Skip to main content

2018 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

4. Quality Standards for Recycled Water: Opuntia ficus-indica as Sorbent Material

verfasst von : Marcella Barbera, Giovanni Gurnari

Erschienen in: Wastewater Treatment and Reuse in the Food Industry

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

In recent years, increased industrial and agricultural activities and the correlated population growth led to overexploitation of natural resources and the increased generation of various types of pollutants. For these reasons, the hazardous pollution of wastewater is one of the most important environmental problems worldwide. A wide range of wastewater treatment technologies are available; however, some disadvantages are often reported. Hence, there is a constant need to search for an efficient, low-cost and alternative wastewater treatment. Recently, several biosolids have been considered for pollutant removal from wastewaters, including Opuntia ficus-indica. This chapter focuses on wastewater treatment strategies involving material parts in sewage containing high levels of chemical oxygen demand and turbidity, heavy metals and pesticides.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Fußnoten
1
The following chemicals can be used as coagulation agents: aluminium, ferrous sulphate and ferric chloride. In addition, polyaluminium chloride, polyferric sulphate and polyacrylamide can be considered as flocculants.
 
Literatur
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Bhatnagar A, Minocha AK (2006) Conventional and non-conventional adsorbents for removal of pollutants from water-a review. Indian J Chem Technol 13:203–217 Bhatnagar A, Minocha AK (2006) Conventional and non-conventional adsorbents for removal of pollutants from water-a review. Indian J Chem Technol 13:203–217
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Barka N, Ouzaouit K, Abdennouri M, El Makhfouk M (2013) Dried prickly pear Cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) cladodes as a low-cost and eco-friendly biosorbent for dyes removal from aqueous solutions. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 44(1):52–60. doi:10.1016/j.jtice.2012.09.007 CrossRef Barka N, Ouzaouit K, Abdennouri M, El Makhfouk M (2013) Dried prickly pear Cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) cladodes as a low-cost and eco-friendly biosorbent for dyes removal from aqueous solutions. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 44(1):52–60. doi:10.​1016/​j.​jtice.​2012.​09.​007 CrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Cardenas A, Higuera-Ciapara I, Goycoolea FM (1997) Rheology and aggregation of cactus (Opuntia ficus indica) mucilage in solution. J Prof Assoc Cactus Dev 2:152–157 Cardenas A, Higuera-Ciapara I, Goycoolea FM (1997) Rheology and aggregation of cactus (Opuntia ficus indica) mucilage in solution. J Prof Assoc Cactus Dev 2:152–157
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Abdel-Hameedn ESS, Nagaty MA, Salman MS, Bazaid SA (2014) Phytochemicals, nutritionals and antioxidant properties of two prickly pear cactus cultivars (Opuntia ficus indica Mill.) growing in Taif, KSA. Food Chem 160:31–33. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.03.060 CrossRef Abdel-Hameedn ESS, Nagaty MA, Salman MS, Bazaid SA (2014) Phytochemicals, nutritionals and antioxidant properties of two prickly pear cactus cultivars (Opuntia ficus indica Mill.) growing in Taif, KSA. Food Chem 160:31–33. doi:10.​1016/​j.​foodchem.​2014.​03.​060 CrossRef
15.
