Recent Advances in Materials and Modern Manufacturing

The automotive industry demands for materials which possess high strength to weight ratio, longer life, and high performance to achieve high fuel economy. The truck chassis provides skeleton structure which provides structural strength as well as mounting points for other components. The objective of current research is to reduce weight of chassis using light weight P100/6061 Al MMC material and optimizing the design of chassis using optimal space filling design of response surface method. The variables selected for optimization are cross member width and scheme of optimization is optimal space filling design. The CAD modelling and FE simulation is conducted using ANSYS software. The most significant findings of the results have shown that cross member 1 width has maximum effect on equivalent stress and cross member 2 width has minimum effect on equivalent stress. The use of Aluminium composite materials enabled to reduce weight of chassis by 67%.

Nanofuels are a different fuel type that incorporates nanoparticles as additives to create incredible performance and reduce emissions. This study aims to investigate the effects of Di-Ethyl Ether Nano additives on B20 blends of Soyabean biodiesel in a standard CI engine. Four blends are prepared for the current study, namely B20 (B2O blend of Soyabean biodiesel), B20 + 5% DEE (B20 blend of Soyabean biodiesel with 5% Di-Ethyl Ether nano additives), B20 + 10% DEE (B2O blend of Soyabean biodiesel 10% Di-Ethyl Ether nano additives), and B20 + 15% DEE (B2O blend of Soyabean biodiesel 15% Di-Ethyl Ether nano additives). The optimized B20 + 15% DEE fuel blend significantly impacted and improved efficiency, reducing CO and HC emissions compared to B20. For B20 + 15% DEE, there was a substantial increase in NOx at peak load for this fuel blend.

Additive manufacturing is considered as one of the emerging technologies in the field of manufacturing technology since the 1980s. The scope and application of such additive manufacturing are getting widen since the concept of building-up parts can overcome all types of geometrical complexity in the manufacturing of structural components. The application also finds an opportunity in the fabrication of customized features by overcoming the issues related to metallurgical and mechanical aspects. The concept of additive manufacturing also gives flexibility in the material selection as well as the amount of material usage. The parts produced through additive manufacturing mostly encounter less material wastage compared with conventional manufacturing techniques. Conversely, the as-built components may exhibit poor surface quality; however, these kinds of imperfections can be overcome by optimizing the process parameters involved in additive manufacturing. This paper discusses about such types of challenges and opportunities in additive manufacturing through controlled processing parameters for component surface integrity.

The proposed design of the device comprises a steel support built akin to a crane. To this, some procured pre-assembled components and drive systems are mounted. The drives, in total, are multi-axis modular systems formulated to execute the desired panel handling operations. The mechanism is operated using pneumatics and has rudimentary linking and mounting assemblages. Every other modular drive systems put forth amongst constituents of the machine design are incorporated with analogous interface systems. Employment of modular drive systems benefitted copiously, some of which include: time-saving and less complex design and efficient, project scheming procedure, a prompt system aggregation of the system, high mechanical rigidity, and access to pre-existing CAD drawings for ideal designs. The proposed design encompasses three significant pneumatic-driven modular systems. The horizontal and vertical translations of the panels are assisted by the two linear gantries. And, the two actuated swivel drive systems and two gripper jaws execute a 180° panel rotation and help safeguard the panels throughout the entire procedure.

The Precipitation Hardened 17–4 PH Stainless Steel (PHSS) offers an amalgamation of higher strength and hardness, better resistance for corrosion, excellent transverse mechanical behaviour, and is broadly adopted in various engineering applications such as making of aerospace components, chemical industries, and general metalworking industries. Precipitation Hardened 17–4 PH Stainless Steel is a typical difficult-to-cut material. In this present work, the performance of different uncoated textured tools has been investigated for their machinability studies during dry turning of PH stainless steel. The performances have been assessed in terms of tool wear, cutting force, cutting temperature, and surface roughness. Results specified that the cryo-treated horizontal textured too insert provided relatively better performance than other textured inserts in terms of tool wear, cutting force, and surface roughness.

Our reliance on petroleum products has decreased by the joined utilization of solar-based energy and Electric Vehicle (EV) charging. In the realm of being in electricity, charging things had become a troublesome errand to perform. In this paper, a solar-based charging station for an electrical vehicle is meant and developed. A DC-DC converter is utilized to buck the solar panel voltage to battery voltage, and Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is done to streamline the yield from the solar panel. A solitary information numerous yield converter has been proposed to get distinctive battery voltages with input taken care of from solar-based board with inserted framework control. A double processor microcontroller board (SPELEC) is utilized to control the yields of the converter with an opto-coupler circuit included with a control framework on a cell phone with parameter observing of batteries. The re-enactment investigation of the framework is completed in the Simulink environment of MATLAB and the equipment framework has been planned.

Recently, many revolutionary changes are developing based on the existing agriculture technologies, and it creates new opportunities for the farmers to adopt these technologies. However, farmers have experience with traditional methods; the robot-based precise devices can give fruitful yields and good profit margins. So, the developed countries are using this technology in agriculture to improve their agriculture economy. The paper discusses the possible use of wireless sensor networks and robots in farming, and also the new obstacles that will be encountered during the operation of this technology with traditional farming methods. Finally, based on the current survey, it is identified that the essay also discusses the present and future robotics developments in additional agricultural domains, as well as potential research problems.

Although there are many types of thermal energy storages; thermal energy storage with phase change materials (PCM) gives better efficiency due to its high-energy storage capacity and remove the discrepancy between the demand and provide of energy. This study experimentally investigates the charging and discharging process with the use of triplex tube heat exchange device with stearic acid (C18H36O2) as phase change material. The experimentation examined the PCM melting and solidification process with steady inlet temperature of heat transfer fluid. Also, it investigates the effect of mass flow on charging and discharging. The heat transfer rates as well as average effectiveness with duration of phase change process were compared. The result showed that, for both mass flow of 0.33 kg/s and 0.43 kg/s rate of heat transfer during melting and freezing initially declines, it stays stable. It is observed that due to effect of free convection, effectiveness is much higher during the charging than that during discharging process. The average effectiveness is 80% for charging and 70% for discharging.

