Skip to main content

2016 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Politik in der Krise? Polarisierungsdynamiken im politischen Prozess

verfasst von : David Sirakov

Erschienen in: Handbuch Politik USA

Verlag: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Zusammenfassung

Polarisierung gehört momentan zu den am meisten diskutierten politischen Phänomenen in den USA. Doch was zeichnet Polarisierung aus und wo liegen deren Ursachen? Dieser Artikel entwickelt eine Definition von Polarisierung und sieht deren Ursachen in einer Vielzahl von Faktoren, u. a. in der programmatischen Entwicklung der beiden großen Parteien, den ideologischen Positionen in Teilen der Gesellschaft, dem Zuschnitt der Wahlkreise und den Regeln und Verhaltensweisen im US-Kongress. Die möglichen Folgen für das politische System der USA werden abschließend erörtert.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Fußnoten
1
Die hier verwendeten Daten sind hinsichtlich des 112. Kongress aktualisiert und auf der Website von Poole und Rosenthal unter http://​www.​voteview.​com/​dwnominate.​asp verfügbar. Eine Beschreibung des verwendeten Algorithmus findet sich in (Poole und Rosenthal 1997).
 
Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Abramowitz, Alan I., et al. 2006. Don’t blame redistricting for uncompetitive elections. PS: Political Science & Politics 39(01): 87–90. Abramowitz, Alan I., et al. 2006. Don’t blame redistricting for uncompetitive elections. PS: Political Science & Politics 39(01): 87–90.
Zurück zum Zitat Abramowitz, Alan I., und Kyle L. Saunders. 2008. Is polarization a myth? The Journal of Politics 70(02): 542–555.CrossRef Abramowitz, Alan I., und Kyle L. Saunders. 2008. Is polarization a myth? The Journal of Politics 70(02): 542–555.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Aldrich, John Herbert. 1995. Why parties? The origin and transformation of political parties in America. American Politics and Political Economy Series. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.CrossRef Aldrich, John Herbert. 1995. Why parties? The origin and transformation of political parties in America. American Politics and Political Economy Series. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Ansolabehere, Stephen, et al. 2006. Purple America. The Journal of Economic Perspectives 20(2): 97–118.CrossRef Ansolabehere, Stephen, et al. 2006. Purple America. The Journal of Economic Perspectives 20(2): 97–118.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat APSA. 1950. Toward a more responsible two-party system: A report of the Committee on Political Parties. The American Political Science Review 44(3 (Part 2, Supplement)): 1–14. APSA. 1950. Toward a more responsible two-party system: A report of the Committee on Political Parties. The American Political Science Review 44(3 (Part 2, Supplement)): 1–14.
Zurück zum Zitat Carmines, Edward G., und James A. Stimson. 1989. Issue evolution. Race and the transformation of American politics. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Carmines, Edward G., und James A. Stimson. 1989. Issue evolution. Race and the transformation of American politics. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Coleman, John J. 1997. The decline and resurgence of congressional party conflict. The Journal of Politics 59(1): 165–184.CrossRef Coleman, John J. 1997. The decline and resurgence of congressional party conflict. The Journal of Politics 59(1): 165–184.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Cox, Gary W., und Mathew D. McCubbins. 2005. Setting the Agenda. Responsible party government in the U.S. house of representatives. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef Cox, Gary W., und Mathew D. McCubbins. 2005. Setting the Agenda. Responsible party government in the U.S. house of representatives. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat DeVault, James M. 2013. Political polarization, congressional redistricting, and trade liberalization. Public Choice 157(1–2): 207–221.CrossRef DeVault, James M. 2013. Political polarization, congressional redistricting, and trade liberalization. Public Choice 157(1–2): 207–221.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat DiMaggio, Paul, et al. 1996. Have American's social attitudes become more polarized? American Journal of Sociology 102(3): 690–755.CrossRef DiMaggio, Paul, et al. 1996. Have American's social attitudes become more polarized? American Journal of Sociology 102(3): 690–755.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Evans, John H. 2003. Have Americans’ attitudes become more polarized?–An update. Social Science Quarterly 84(1): 71–90.CrossRef Evans, John H. 2003. Have Americans’ attitudes become more polarized?–An update. Social Science Quarterly 84(1): 71–90.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Fiorina, Morris P., und Samuel J. Abrams. 2008. Political polarization in the American public. Annual Review of Political Science 11(1): 563–588.CrossRef Fiorina, Morris P., und Samuel J. Abrams. 2008. Political polarization in the American public. Annual Review of Political Science 11(1): 563–588.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Fiorina, Morris P., et al. 2006. Culture war? The myth of a polarized America, 2. Aufl. New York: Pearson Longman. Fiorina, Morris P., et al. 2006. Culture war? The myth of a polarized America, 2. Aufl. New York: Pearson Longman.