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Agozzino P, Avellone G, Ceraulo L, Ferrugia M, Filizzola F (2005) Volatile profile of sicilian prickly pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) by SPME-GC/MS analysis. Ital J Food Sci 17(3):341–348 Agozzino P, Avellone G, Ceraulo L, Ferrugia M, Filizzola F (2005) Volatile profile of sicilian prickly pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) by SPME-GC/MS analysis. Ital J Food Sci 17(3):341–348
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Rodríguez-González S, Martínez-Flores HE, Chávez-Moreno CK, Macías-Rodríguez L, Zavala-Mendoza E, Garnica-Romo MG, Chacón-García L (2014) Extraction and characterization of mucilage from wild species of Opuntia. J Food Process Eng 37(3):285–292. doi:10.1111/jfpe.12084 CrossRef Rodríguez-González S, Martínez-Flores HE, Chávez-Moreno CK, Macías-Rodríguez L, Zavala-Mendoza E, Garnica-Romo MG, Chacón-García L (2014) Extraction and characterization of mucilage from wild species of Opuntia. J Food Process Eng 37(3):285–292. doi:10.​1111/​jfpe.​12084 CrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Bouatay F, Mhenni F (2014) Use of the cactus cladodes mucilage (Opuntia Ficus Indica) as an eco-friendly flocculants: process development and optimization using stastical analysis. Int J Environ Res 8(4):1295–1308 Bouatay F, Mhenni F (2014) Use of the cactus cladodes mucilage (Opuntia Ficus Indica) as an eco-friendly flocculants: process development and optimization using stastical analysis. Int J Environ Res 8(4):1295–1308
20.
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Fox DI (2011) Cactus mucilage-assisted heavy metal separation: design and implementation. Dissertation, University of South Florida Fox DI (2011) Cactus mucilage-assisted heavy metal separation: design and implementation. Dissertation, University of South Florida
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Fox DI, Pichler T, Yeh DH, Alcantar NA (2012) Removing heavy metals in water: the interaction of Cactus mucilage and arsenate (As (V)). Environ Sci Technol 46(8):4553–4559. doi:10.1021/es2021999 CrossRef Fox DI, Pichler T, Yeh DH, Alcantar NA (2012) Removing heavy metals in water: the interaction of Cactus mucilage and arsenate (As (V)). Environ Sci Technol 46(8):4553–4559. doi:10.​1021/​es2021999 CrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Díaz KDM, Reyes TF, Cabrera P, Sánchez MD, García MA, de Posada Piñán E (2013) Characterization of laser-treated Opuntia using FT-IR spectroscopy and thermal analysis. Appl Phys A Mater Sci Process 112(1):221–224. doi:10.1007/s00339-012-7308-5 CrossRef Díaz KDM, Reyes TF, Cabrera P, Sánchez MD, García MA, de Posada Piñán E (2013) Characterization of laser-treated Opuntia using FT-IR spectroscopy and thermal analysis. Appl Phys A Mater Sci Process 112(1):221–224. doi:10.​1007/​s00339-012-7308-5 CrossRef
26.
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Ghasemi M, Naushad M, Ghasemi N, Khosravi-fard Y (2014) A novel agricultural waste based adsorbent for the removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solution: kinetics, equilibrium and thermodynamic studies. J Ind Eng Chem 20(2):454–461. doi:10.1016/j.jiec.2013.05.002 CrossRef Ghasemi M, Naushad M, Ghasemi N, Khosravi-fard Y (2014) A novel agricultural waste based adsorbent for the removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solution: kinetics, equilibrium and thermodynamic studies. J Ind Eng Chem 20(2):454–461. doi:10.​1016/​j.​jiec.​2013.​05.​002 CrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Fernández-López JA, Angosto JM, Avilés MD (2014) Biosorption of hexavalent chromium from aqueous medium with opuntia biomass. Sci World J 670249. doi:10.1155/2014/67024 Fernández-López JA, Angosto JM, Avilés MD (2014) Biosorption of hexavalent chromium from aqueous medium with opuntia biomass. Sci World J 670249. doi:10.​1155/​2014/​67024