One of the most common methods of metal Additive Manufacturing (AM) is Directed Energy Deposition (DED), which involves the use of lasers to construct components layer by layer. Due to the high requirements for the powder and DED process to be used, it is very difficult to manufacture small parts through AM. As a result, the subsequent micromilling of DED is a suitable method for producing microstructured, additive-manufactured parts. In order to carry out the micromachining of additive manufacturing materials, the influence of the special properties of additive manufacturing materials on the micromilling process must be studied. It uses surface roughness to evaluate and classify the effect of workpiece performance on micromilling. According to the different process parameters of the micromilling process, significant changes in the microhardness results were found.

3D printing is growing as one of the most important advanced technologies and it has highly integrated with today’s manufacturing field. The polymer materials are finding versatile applications with respect to recent trends. Fabrication of such polymer materials with advanced manufacturing technology emphasis their usage in the structural applications varies from automobile to aerospace. The present paper discusses state of art technologies developed on polymer materials with 3D printing techniques. The paper also addresses the outcomes of various researchers worked on this concept with special emphasis on 3D manufacturing of polymer materials reinforced with fiber materials. The paper also discusses the recent applications of fiber reinforced 3D printed polymer materials and breakthroughs in the structural applications. The present work also discusses the common materials selected from the polymer matrix and their fabrication and modeling processes.

Cryogenic treatment of work material is found to improve mechanical and thermal properties which gave the advantage of better machinability especially for difficult to machine materials such as titanium alloys. Titanium alloys are hard to machine because of its poor conductor of heat and high thermal coefficients. In order to improve the thermal conductivity titanium alloy was treated cryogenically. In this present study, the experimental investigation is performed with three dissimilar electrodes such as Graphite, Copper, and Zirconium di Boride coated with copper, from which the major output parameters such as electrode wear rate, material removal rate, and surface roughness are examined. In order to perform multi-objective optimization, by focusing on selecting parameters (peak current, voltage, cryogenically treated and non-treated work material, type of electrode) which could result in higher material removal rate, low electrode wear rate and low surface roughness, grey relational analysis was used in the present work. From the analysis it was observed that machining using non-cryogenically treated work material with graphite electrode gives promising result on peak current of 12 A and voltage of 45 V which satisfies the multi-objective criteria. This study reveals an effective way of machining titanium grade-2 alloy using EDM.

Lack of proper heat dissipation in electronic cooling devices may lead to poor performance, premature failure. To overcome this problem, the heat sinks are used in electronic cooling application for augmenting heat dissipation. The objective of current research is to conduct thermal analysis of heat sink using FEA and to investigate the effect of individual design parameters on heat dissipation by generating contours of temperature and heat flux. The CAD model of heat sink is developed in ANSYS design modeler and design parameters are optimized using Taguchi response surface optimization technique. The critical range of values of each design parameter is determined for which heat flux and temperatures are minimum or maximum. The sensitivity plot is also determined for each design parameter which shows the percentage and effect of each variable for output variables (temperature and heat flux). From the optimization studies, the results have shown that the fin base is the most significant variable for improving the design of heat sink.

The application of the machine learning algorithm in the area of gearbox condition monitoring is miserable. If one has to take the condition monitoring field to the next level then new approaches by using the machine learning algorithm and conventional neural network should be formulated. In this research article, the Naive Bayes machine learning algorithm has been implemented to predict the severity of the gear pitting defect. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated based on the accuracy score and confusion matrix. This algorithm has proved that the severity of defect can be classified based on the gear noise level. The noise measurement was done by using a free-field microphone. The model prepared is showing good accuracy.

Industrial robotics is a very important branch of automation. The nature of robots completely altered production during the last century, and it has been industrialized for a few decades all over the world. The paper shows a summary of industrial robotics from the first to third generations. The robotic characteristics of each generation are discussed, and their evolution is described.

In this research work, the butt joint of 0.5 mm sheet thickness NiTi–NiTi shape memory alloy (SMA) is welded using a 2-kW fibre laser machine. The effect of scanning speed on phase transformation and mechanical properties was investigated. The DSC analysis of base material and welded joints results less variations in austenite and martensite temperature phase transformation because during laser welding process there was not the presence of new phases in the weld zone (WZ) such as Ni3Ti or Ti3Ni4 because of which the chemical composition of Ni and Ti was not altered. This confirms the functionality of the material is preserved even after the welding process. The hardness analysis results that the increase of welding speed yields low heat input in weld metal which causes the increase of hardness values with an increase in welding speed. Microscopic investigations revealed the welded samples have negligible heat-affected zone. The flexibility in joining and retaining NiTi SMA's pseudoelastic characteristics through laser welding finds extensive applications as orthodontic wires, adaptive nozzles and seismic application.

The rationale of this investigation is to decrease the reliance on non-degradable plastic bundling by creating elective materials. The biocomposites were made by poly (lactic corrosive) (PLA) supported with snake grass fiber (SG) and Sisal Fiber (SF) biocomposite utilizing accessible plastic handling hardware. This examination centers around the manufacture of PLA–SG/SF biocomposite utilizing an infusion shaping cycle to consider the mechanical portrayal of the composites. The impact of support SG/SF was portrayed by differing from 10 to 30 with. Tractable properties and flexural properties show a comparable pattern where critical improvement was accomplished at mind. % SG/SF content. Also, PLA–SG/SF biocomposite delivered has a high explicit strength and explicit modulus. This could propose that SG/SF might be joined into PLA to decrease the mass of the finished result and generously lessen the expense of crude materials. True to form, sway strength anyway diminishes with SG/SF content.

SS304 (Stainless Steel 304) is a basic stainless steel alloy that contains nickel and chromium which is exclusively used for the numerous engineering applications like cryogenic vessels, valves, refrigerator equipment and evaporators due of its higher corrosion resistance, ductility and ability to remain as solid up to a temperature of 1400 °C. SS304 is one of the harder to machine material by traditional machining approaches. Wire Electrical Discharge Machining (WEDM) is a contemporary approach of machining that facilitates the machining of intricate forms with harder, electrically conductive materials where high surface finish is required. In this present investigation, an experimental analysis has been done on WEDM of SS304 and concentrating on optimization of process variables during the machining of SS304 by using Taguchi’s analysis. Taguchi’s experimental design approach is engaged to devise the experimental trials in view of the process variables such as pulse on time (Ton), pulse off time (Toff) and peak current at three different levels. Material removal rate is the performance measure considered in this investigation. Multiple regression analysis has been evolved for associating the correlation among the chosen input and output variables. Based on the empirical relations evolved, a prediction has been done and results are compared with the experimentation values. The outcomes of comparison exhibited that the prophesied values are closer to the experimentation values.