Zurück zum Zitat Fiorina, Morris P., und Matthew S. Levendusky. 2006. Disconnected: The political class versus the people. In Red and blue nation? Characteristics and causes of America’s polarized politics, Hrsg. Pietro S. Nivola und David W. Brady, 49–71. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. Fiorina, Morris P., und Matthew S. Levendusky. 2006. Disconnected: The political class versus the people. In Red and blue nation? Characteristics and causes of America’s polarized politics, Hrsg. Pietro S. Nivola und David W. Brady, 49–71. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Genovese, Michael A. 2010. Encyclopedia of the American Presidency, Durchgesehene Aufl. New York: Facts on File. Genovese, Michael A. 2010. Encyclopedia of the American Presidency, Durchgesehene Aufl. New York: Facts on File.
Zurück zum Zitat Hirschl, Thomas A., et al. 2012. Politics, religion, and society: Is the United States experiencing a period of religious-political polarization? Review of European Studies 4(4): 95–109.CrossRef Hirschl, Thomas A., et al. 2012. Politics, religion, and society: Is the United States experiencing a period of religious-political polarization? Review of European Studies 4(4): 95–109.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Hunter, James Davison. 1991. Culture wars. The struggle to define America. New York: BasicBooks. Hunter, James Davison. 1991. Culture wars. The struggle to define America. New York: BasicBooks.
Zurück zum Zitat Jacobson, Gary C. 2000. Party polarization in national politics: The electoral connection. In Polarized politics: Congress and the president in a Partisan Era, Hrsg. Jon R. Bond und Richard Fleisher, 9–30. Washington, DC: CQ Press. Jacobson, Gary C. 2000. Party polarization in national politics: The electoral connection. In Polarized politics: Congress and the president in a Partisan Era, Hrsg. Jon R. Bond und Richard Fleisher, 9–30. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Jacobson, Gary C. 2011. A divider, not a uniter. George W. Bush and the American people, great questions in politics, 2. Aufl. Boston: Longman. Jacobson, Gary C. 2011. A divider, not a uniter. George W. Bush and the American people, great questions in politics, 2. Aufl. Boston: Longman.
Zurück zum Zitat Kaufmann, Karen M., et al. 2003. A promise fulfilled? Open primaries and representation. Journal of Politics 65(2): 457–476. Kaufmann, Karen M., et al. 2003. A promise fulfilled? Open primaries and representation. Journal of Politics 65(2): 457–476.
Zurück zum Zitat Layman, Geoffrey C., et al. 2006. Party polarization in American politics. Characteristics, causes, and consequences. Annual Review of Political Science 9(1): 83–110.CrossRef Layman, Geoffrey C., et al. 2006. Party polarization in American politics. Characteristics, causes, and consequences. Annual Review of Political Science 9(1): 83–110.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Layman, Geoffrey C., et al. 2010. Activists and conflict extension in American party politics. American Political Science Review 104(02): 324–346.CrossRef Layman, Geoffrey C., et al. 2010. Activists and conflict extension in American party politics. American Political Science Review 104(02): 324–346.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Lee, Frances E. 2009. Beyond ideology. Politics, principles and partisanship in the U.S. Senate. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.CrossRef Lee, Frances E. 2009. Beyond ideology. Politics, principles and partisanship in the U.S. Senate. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Mann, Thomas E. 2006. Polarizing the house of representatives: How much does gerrymandering matter? In Red and blue nation? Characteristics and causes of America's polarized politics, vol. 1, Hrsg. Pietro S. Nivola und David W. Brady, 263–283. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. Mann, Thomas E. 2006. Polarizing the house of representatives: How much does gerrymandering matter? In Red and blue nation? Characteristics and causes of America's polarized politics, vol. 1, Hrsg. Pietro S. Nivola und David W. Brady, 263–283. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Mann, Thomas E., und Norman J. Ornstein. 2006. The broken branch. How congress is failing America and how to get it back on track. Institutions of American Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Mann, Thomas E., und Norman J. Ornstein. 2006. The broken branch. How congress is failing America and how to get it back on track. Institutions of American Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Mansbridge, Jane, und Cathie Jo. Martin. 2013. Negotiating agreement in politics. In American Political Science Association Task Force report. Washington, DC: American Political Science Association. Mansbridge, Jane, und Cathie Jo. Martin. 2013. Negotiating agreement in politics. In American Political Science Association Task Force report. Washington, DC: American Political Science Association.
Zurück zum Zitat Masket, Seth E., et al. 2012. The Gerrymanderers are coming! Legislative redistricting won't affect competition or polarization much, no matter who does it. PS: Political Science & Politics 45(01): 39–43. Masket, Seth E., et al. 2012. The Gerrymanderers are coming! Legislative redistricting won't affect competition or polarization much, no matter who does it. PS: Political Science & Politics 45(01): 39–43.