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Anastopoulos I, Massas I, Constantinos E (2015) Use of residues and by-products of the olive-oil production chain for the removal of pollutants from environmental media: a review of batch biosorption approaches. J Environ Sci Heal Part A 50(7):677–718CrossRef Anastopoulos I, Massas I, Constantinos E (2015) Use of residues and by-products of the olive-oil production chain for the removal of pollutants from environmental media: a review of batch biosorption approaches. J Environ Sci Heal Part A 50(7):677–718CrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Selatnia A, Boukazoula A, Kechid N, Bakhti MZ, Chergui A, Kerchich Y (2004) Biosorption of lead (II) from aqueous solution by a bacterial dead Streptomyces rimosus biomass. Biochem Eng J 19(2):127–135CrossRef Selatnia A, Boukazoula A, Kechid N, Bakhti MZ, Chergui A, Kerchich Y (2004) Biosorption of lead (II) from aqueous solution by a bacterial dead Streptomyces rimosus biomass. Biochem Eng J 19(2):127–135CrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Nharingo T, Shoniwa V, Hunga O, Shumba M (2013) Exploring the biosorption of Methylene Blue dye onto acid treated sugarcane bagasse. Int J Curr Res 5:2169–2175 Nharingo T, Shoniwa V, Hunga O, Shumba M (2013) Exploring the biosorption of Methylene Blue dye onto acid treated sugarcane bagasse. Int J Curr Res 5:2169–2175
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Mahamadi C, Nharingo T (2007) Modelling the kinetics and equilibrium properties of cadmium biosorption by river green alga and water hyacinth weed. Toxicol Environ Chem 89(2):297–305. doi:10.1080/02772240601010063 CrossRef Mahamadi C, Nharingo T (2007) Modelling the kinetics and equilibrium properties of cadmium biosorption by river green alga and water hyacinth weed. Toxicol Environ Chem 89(2):297–305. doi:10.​1080/​0277224060101006​3 CrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Langmuir I (1918) The adsorption of gases on plane surfaces of glass, mica and platinum. J Am Chem Soc 40:1361–1403CrossRef Langmuir I (1918) The adsorption of gases on plane surfaces of glass, mica and platinum. J Am Chem Soc 40:1361–1403CrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Voudrias E, Fytianos F, Bozani E (2002) Sorption–desorption isotherms of dyes from aqueous solutions and wastewaters with different sorbent materials. Global Nest Int J 4(1):75–83 Voudrias E, Fytianos F, Bozani E (2002) Sorption–desorption isotherms of dyes from aqueous solutions and wastewaters with different sorbent materials. Global Nest Int J 4(1):75–83
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Freundlich H (1906) Over the adsorption in solution. J Phys Chem 57:385–470 Freundlich H (1906) Over the adsorption in solution. J Phys Chem 57:385–470
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Tsezos M, Remoundaki E, Hatzikioseyian A (2006) Biosorption-principles and applications for metal immobilization from waste-water streams. In: Proceedings of EU-Asia workshop on clean production and nanotechnologies, Seoul, Korea, 25–26 Oct 2006, pp 23–33 Tsezos M, Remoundaki E, Hatzikioseyian A (2006) Biosorption-principles and applications for metal immobilization from waste-water streams. In: Proceedings of EU-Asia workshop on clean production and nanotechnologies, Seoul, Korea, 25–26 Oct 2006, pp 23–33
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Ramachandra TV, Ahalya N, Kanamadi RD (2003) Biosorption of heavy metals. Res J Chem Environ 7(4):71–79 Ramachandra TV, Ahalya N, Kanamadi RD (2003) Biosorption of heavy metals. Res J Chem Environ 7(4):71–79
50.