To sustain the competitive business environment, business needs to be robust and dynamic. The lean and agile manufacturing practice appears to be a promising technique for the industrial community in meeting these needs. However, the adoption of lean and agile manufacturing practices is not easy for many business organizations. Considering this, the present paper aims to analyze the barriers to lean and agile manufacturing practice. Barriers to the adoption of lean and agile manufacturing practices were identified using literature review and expert opinion. The identified barriers are evaluated using total informative structural modeling (TISM) and matrices impacts croises multiplication appliquee classement (MICMAC) analysis. Findings reveal lack of education and training, ineffective production planning, lack of mutual trust, external business environment, and the absence of reliable methods for measuring lean efficiency as the five critical barriers to lean and agile manufacturing practice. This paper would aid the organization judge and analyze the barriers and avert new barriers for higher implementation of strategic thinking.

The objective of this revision is to evaluate the option of developing various industrial surplus as a partial replacement of cement and sand in mortar. The strength properties of mortars for combining Stone Dust (SD) for River Sand (RS) and several levels of Granite Powder (GP) as replacements for cement and 5% of Aluminium Hydroxide (AH) as Extract are deliberated in the paper. This study involves the replacement levels of the GP to cement 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% with 5% of AH and the fully replacement level of SD to sand for 1:3 mix proportion. This paper grants a detailed study on compressive strength, abrasion resistance and water absorption at 3, 7 and 28 days of curing. Test result show that the maximum compressive strength of cement mortar increased at 25% replacement of GP with 5% of AH and 100% replacement of SD can be through as associated to all other additional levels. The obtained outcomes of this study designate that replacing cement with GP, sand with SD replacing and 5% of AH affect the mechanical properties of mortar. The apparent compressive strength and density is considerably decreased other hand abrasion resistance and water absorption percentage is slightly increase while the porosity rises.

In the present study, an experimental attempt has been made on a stock non-road diesel engine using an aloe vera emulsified diesel (AD) fuel. The experiments have been performed at various engine loads from 1.55 to 5.56 bar BMEP to reduce the stock engine emission and to improve the brake thermal efficiency (BTE). The obtained results from AD fuels have been compared with the conventional diesel operation performed on the same stock engine to study the performance and emission behavior. The surfactants such as Span 80 and Tween 80 have been used for preparing an emulsion of aloe vera oil with diesel fuel. The prepared AD fuels were checked for the stability and observed that the fuel is homogeneous for 7 h. The experimental results proved that the AD fuels reduced nitric oxide and smoke emissions simultaneously compared to CDO. The AD fuels have reduced the exhaust gas temperature due to the cooling effect caused by the aloe vera substitution. The specific fuel consumption increased for AD fuels operation compared to CDO due to higher viscosity and lesser calorific value. However, the overall diesel fuel consumption reduces when comparing the total diesel percentage used for CDO with that of the diesel percentage available in AD fuels. The AD fuels reduced the compression work and improved the BTE of the stock engine at lower BMEP conditions. Overall, the use of AD fuels in a stationary engine reduces the exhaust emissions and fossil fuel (diesel) percentage without compromising the existing stock engine performance.

In electric equipment like servers, power generators, transformers and commonly equipped in the cooling of IC engines, fins are typically used for heat controls. Fins have expanded surfaces, which are used by convection mode to increase heat transfer and are used in several industrial and domestic applications. For selecting the geometry of the end, which gives optimum effectiveness and also the economy, it is very important to calculate the temperature distribution over the fin surface. A variety of research is performed on the fin materials and its geometry to strengthen its application. The fins are selected from a rectangular, triangle and trapezoidal fine configuration. Likewise, most of the fins are made of metals such as copper and aluminum. Numerical analysis for rectangular and triangular fin materials such as copper and aluminum is discussed in this study. An empirical method using MATLAB is carried out, and the results were compared with the distribution of the temperature of the fin at the various spatial position and the heat transfer analysis of the fin materials at the entire operations of CI engine.

The present engineering scenario is focusing on lightweight materials with noble properties for ferrous alloys replacement. Aluminum 7075 alloy has optimum properties and is easily castable with utilization in automobile, defense, and aerospace fields. Al7075-TiB2/WC hybrid composite was prepared by a conventional stir casting technique. Different weight % of second phase reinforcement was added with 2, 4, 6, 8% TiB2, and 1–4% WC. The effect of TiB2 and WC reinforcement on microstructure and wear behavior was studied. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used for microstructural evaluation and elemental composition confirmed by XRD. The composite shows uniform distribution of reinforcement and improved microstructure. All specimens were prepared and investigated as per the ASTM standards. A dry sliding wear test was conducted at room temperature by pin-on-disc apparatus under different loads (5 and 10 N), different sliding distances (400, 800, and 1200 m). The outcomes of investigations confirm that increasing theTiB2 and WC reinforcement shows higher hardness and improved wear resistance. Worn surface analysis, mechanism of wear and microstructural changes were described by SEM and EDS analysis. The obtained outcomes of Al 7075-TiB2-WC hybrid composites are used for aircraft lower fuselage panel applications.

Nickel alloys are one among the most used materials for a wider range of engineering uses. Because of exceptional properties, these materials are the primary choice for various uses such as making of gas turbine blades, aircraft and marine components. Inconel 718 is a category of nickel-based superalloy, which is especially used in high-temperature applications and especially in corrosive environments. Conventional arc welding of thin plates is having numerous difficulties including welding performance. Laser welding is one of the advanced methods of welding, which helps to overcome such kind of drawbacks especially welding of thin plates. In this present investigation, Taguchi’s approach is used for planning the experiments and analyzing the process variables. Laser power, weld speed, pulse duration are deemed as independent variables whereas top/bottom width and penetration are considered as performance measures in this investigation. The influence of independent process variables was analyzed, and best suitable process variables were determined for attaining better welding performance.

