1 Introduction
2 Review approach
3 Findings
3.1 Organizational unlearning as a process: Definitions and viewpoints
3.2 Organizational unlearning mechanisms and conceptualizations
3.3 Levels of unlearning
3.4 Timing of organizational unlearning
3.5 Critical views of organizational unlearning
3.6 Summary of key findings
Theme | Theoretical findings | Methodological findings | Practical findings |
---|---|---|---|
Definitions and viewpoints | Two major viewpoints: (i) Process of unlearning as subsumable under or intertwined with learning and (ii) unlearning as a distinct phenomenon | Open to various research methods Often lacking a clear definition of type of knowledge investigated, although cognitive (e.g., beliefs) and behavioral (e.g., routines) lenses are preferred | Unlearning aids in adapting to a changing environment over time Many organizations find it very difficult to unlearn established knowledge |
Mechanisms and conceptualizations | Mechanisms behind, and conceptualizations of, the unlearning process differ significantly | Quantitative scholars use “unlearning context” or “unlearning as changes in beliefs and routines” as operationalization of the unlearning process Qualitative scholars use a wider array of conceptualizations and operationalizations | Attempts to provide explanations and prescriptive implications in terms of how organizations (can) unlearn |
Levels | Generally perceived as an organizational process Different levels (organizational, group, individual) acknowledged Sequential or intertwined interplay of levels over time | Distinction of investigated level is seldom clear-cut | Unlearning can happen across all levels Top-down vs. bottom-up approaches |
Timing | Two conflicting paradigms: (i) Reactive (unlearning occurs after failure or major interruption) and (ii) proactive (unlearning happens prior to inflection points) | Scholars mostly research the process of reactive unlearning in retrospect | Managers can unlearn prior to organizational failure Calls for a more proactive unlearning mindset and approach |
Critical views | Power is an inseparable and unmanageable dimension in/of the unlearning process Significance of identifying potential beneficiaries and victims Seeks to offer an alternative account of the unlearning process | Does not favor a particular research method Scholars apply a critical view of unlearning to analyze organizational phenomena | Helps managers recognize that unlearning should have a social value Facilitates the understanding of the conflicting nature between learning and unlearning over time Potential of unlearning to address “wicked problems” |
4 Implications
4.1 Implication 1: Organizational unlearning involves multiple levels
4.2 Implication 2: Motives behind organizational unlearning need to be translated into interventions
4.3 Implication 3: Processes of organizational unlearning differ in form, antecedents, and outcomes
4.4 Implication 4: Prevalent organizational contexts highly influence the unlearning process
5 Future research directions
5.1 Forging organizational unlearning research as process-based studies
5.2 Highlighting contextual features and the nature of the unlearning process
5.3 Spotlighting power, power relations, and politics in unlearning processes
6 Practical implications
7 Conclusion
Area | Exemplary research question (process-focus) |
---|---|
Strategy | What is the role of organizational unlearning in strategy formulation and execution? |
How does organizational unlearning unfold in top managers’ strategic decision-making? | |
What are mechanisms through which organizational unlearning influences organizational ambidexterity? | |
How does the process of organizational unlearning impact strategic renewal? | |
How do firms organize for unlearning without impeding organizational stability? | |
Innovation | How does the process of organizational unlearning influence the diffusion and adoption of innovation within and across organizations? |
What organizational structures, processes, or practices facilitate organizational unlearning for sustained innovation? | |
How does innovation trigger organizational unlearning processes, and vice versa? | |
What is the role of employee creativity in continuous team unlearning? | |
What innovation activities hamper the process of organizational unlearning? | |
Human resources | How does the process of organizational unlearning impact employee learning and development initiatives? |
What is the role of organizational unlearning for employee resistance to change? | |
How does organizational unlearning influence talent management practices, such as recruitment, retention, or succession planning? | |
How do firms foster individual unlearning to empower employees to adapt to dynamic business environments? | |
What skills do (middle/top) managers need to facilitate and lead organizational unlearning processes? | |
Information systems | How can organizational unlearning be supported through IT-specific interventions? |
What is the role of unlearning in digital innovation and transformation processes wherein organizations typically question and discard deeply established knowledge structures? | |
How can unlearning be supported through design interventions, such as digital nudging? | |
How does unlearning differ in AI-based systems? | |
How can we measure the extent to which unlearning happened through digital trace data? | |
Critical management studies | Why do organizations need to unlearn? |
What should be the ultimate goal of organizational unlearning? | |
What should be the desirable social value of organizational unlearning? | |
How can organizational unlearning be leveraged to foster a culture of critical thinking? | |
How do power relations influence organizational unlearning processes, and vice versa? |