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Sawalha MF, Peralta-Videa JR, Romero-Gonzalez J, Gardea-Torresdey JL (2006) Biosorption of Cd(II), Cr(III), and Cr(VI) by saltbush (Atriplex canescens) biomass: thermodynamic and isotherm studies. J Colloid Interface Sci 300(1):100–104. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2006.03.029 CrossRef Sawalha MF, Peralta-Videa JR, Romero-Gonzalez J, Gardea-Torresdey JL (2006) Biosorption of Cd(II), Cr(III), and Cr(VI) by saltbush (Atriplex canescens) biomass: thermodynamic and isotherm studies. J Colloid Interface Sci 300(1):100–104. doi:10.​1016/​j.​jcis.​2006.​03.​029 CrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Gebrekidan A, Nicolai H, Vincken L, Teferi M, Asmelash T, Dejenie T, Zerabruk S, Gebrehiwet K, Bauer H, Deckers J, Luis P, De Meester L, van der Bruggen B (2013) Pesticides removal by filtration over cactus pear leaves: a cheap and natural method for small-scale water purification in semi-arid regions. CLEAN Soil Air Water 41(3):235–243. doi:10.1002/clen.201200042 CrossRef Gebrekidan A, Nicolai H, Vincken L, Teferi M, Asmelash T, Dejenie T, Zerabruk S, Gebrehiwet K, Bauer H, Deckers J, Luis P, De Meester L, van der Bruggen B (2013) Pesticides removal by filtration over cactus pear leaves: a cheap and natural method for small-scale water purification in semi-arid regions. CLEAN Soil Air Water 41(3):235–243. doi:10.​1002/​clen.​201200042 CrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Abballe A, Ballard TJ, Dellatte E, di Domenico A, Ferri F, Fulgenzi ARa, Grisanti G, Iacovella N, Ingelido AM, Malisch R, Miniero R (2008) Persistent environmental contaminants in human milk: concentrations and time trends in Italy. Chemosphere 73(1):S220–S227. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.12.036 Abballe A, Ballard TJ, Dellatte E, di Domenico A, Ferri F, Fulgenzi ARa, Grisanti G, Iacovella N, Ingelido AM, Malisch R, Miniero R (2008) Persistent environmental contaminants in human milk: concentrations and time trends in Italy. Chemosphere 73(1):S220–S227. doi:10.​1016/​j.​chemosphere.​2007.​12.​036
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Weichenthal S, Moase C, Chan P (2010) Review of pesticide exposure and cancer incidence in the Agricultural Health Study cohort. Environ Health Perspect 118(8):1117–1125CrossRef Weichenthal S, Moase C, Chan P (2010) Review of pesticide exposure and cancer incidence in the Agricultural Health Study cohort. Environ Health Perspect 118(8):1117–1125CrossRef
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Farooq U, Khan MA, Athar M, Kozinski JA (2011) Effect of modification of environmentally friendly biosorbent wheat (Triticum aestivum) on the biosorptive removal of cadmium(II) ions from aqueous solution. Chem Eng J 171(2):400–410. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2011.03.094 CrossRef Farooq U, Khan MA, Athar M, Kozinski JA (2011) Effect of modification of environmentally friendly biosorbent wheat (Triticum aestivum) on the biosorptive removal of cadmium(II) ions from aqueous solution. Chem Eng J 171(2):400–410. doi:10.​1016/​j.​cej.​2011.​03.​094 CrossRef
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Akhtar M, Iqbal S, Kausar A, Bhanger MI, Shaheen MA (2010) An economically viable method for the removal of selected divalent metal ions from aqueous solutions using activated rice husk. Colloids Surf B 75(1):149–155. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.08.025 CrossRef Akhtar M, Iqbal S, Kausar A, Bhanger MI, Shaheen MA (2010) An economically viable method for the removal of selected divalent metal ions from aqueous solutions using activated rice husk. Colloids Surf B 75(1):149–155. doi:10.​1016/​j.​colsurfb.​2009.​08.​025 CrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Barka N, Abdennouri M, Makhfouk MEL (2011) Removal of methylene blue and eriochrome black T from aqueous solutions by biosorption on Scolymus hispanicus L.: kinetics, equilibrium and thermodynamics. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 42:320–326. doi:10.1016/j.jtice.2010.07.004 CrossRef Barka N, Abdennouri M, Makhfouk MEL (2011) Removal of methylene blue and eriochrome black T from aqueous solutions by biosorption on Scolymus hispanicus L.: kinetics, equilibrium and thermodynamics. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 42:320–326. doi:10.​1016/​j.​jtice.​2010.​07.​004 CrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang XJ, Xia SQ, Chen L, Zhao JF, Chovelon JM, Nicole JR (2006) Biosorption of cadmium(II) and lead(II) ions from aqueous solutions onto dried activated sludge. J Environ Sci 18(5):840–844. doi:10.1016/S1001-0742(06)60002-8 CrossRef Wang XJ, Xia SQ, Chen L, Zhao JF, Chovelon JM, Nicole JR (2006) Biosorption of cadmium(II) and lead(II) ions from aqueous solutions onto dried activated sludge. J Environ Sci 18(5):840–844. doi:10.​1016/​S1001-0742(06)60002-8 CrossRef