The influence of nanoclay particle inclusion on tensile, flexural, and vibration properties of E-Glass fiber-reinforced interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) composites has been examined in this paper. The composite laminates were made using clay nanoparticles containing 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11% by weight. Besides that, matrix material has been chosen as the combination of epoxy and polyurethane with the percentage of 70 and 30 wt%, respectively. ASTM standards were followed in the production and testing of the samples. Tensile, flexural and vibration testing were performed by using ASTM D 638, ASTM D 790, and ASTM E756 separately. Experimental modal analysis was used to calculate vibration characteristics. The results showed that at clay nanoparticle levels of 1 and 3 wt%, considerable improvements in tensile and flexural strength were achieved, with increases of 14.3% and 30.12%, respectively. With increments of 25.54%, 22.17%, and 13.54%, the maximum values of natural frequency were obtained at clay nanoparticle levels of 11, 1, and 3 wt%, respectively, and the obtained results are compared with each other.

The machining ability and the process parameters optimization of turning process for 17-4 Precipitated Hardened (PH) Stainless Steel have been examined as per the Taguchi Grey Relational Analysis (GRA). Taguchi’s L9 orthogonal array was preferred for planning the experiments. Cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut are the input process parameters considered for this exploration. The performance factors such as Cutting force and surface roughness have been optimized for the enhancement of machining. The final results of this investigation have been evidenced that machinability can be effectually improved with the aid of the above-said approaches.

The other alternative to IC engine vehicles in the market is electric vehicle, but the use of electric vehicle is not a lot because of the rare availability of charging stations. Therefore, there is a lot of research going on hybrid electric vehicle design wise, in optimal power control system in design aspects and battery rechargeable capacity while driving. This paper gives point by point data about different configuration of drive systems exists and novel drive techniques in hybrid electric vehicle (combination of two different sources to drive the vehicle, HEV) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (where we can charge the batteries of electric source of vehicle externally, PHEV) by comparing their efficiency, battery rechargeable capacity, complexity of design, benefits of drive wheels rear wheel drive (RWD), front wheel drive (FWD).

From an engineering perspective, preferences of materials always focus on the replacement of ferrous alloys with lightweight materials. Aims of this investigation are improving the mechanical and wear properties of Al 7075 matrix composites through second phase SiC and TiB2 reinforcement. The composite is fabricated using the conventional stir casting technique with different weight % such as 2, 4, 6 and 8. The effects of reinforcement on the microstructure, mechanical and wear properties are investigated as per the ASTM standards. The surface morphology and elemental composition of the prepared specimens are examined by SEM and XRD. The mechanical and wear behaviour of composite are upgraded by secondary phase reinforcement. The hardness and tensile strength are significantly improved with 8 wt% of SiC particle. Pin-on-disc apparatus has been used to perform dry sliding wear tests at normal atmospheric temperature with different weights and sliding distances. At higher sliding distances with higher load, higher specific wear rate with a lower coefficient of friction is noticed. The wear resistance of Al7075-SiC-TiB2 composites is highly improved, and worn surface damage is reduced. The achieved results with 8 wt% reinforcement have decreased wear rate even with rising sliding distance and load. On the outset, the amazing mechanical and wear capability of aluminium hybrid composite (Al7075-SiC-TiB2) is a consideration for aircraft lower fuselage panel applications.

The influence of pulsed Nd-YAG laser welding on the characteristics of Inconel 718 weldments of thickness 1 mm was analyzed by varying the laser power, weld speed and the pulse duration while welding. Weld microstructure of the welded joints was estimated. With an increase in laser power, the heat input shows an uptrend, which produces wider weld bead geometries, deeper penetrations and vice versa. With an increase in weld speed, the heat intensity in the weld zone is reduced and that causes reduced top width and bottom width of the weld bead, incomplete penetrations. The results indicate that the Laser Power (LP), Weld Speed (WS) and Pulse Duration (PD) have considerable effects on the weld bead geometry of the welded joint. Also, it was observed that at a given speed and power, increased pulse duration will result in more heat input that produces a joint with appreciable weld width and penetration.

The aim of the research is to establish an efficient and reliable approach for employing the finite element method to simulate the welding process. To forecast thermal cycles and thermal stresses of 304 stainless steel weld joints formed by TIG welding, finite element modelling with ANSYS was used. Thermal cycles measured by a data acquisition device were used to validate the numerically anticipated thermal cycles and temperature distribution. The model’s predictions for the fusion zone width were confirmed using the macrostructure of the weldment. The data acquisition equipment proved to be an effective tool for validating model predictions of temperature distribution in the weld joint. The model predictions and the experimentally observed values of temperature and fusion zone width were in good agreement. As a result, numerical modelling is an effective method for forecasting the effect of the welding process on weld characteristics.

The study involves the corrosion prediction characteristics of steel rebar subjected to an accelerated corrosion process. This experimental study is focused on the evaluation of corrosion occurring in the steel rebar under marine environmental conditions. The experimental outcomes predicted the intensity of corrosion activity pronounced in the steel rebar. An ANN model is developed to analyze the corrosion currents of the embedded steel bar. In this simulation process, time intervals are fed as the input data and the corrosion currents are defined as the output data. Best validation performance was observed at 114 epochs. The obtained results were then compared with the experimental outcomes. The test results exhibit that ANN analysis produced the nearest prediction current values to that of experimentally measured values. The experimental results proved to be in good correlation with the modeled ANN results.

Transformer oil takes a vital place in the performance of transformers. It has high electrical insulating property. Mineral oil is mainly used as transformer oil. The mineral oil has some drawbacks. It has few fire points compared to other insulating oils and has the property of biodegradability with moisture. Therefore, we have to move on with other oils for insulating purpose. Coconut oil, palm oil and some other vegetable oils are used for insulating purpose in recent years. In this paper, the material characteristic and chemical characteristics of vegetable oils like coconut oil, sunflower oil, palm oil, rapeseed oil and their properties were taken into account to choose the suitable alternate for mineral oil. Fuzzy logic is employed for the selection of alternative oil for mineral oil.

