume with a modal pore diameter of 20.16 nm, and 5.1 mmol HCl/g catalyst basicity. Face-centered central composite design coupled with response surface methodology predicted maximum 91.22 % FAME yield at methanol to mustard oil molar ratio of 9.90:1, calcination temperature of 909.4 °C, and catalyst concentration of 4.97 wt%. The product biodiesel conforms to B20 ASTM/EN specifications. Moreover, valorization of discarded TB (a municipal solid waste) through preparation of inexpensive heterogeneous BTCP catalyst for synthesis of biodiesel can craft new avenues of environmental management, paving the way toward cleaner and greener world.