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Swathi M, Sathya SA, Aravind S, Sudhakar PK, Gobinath R, Devi DS (2014) Experimental studies on tannery wastewater using Cactus powder as an adsorbent. Int J Appl Sci Eng Res 3(2):436–446. doi:10.6088/ijaser.030200014 Swathi M, Sathya SA, Aravind S, Sudhakar PK, Gobinath R, Devi DS (2014) Experimental studies on tannery wastewater using Cactus powder as an adsorbent. Int J Appl Sci Eng Res 3(2):436–446. doi:10.​6088/​ijaser.​030200014
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Prodromou M, Pashalidis I (2013) Copper(II) removal from aqueous solutions by adsorption on non-treated and chemically modified Cactus fibres. Water Sci Technol 68(11):2497–2504. doi:10.2166/wst.2013.535 CrossRef Prodromou M, Pashalidis I (2013) Copper(II) removal from aqueous solutions by adsorption on non-treated and chemically modified Cactus fibres. Water Sci Technol 68(11):2497–2504. doi:10.​2166/​wst.​2013.​535 CrossRef
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Vianna LNL, Andrade MC, Vicoli JR (2000) Screening of waste biomass from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus oryzae and Bacillus lentus fermentations for removal of Cu, Zn and Cd by biosorption. World J Microb Biotechnol 16(5):437–440. doi:10.1023/A:1008953922144 CrossRef Vianna LNL, Andrade MC, Vicoli JR (2000) Screening of waste biomass from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus oryzae and Bacillus lentus fermentations for removal of Cu, Zn and Cd by biosorption. World J Microb Biotechnol 16(5):437–440. doi:10.​1023/​A:​1008953922144 CrossRef
67.
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Srivastava SK, Singh AK, Sharma A (1994) Studies on the uptake of lead and zinc by lignin obtained from black liquor—a paper industry waste material. Environ Technol 15(4):353–361. doi:10.1080/09593339409385438 CrossRef Srivastava SK, Singh AK, Sharma A (1994) Studies on the uptake of lead and zinc by lignin obtained from black liquor—a paper industry waste material. Environ Technol 15(4):353–361. doi:10.​1080/​0959333940938543​8 CrossRef
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Srivastava SK, Tyagi R, Pant N (1989) Adsorption of heavy metal ions on carbonaceous material developed from the waste slurry generated in local fertilizer plants. Water Res 23(9):1161–1165. doi:10.1016/0043-1354(89)90160-7 CrossRef Srivastava SK, Tyagi R, Pant N (1989) Adsorption of heavy metal ions on carbonaceous material developed from the waste slurry generated in local fertilizer plants. Water Res 23(9):1161–1165. doi:10.​1016/​0043-1354(89)90160-7 CrossRef
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Ouki SK, Cheeseman CR, Perry R (1993) Effects of conditioning and treatment of chabazite and clinoptilolite prior to lead and cadmium removal. Environ Sci Technol 27(6):1108–1116CrossRef Ouki SK, Cheeseman CR, Perry R (1993) Effects of conditioning and treatment of chabazite and clinoptilolite prior to lead and cadmium removal. Environ Sci Technol 27(6):1108–1116CrossRef
71.
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Theodoro JDP, Lenz GF, Zara RF, Bergamasco R (2013) Coagulants and natural polymers: perspectives for the treatment of water. Plast Polym Technol 2(3):55–62 Theodoro JDP, Lenz GF, Zara RF, Bergamasco R (2013) Coagulants and natural polymers: perspectives for the treatment of water. Plast Polym Technol 2(3):55–62
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Buttice AL (2012) Aggregation of sediment and bacteria with mucilage from the Opuntia ficus-indica cactus. Dissertation, University of South Florida, Tampa Buttice AL (2012) Aggregation of sediment and bacteria with mucilage from the Opuntia ficus-indica cactus. Dissertation, University of South Florida, Tampa
77.