The Jute fiber reinforced interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) composites were made using a hand lay-up method with varied amounts of graphite fillers (0, 3, 5 wt.%). Wear studies were conducted out by using a pin-on-disc machine setup using a design of experiments. By examining the influence of operational factors such as load, speed, and sliding distance on the dry sliding wear behavior of jute fiber reinforced IPN (graphite filled) composite (JFRGC), the influence of the weight percentage of graphite content on the sliding wear behavior was investigated. The introduction of 5 wt.% graphite as fillers in JFRC increased wear resistance compared to 3 wt.% graphite fillers, according to the wear test findings along with that physical experimental evaluation also have been conducted. During the observation it was found that there was a significant drop in the tensile strength upon graphite filling into the JFRC but inversely increases the wear resistance to phenomenal level. To validate the results arrived from the experimental processes, ANOVA design of experiments method was adopted to further enhance the result accuracy, during the study both the results have shown mutual agreement with each other.

In the present scenario, lightweight aluminum composites are great flourishing as the compensate of ferrous alloys. Lightweight Al7075 is a castable alloy that has reasonable strength and hardness besides its utilization in automobile, defence, and aerospace fields. The current study focuses on the characterization of Stir cast Al7075–B4C–ZrC reinforced Hybrid Composites. The integration of B4C and ZrC particulates to the Al matrix was processed at various weight % such as 2, 4, 6, and 8. The effects of B4C and ZrC particle content on the microstructure, mechanical, and wear properties were investigated. The morphology of the castings was examined by SEM and XRD. As the proportion of B4C–ZrC2 is increasing in the composite, the hardness and strength are increased. The Al7075/8%B4C/1%ZrC is better than all composites. Wear test was investigated under dry conditions using pin-on-disc apparatus at ambient temperatures at various process parameter conditions. Specific wear rate is gradually increased and the coefficient of friction is gradually decreased against higher sliding distances. The wear resistance of hybrid composites was improved with B4C–ZrC particles and impairment on the worn surface was reduced. The obtained results with 8  wt% B4C have decreased wear rate even with increasing sliding distance and load. On the outset, the incredible mechanical and wear properties of AA7075–B4C–ZrC composites are the best replacement for upper wing applications.

Titanium alloy is one of the predominant materials that are progressively used in the aerospace components, marine parts, and automotive applications. Making of components by titanium and its alloys is still confrontation. Conventional methods of machining are restricted in use due to more tool wear and slower machining. Non-traditional methods of machining have been developed for machining hard materials. Wire Electrical Discharge Machining (WEDM) is one among the promising approach of machining especially harder and electrically conductive work materials and principally engaged for fabricating intricate shapes. The preliminary aim of this exploration is to determine the operating variables for WEDM of titanium alloy (Grade-9). The impact of various variables like pulse on time, pulse off time, and peak current over the material removal rate and surface roughness is investigated. Taguchi’s orthogonal arrays, response analysis, grey relational method, and analysis on interaction effect of variables are espoused to analyze the influence of these parameters and to determine the better machining performance.

In the present study, a semi-empirical model is developed for predicting the material removal rate in micro-EDM using dimensional analysis. The model developed is based on thermo-physical properties of Inconel 600 alloy material such as electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, density, specific heat, and melting point. For this study, four effective parameters namely voltage, capacitance, EDM feed-rate, and pulse on-time are varied and drilled micro holes using tungsten carbide tool electrode. The adequacy of model is verified by finding the mean error, root mean square error and average error. The predictability of the model with experimental results is observed more than 94% using dimensional analysis.

The increase in demand of fossil fuels, the risk associated in its import from other countries, and more over the hazardous exhaust emission produced during their combustion made many researchers to focus on deriving renewable eco-friendly alternate source. India being rich in agriculture resources, it is possible to produce biofuels from plant seeds. In doing so a huge amount of money that spent for fossil fuel import is being saved. Combustion parameter of a fuel has a strong influence on the engine efficiency. This paper deals in determining the combustion parameter of papaya oil and delonixregia oil methyl ester on single cylinder diesel engine and is made to run at a speed of 1500 rpm. The results revealed that the combustion parameter of the blend B25 of papaya oil methyl ester is found closer to that of petroleum diesel.

The environment is significantly polluted by today’s competitive culture. In modern culture, transportation plays a vital part in human movement as well as anthropogenic pollution. Combustion engines have become the dominant source of energy for all transport vehicles. Despite this, their emissions are harmful to the environment. The scientific community is now in a position to drastically reduce hazardous emissions. Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) is one of the techniques that are particularly beneficial in lowering hazardous emissions. The use of engine exhaust from the exhaust manifold towards the inlet manifold to decrease NOX emissions is referred to as EGR. An EGR cooler recirculates and cools the partial exhaust gas in the engine. Afterwards, it is mixed in with the air in the atmosphere. Then it is passed to the combustion chamber. The fresh atmospheric air mixture has been used to automatically reduce the pollutant. The primary goal of the research is to assess the capability of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). The technique's application range in terms of lowering exhaust pollutants, specifically NOX emissions, must then be defined. Furthermore, the study plots the graph of brake power versus NOX, CO2, and CO with and without EGR implementation. The development of an environmentally friendly technology has resulted from the usage of EGR to restrict emissions. In terms of fuel usage, this EGR approach is quite reliable. The abstract should summarize the contents of the paper in short terms, i.e. 150–250 words.

Brick manufacturing industrial waste is an another material that can be recycled as a sand replacement in the sand-based substantial, which is subsidized to decreasing the bases of Natural Sand (NS) has bring about in the improved need to identify substitute material to sand as fine aggregate in the manufacture of Paver Blocks (PB). In this study, treated Waste Brick Powder (WBP) as a NS replacement of Concrete paving blocks at measured quantity of 0, 10, 30, and 50% by weight of NS was studied. Block density and compressive strength were tested at the end of 7 days, 14 days, and 28 days. Trial results established that the replacement of NS with WBP increased the superiority of the pavement blocks. Greater fine particles of WBP, it a little decrease the volume inside paving blocks, which is supplementary with a reduction in the PB properties as specified by density observation. While the strength of the PB increased with the WBP substitutes, the paving blocks comprising 30% and 50% WBP quiet met the requirements quantified by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) for Class C (pedestrian parts) and Class D (garden parts) respectively. The utilization of WBP will support to reduce the negative belongings of their dumping. Therefore, combining WBP as a substitution for NS allowed a more sustainable, low-cost and an “eco-friendly” paving block to be produced. This effort can be fit for light and medium traffic flow conditions as per IS 15658:2006.