Zurück zum Zitat McCarty, Nolan M., et al. 2006. Polarized America. The dance of ideology and unequal riches, the Walras-Pareto lectures. Cambridge, MA.: MIT Press. McCarty, Nolan M., et al. 2006. Polarized America. The dance of ideology and unequal riches, the Walras-Pareto lectures. Cambridge, MA.: MIT Press.
Zurück zum Zitat McCarty, Nolan, et al. 2009. Does Gerrymandering cause polarization? American Journal of Political Science 53(3): 666–680.CrossRef McCarty, Nolan, et al. 2009. Does Gerrymandering cause polarization? American Journal of Political Science 53(3): 666–680.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat McDonald, Michael P. 2006. Drawing the line on district competition. PS: Political Science & Politics 39(01): 91–94. McDonald, Michael P. 2006. Drawing the line on district competition. PS: Political Science & Politics 39(01): 91–94.
Zurück zum Zitat Nielson, Lindsey und Neil Visalvanich. 2013. Polarized primaries and polarized legislators: Examining the influence of primary elections on polarization in the U.S. House. working paper. San Diego, CA. http://ssrn.com/abstract=2262502. Zugegriffen am 17.01.2014. Nielson, Lindsey und Neil Visalvanich. 2013. Polarized primaries and polarized legislators: Examining the influence of primary elections on polarization in the U.S. House. working paper. San Diego, CA. http://​ssrn.​com/​abstract=​2262502. Zugegriffen am 17.01.2014.
Zurück zum Zitat Patzelt, Werner J. 2003. Einführung in die Politikwissenschaft. Grundriß des Faches und studiumbegleitende Orientierung. 5., erneut überarb. und wesentlich erw. Aufl. Passau: Wiss.-Verl. Rothe. Patzelt, Werner J. 2003. Einführung in die Politikwissenschaft. Grundriß des Faches und studiumbegleitende Orientierung. 5., erneut überarb. und wesentlich erw. Aufl. Passau: Wiss.-Verl. Rothe.
Zurück zum Zitat Poole, Keith T., und Howard Rosenthal. 1984. The polarization of American politics. Journal of Politics 46(4): 1061–1079.CrossRef Poole, Keith T., und Howard Rosenthal. 1984. The polarization of American politics. Journal of Politics 46(4): 1061–1079.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Poole, Keith T., und Howard Rosenthal. 1997. Congress: A political-economic history of roll call voting. New York: Oxford University Press. Poole, Keith T., und Howard Rosenthal. 1997. Congress: A political-economic history of roll call voting. New York: Oxford University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Rohde, David W. 1991. Parties and leaders in the postreform house. American Politics and Political Economy Series. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRef Rohde, David W. 1991. Parties and leaders in the postreform house. American Politics and Political Economy Series. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Shepsle, Kenneth A. 1989. The changing textbook congress. In Can the government govern?, Hrsg. John E. Chubb und Paul E. Peterson, 238–266. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution. Shepsle, Kenneth A. 1989. The changing textbook congress. In Can the government govern?, Hrsg. John E. Chubb und Paul E. Peterson, 238–266. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
Zurück zum Zitat Sinclair, Barbara. 2012 [2006]. Unorthodox Lawmaking. New legislative processes in the U.S. Congress, 4. Aufl. Washington, DC: CQ Press. Sinclair, Barbara. 2012 [2006]. Unorthodox Lawmaking. New legislative processes in the U.S. Congress, 4. Aufl. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Snowe, Olympia J. 2013. Fighting for common ground. How we can fix the stalemate in congress. New York: Weinstein Books. Snowe, Olympia J. 2013. Fighting for common ground. How we can fix the stalemate in congress. New York: Weinstein Books.
Zurück zum Zitat Stonecash, Jeffrey M., et al. 2003. Diverging parties: Social change, realignment and party polarization. Transforming American Politics. Boulder: Westview Press. Stonecash, Jeffrey M., et al. 2003. Diverging parties: Social change, realignment and party polarization. Transforming American Politics. Boulder: Westview Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Teixeira, Ruy A. 2008. Red, blue and purple America. The future of election demographics. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. Teixeira, Ruy A. 2008. Red, blue and purple America. The future of election demographics. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Theriault, Sean M. 2008. Party polarization in congress. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef Theriault, Sean M. 2008. Party polarization in congress. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Theriault, Sean M. 2013. The Gingrich senators. The roots of partisan warfare in congress. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRef Theriault, Sean M. 2013. The Gingrich senators. The roots of partisan warfare in congress. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Theriault, Sean M., und David W. Rohde. 2011. The Gingrich senators and party polarization in the U.S. senate. The Journal of Politics 73(04): 1011–1024.CrossRef Theriault, Sean M., und David W. Rohde. 2011. The Gingrich senators and party polarization in the U.S. senate. The Journal of Politics 73(04): 1011–1024.CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Politik in der Krise? Polarisierungsdynamiken im politischen Prozess
verfasst von
David Sirakov
Copyright-Jahr
2016
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-02642-4_37