Zurück zum Zitat De Souza MTF, Ambrosio E, De Almeida CA, De Souza Freitas TKF, Santos LB, de Cinque Almeida V, Garcia JC (2014) The use of a natural coagulants (Opuntia ficus-indica) in the removal for organic materials of textile effluents. Environ Moint Asses 186(8):5261–5271. doi:10.1007/s10661-014-3775-9 CrossRef De Souza MTF, Ambrosio E, De Almeida CA, De Souza Freitas TKF, Santos LB, de Cinque Almeida V, Garcia JC (2014) The use of a natural coagulants (Opuntia ficus-indica) in the removal for organic materials of textile effluents. Environ Moint Asses 186(8):5261–5271. doi:10.​1007/​s10661-014-3775-9 CrossRef
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Bustillos LGT, Carpinteyro-urban S, Orozco C (2013) Production and characterization of Opuntia ficus-indica mucilage and its use as coagulant-flocculant aid for industrial wastewaters. Int J Biotechnol Res 1:38–45 Bustillos LGT, Carpinteyro-urban S, Orozco C (2013) Production and characterization of Opuntia ficus-indica mucilage and its use as coagulant-flocculant aid for industrial wastewaters. Int J Biotechnol Res 1:38–45
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Medina-Torres L, Vernon-Carter EJ, Gallegos-Infante JA, Rocha-Guzman NE, Herrera-Valencia EE, Calderas F, Jiménez-Alvarado R (2011) Study of the antioxidant properties of extracts obtained from nopal Cactus (Opuntia ficus indica) cladodes after convective drying. J Sci Food Agric 91(6):1001–1005. doi:10.1002/jsfa.4271 CrossRef Medina-Torres L, Vernon-Carter EJ, Gallegos-Infante JA, Rocha-Guzman NE, Herrera-Valencia EE, Calderas F, Jiménez-Alvarado R (2011) Study of the antioxidant properties of extracts obtained from nopal Cactus (Opuntia ficus indica) cladodes after convective drying. J Sci Food Agric 91(6):1001–1005. doi:10.​1002/​jsfa.​4271 CrossRef
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Torres LG, Carpinteyro-Urban SL, Vaca M (2012) Use of Prosopis laevigata seed gum and Opuntia ficus-indica mucilage for the treatment of municipal wastewaters by coagulation-flocculation. Nat Resour 3(2):35–41. doi:10.4236/nr.2012.32006 Torres LG, Carpinteyro-Urban SL, Vaca M (2012) Use of Prosopis laevigata seed gum and Opuntia ficus-indica mucilage for the treatment of municipal wastewaters by coagulation-flocculation. Nat Resour 3(2):35–41. doi:10.​4236/​nr.​2012.​32006
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Miller SM, Fugate EJ, Craver VO, Smith JA, Zimmerman JB (2008) Toward understanding the efficacy and mechanism of Opuntia spp. as a natural coagulant for potential application in water treatment. Environ Sci Technol 42(12):4274–4279. doi:10.1021/es7025054 CrossRef Miller SM, Fugate EJ, Craver VO, Smith JA, Zimmerman JB (2008) Toward understanding the efficacy and mechanism of Opuntia spp. as a natural coagulant for potential application in water treatment. Environ Sci Technol 42(12):4274–4279. doi:10.​1021/​es7025054 CrossRef
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Pichler T, Young K, Alcantar N (2012) Eliminating turbidity in drinking water using the mucilage of a common Cactus. Water Sci Technol Water Supply 12(2):179–186. doi:10.2166/ws.2012.126 CrossRef Pichler T, Young K, Alcantar N (2012) Eliminating turbidity in drinking water using the mucilage of a common Cactus. Water Sci Technol Water Supply 12(2):179–186. doi:10.​2166/​ws.​2012.​126 CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Quality Standards for Recycled Water: Opuntia ficus-indica as Sorbent Material
verfasst von
Marcella Barbera
Giovanni Gurnari
Copyright-Jahr
2018
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68442-0_4