This paper mainly deals with the image processing-based firefighting robot. The proposed robot can be able to put out fires quickly and safely preventing destruction and rescuing victims to a safer location away from the risk. In previously designed robots, water is only used as a source for extinguishing the fire and they will be operated in only one direction. The proposed robot designed by adding sprinklers with CO2 and image processing is introduced into the robot for its effective operation. When the fire accident is taking place, according to the cause of fire the concerned extinguisher will initiate and extinguish the fire. The proposed work is implemented and tested by image processing-based technology in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. By the image processing-based robot, the number of people present in the room will also be visualized. An experimental investigation is done on proposed work in Arduino environment for validating its functionality.

The present investigation focused on the mechanical and tribological behavior of Al7075-ZrB2-TiB2 composites has been manufactured by a low cost stir casting technique. Al7075 alloy has rational strength and hardness; this used in the automobile, defense, and aircraft industries. The microstructural characterizations by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and mechanical properties were evaluated by mechanical. The combination of ZrB2 and TiB2 reinforcement to the Al matrix was completed at different weight % such as 2, 4, 6, and 8. Raw Al has a hardness of 87 HRB, and it was enhanced to 104 HRB by ZrB2 and TiB2 reinforcement. ZrB2 and TiB2 reinforcement show significant enhancement in mechanical properties of yield strength as 529 MPa and compressive strength of 630 MPa. The hardness, tensile strength, and compressive strength of the Al7075-8%ZrB2-2%TiB2 composite was enhanced by 24.3%, 25.8%, and 18.2% while compared to raw Al.

The emergence of additive manufacturing has enabled the design and manufacture of lightweight parts such as multi-layer piston with multi-process manufacturing methods. The AlSi10Mg samples were prepared by using the powder bed fusion process, and the second layer of stainless steel 316L was continued to be fabricated on the surface of the AlSi10Mg samples by the directed energy deposition process. In this research, the sandwich structure was tested for mechanical properties with micro-hardness and micro-tensile properties. In addition, the microscopic characterization of scanning electron microscopy is also studied. The Solidworks software was used to study the stress distribution on the piston head. The resulting impact of the multilayer piston has found the yield stress and compared with a build regular piston.

Titanium alloys are lightweight materials for transportation industry and are additionally arising as a possible material for temporary biomedical inserts. Among them Grade 9 is a wrought Ti alloy with good corrosion resistance and thermal strength. The applications of Grade 9 include aircraft, tennis racquets, golf club shafts, skiing plates, and bicycles. This work includes improvement of machining parameters of wire cut Electrical Discharge Machining (WEDM) utilized for machining of Grade 9 Titanium (Ti) compound with brass wire to achieve the least surface roughness and better material removal rate. L9 orthogonal array is selected with parameters such as Pulse-on Time (μs), Pulse-off Time (μs), and peak current as input variables and material removal rate (MRR), surface roughness (RA) is opted as output measures. Taguchi’s single response optimization method is adopted for obtaining the best suitable process variables combination to attain improved performance in machining.

Even though the current industrial world is moving towards the new trend Industry 4.0, the waste from the industries is still cleaned manually by the worker. The worker has to enter into the sewage pit to collect the waste particle, which will block the sewage system. Since, the pit consists of industrial waste, it may affect the health of the worker, even sometimes it may lead him to death. The main objective of this paper is to develop a low-cost solar-powered industrial sewage cleaning vehicle to clean the waste floating in sewage without the involvement of workers. This vehicle is placed inside the pit from which the waste has to be extracted. The vehicle consists of claws, which will collect the waste that is floating in the sewage water. The collecting claws will be attached to the chain with small bolts. The sprockets of the chain are attached to the ball bearing shaft. This shaft is also attached with the spur gear. The spur gear is rotated by the direct contact of another spur gear, which is directly connected to the DC motor. The power supply for the motor is from the lithium-ion battery. This battery is charged using a solar panel, which is attached to the top of the vehicle. Once the motor is turned on, with the help of gears, the claws will be moved from bottom to top. While moving, the claws will collect the waste and drop them in the drainage box present at the top of the vehicle.

In this present work, the effect of ceramic coating on the surface temperature of the aluminium and stainless cookware during cooking was presented. Aluminium oxide coatings were produced on aluminium and stainless steel cookware by using the air plasma deposition method. The comparison was made between coated and uncoated cookware. It was ascertained that obtained coatings have a significant effect on the surface temperature of cookware while cooking. Based on experimental data obtained, it was concluded that the coating had a positive effect on the process by increasing the surface temperature with reduced cooking time.

Forecasting solar energy is very important while designing and developing the solar photovoltaic system. Because of the variation in meteorological parameters and solar irradiance, power developed by the solar photovoltaic system varies, therefore forecasting becomes important. In this paper, a short-term solar energy forecasting is being done using fuzzy logic and artificial neural network. Both fuzzy logic and artificial neural network are widely used for forecasting purposes. Fuzzy logic is based on decision-making of a human. How it takes decision based on imprecise or vague data. Artificial neural network is based on machine learning. For the development of the model based on fuzzy logic and artificial neural network, various applications provided in the MATLAB software are used. Normalized dataset is used forecasting purposes. For the performance evaluation mean absolute percentage error for both the cases is calculated. For Fuzzy Logic, it comes out to be 4.02% and for ANN it comes out to be 1.96%.

Ultrasonic welding is a mechanical system whereby high-recurrence ultrasonic acoustic vibrations are privately connected to workpieces being held together compelled to make a strong state weld. It is usually utilized for plastics, and particularly for joining disparate materials. In the present work, an attempt has been carried out to study the joint strength and stress–strain behavior of dissimilar plastic materials using an ultrasonic welding machine and universal testing machine. The materials such as HDPE (High-density Polyethylene) and a blend of HDPE-LDPE, which are referred to as MDPE (Medium-density polyethylene), have been used for the experimentation. The obtained results from the ultrasonically welded dissimilar plastics were compared with the ultrasonically welded similar plastics. The experimental results proved that the weldability and the joint strength have been effectively increased for ultrasonically welded dissimilar plastic (HDPE-LPDE) combination compared to similar plastic weld (HDPE-HDPE) combination. Also, it was found that the MDPE-MDPE welded dissimilar plastic combination yielded better weld quality and joint strength. The MDPE-MDPE combination withstands a maximum torque of about 118.27 N-m at 1 bar, 0.5-s operating condition, and which is selected as the best combination for dissimilar plastic weld compared to all other material combinations.

Bird striking event is one of the most dangerous risks to the safety of aircrafts. Although most of the bird strike events involve relied small birds which do not cause risk, there is a possibility of severe damage to critical aircraft components such as shield of the wind, leading edges, empennages, engine structure and front, rear blades. In this aspect, a numerical study can help in identifying the parameters which influence the behaviour of the aircraft structure during bird impacts. The current project involves impact analysis carried out at the leading edge of the wing of a large passenger aircraft model. The project work focuses on developing a model to simulate a bird impact analysis on the leading edge of the wing using the explicit dynamics method in Ansys 15.0 workbench. Explicit dynamics simulates the response of structures to loadings involving short duration and severe loading which cause large material deformation. Explicit dynamics can be classified into Eulerian, Lagrangian and smooth particle hydrodynamics method. Lagrangian method is associated with the material of the structure and therefore each node of the mesh follows the material under motion and deformation. Smooth particle hydrodynamics method is a meshless Lagrangian technique where the bird model deformation is covered fully without the distortion of mesh by the interfacing particles are occurred independently. A large-scale passenger aircraft wing is used as a reference wing required for this analysis. The wing and the bird are modelled using unigraphics NX 10 software. Numerical simulations were performed in the commercially available explicit solver Ansys AUTODYN. The important parameters of the bird model include mass, structure, velocity of bird, angle of impact, and impact location. The bird model was assigned to impact the wing at three different velocities. The deformation, stress and strain values for different velocities are compared. Results of impact simulation give an understanding of the failure of leading edge of the wing under bird strike, where the influence of parameters such as angle of impact, impact velocity, and the dynamic behaviour of aircraft wing leading edge can be effectively understood. Reliability, safety and airworthiness of the aircraft can be increased by adopting new high strength and lightweight materials.

Magnesium alloys are one of the lightweight materials with exceptional mechanical characteristics that possess high strength to weight ratio and it is primarily used for various engineering applications. Due the better resistance to corrosion, these materials are primary choice for aerospace applications such as fuselages. However, the conventional machining process fails to achieve better machining performance with these alloys. Wire-Electro Discharge Machining (WEDM) is one of the contemporary machining methods mainly adopted for generating intricate shapes in any kind of hard materials. In the current study, Magnesium alloy is used as work material and input process parameters such as pulse on time (Pon), pulse off time (Poff), peak current (Ip) was selected. Material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (SR) are deemed as output parameters. Taguchi’s single aspect optimization method has been engaged for determining the best suitable combination to achieve better machining performance. The experimentation outcome affirm that the technique suggested in this investigation adequately enhances the machining performances of the Wire cut EDM process.

The focus of the work is to present the effect of friction stir processing (FSP) on microstructural and mechanical characterization of 2024 Aluminium Alloy. Friction stir processing is a procedure of changing the features of a metal through severe, restrict plastic deformation. This plastic deformation is formed by forcibly pushing a non-consumable tool into the work piece. The microstructural properties will be studied by using optical microscope, and the mechanical properties will be studied by using hardness test and pin on disc wear test. This process is proceeded to boost major unconventional parameters of the process for example, plunge depth, tool rotation speed and traverse speed. This alloy is used in different applications, aerospace and automobile sectors have permitted aluminium composites to appear in different fields due to evolved microstructural and mechanical attributes.

The hydraulics is the integral part of heavy machineries like heavy lifting equipment, cranes, etc. The design of hydraulic components should be done to withstand heavy loads and should possess good strength to weight ratio. The current research is intended to study the effect of design parameters of cylinder on stress, deformation, and safety factor. The CAD model FE analysis is conducted in ANSYS software, and design is optimized using optimal space filling design of response surface method. The design points are generated along with corresponding output at each design point. The optimization variables selected for analysis are inner diameter and outer diameter. The material used in FE analysis is low carbon steel. Using Taguchi response surface method critical range of values of optimization variables is determined for which output parameters, i.e., stresses, deformation, safety factor, and mass, are minimum or maximum. The effect of optimization variables, i.e., outer diameter and inner diameter on output parameters, is evaluated using sensitivity analysis. The solid mass is minimum for outer diameter ranging from 53 to 55 mm and inner diameter ranging from 49 to 53 mm, and the equivalent stress is minimum for outer diameter ranging from 56 to 57 mm and inner diameter ranging from 45 to 47 mm.

The primary objective of this review article is to study and analyze the advancement of robotic grippers and their classification because of the utilization. The advancement of the grippers should be appropriately studied and analyzed to make determinations on future utilizations of the grippers in various fields for identifying the utilization and its application areas. With the new introduction of aggressive modern methodologies evolution, a massive spotlight has been set on the improvement of an effective automated labor force. Among all the activities, mechanical frameworks can deal with taking care of stays a favored decision because of a mix of elements including its regularly tedious nature and low ability necessity. The related interest for getting a handle on devices has prompted a steadily expanding shop for control tooling (Gripper) from which a modest bunch of industry is massively arisen. The information is freely available from the inventories of a few notable organizations, and this paper targets introducing a survey on the various types of grippers (pneumatic, equal, two-finger, mechanical). Furthermore, a significant tendency for certain common particulars can be seen in the majority of grippers, which contrasts with the requirement of modern automated frameworks. Consequently, an appropriate exploration of the development and arrangement of automated grippers should be done to understand the maximum capacity of mechanical innovation.

17-4 Precipitation Hardened Stainless Steel is one among the most commonly engaged materials for various engineering uses because of its exceptional characteristics such as resistant ability to corrosion. The unique behaviour of these materials makes this one as a primary choice for manufacturing various engineering components for aerospace and chemical industries. 17-4 PHSS is a difficult machine material. In this explorative analysis, the performance of machining is to be analysed with the help of different cutting inserts such as conventional tool, horizontally textured and cryo-treated textured tools. Cutting force and roughness of the machined surface have been deemed as output characteristics. Grey theory has been engaged for developing MCDM models. The outcomes of this method will be further engaged for evolving the hybrid Grey-ANFIS model for foretelling the desired multi performance characteristics.

The current world is focusing on taking work done by a human being to be done by machines. Hence, many machines are increasing day by day, some of which are hazardous, and some are complicated to be monitored or measured using wired/traditional technology, making many industries empower remote condition monitoring. It is safe since the monitoring agent can observe the machine from a distance. This thesis paper demonstrates a study on an embedded remote condition monitoring system for industrial machinery based on WSN to measure machine vibration, temperature, and humidity to minimize risks such as machine damage, injuries, and many more. Sensors are used to collect the data from the machine, and the data is transmitted to the cloud from Node MCU via Raspberry Pi, which is used as a computing device and central node. The monitoring agent accesses the machine performance information on a web page through a cloud platform for lucrative measures. The test was done on a milling machine with temperature, humidity, and vibration sensors. Further, the result showed an increment in temperature with time as the machine operates. Humidity decreases as temperature rise; on the other hand, the vibration was relatively constant under a normal operating condition and varied from low to high when a load is applied. The proper monitoring and annunciation are possible from the system’s data, which will minimize the risk and improve the efficiency by appropriate scheduling of work on the machine.

In incremental sheet forming process, hemispherical tool pushes the sheet metal into desired shape. This process requires general three-axis CNC milling machine. Conventional sheet metal forming operation needs dies of specific shapes to manufacture of respective sheet metal component. This characteristic of dieless forming of Incremental sheet forming process has a big potential to reduce the manufacturing cost of small batch of sheet metal parts. Prediction of surface roughness values in incremental forming can result in better surface finish with control of process parameters. This paper presents a new data-driven machine learning approach for the prediction of surface roughness. Experiments are conducted to study the effect of tool diameter, step size, angle, tool speed and feed rate over the surface roughness of incrementally formed sheet parts and also the experimental results are compared with previous analytical model. A machine learning approach using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is attempted to predict the surface roughness with good accuracy.

Wire Electrical Discharge Machining (WEDM) is one of the innovative approaches for removal of material from the work piece that is the variant of Electrical Discharge Machining method. This method is prominently engaged for machining harder materials with intricate shapes. Titanium alloys are categorized as lightweight material, which is used in various engineering applications. Titanium Grade-9 is one of the titanium alloys, which possess better strength and resistance to corrosion. In this present investigational analysis, an endeavor is taken to evolve the empirical relations amongst the chosen input variables (‘Ton’, ‘Toff’ and peak current) and desired output measures (material removal rate and surface roughness). Taguchi’s concept of design method has been adopted for planning the combination of experiments. Significance of input variables on chosen output variables is determined by ANOVA analysis. Multiple regression analysis has been evolved for associating the correlation among the chosen input and output variables. Based on the empirical relations evolved, a prediction has been done, and results are compared with the experimentation values. The outcomes of comparison exhibited that the predicted values are closer to the experimental values.

Rising nations like India's petroleum industry are among the quickest developing industries and contribute to financial evolution. The carbon footprint (CF) from a petroleum industry containing a wide variety of methane, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and fluorinated gases. These compounds are present as a very complicated form in the industry that is unsafe for the environment, indirectly or directly. Intending to achieve zero-emission, the paper aims to find the most influential risk that generates carbon footprint in the south Indian petroleum industry. Therefore, one of CF's major issues is recognizing and ranking the various risks and determining appropriate solutions for solving them at the time of risk occurrence. Regarding this issue, the multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) based Fuzzy Analytic Network Process (Fuzzy ANP) has been used to examine the CF risks. Risk factors are identified based on the questionnaire survey method. The global weight of every risk factor was calculated as per the proposed framework. The outcomes depicted that training and competence, environmental disasters and climate change are the most influential ones. In addition to this, this research work provides some useful guidelines/implications for industrial managers regarding the reduction of carbon emission.

Since the commercialization of automobiles in the 1960s, vehicles have been running on conventional fuels such as gasoline or diesel. Major automobile accidents, especially passenger vehicles that lead to explosions and fatalities are due to frontal impact collisions that cause the breaking of fuel lines. This leads to chemical reactions of the fuel in the fuel lines with the heated atmospheric air. The result is an intense explosion that causes, in most cases, the death of the passengers, if not major injuries. In this work, the Automatic Flame Suppression System for Four Wheeler Passenger Vehicles reduces the chances of fatalities during such explosions by the high-pressure application of commonly used coolant LN2. The application of LN2 using a sensor-based actuator mechanism will prevent the reaction between fuel and the high-temperature air of the surroundings that triggers the explosion.

Where the compaction and placing of concrete material are provocative self-compacting concrete (SCC) performance a dynamic role in these situation. SCC is extensively used where the ability of flow and self-compaction is mandatory. The main use of SCC is to save labour charge and reduce the manufacture period. Sugarcane Bagasse Waste (SCBW) can be recycled as a Natural sand (NS) in this work. Utilization of SCBW in concrete for M30 with variable percentage of SCBW range 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% is determined in this investigation. When the SCBW is used in all the mixes (0–20%) and the quantity of SCBW i.e. 0–10% can be simply substituted with NS without a significant loss of workability and strength. By the use of 10% SCBW, the compressive strength increased. When further rise in the SCBW percent there is decrease in compressive strength.

Rotational moulding is a plastic processing technology used to manufacture large hollow products economically with short production runs. High-density polyethylene or HDPE is widely used for rotational moulding because of its excellent chemical resistance, high stiffness, good processability, and low cost. However, its application is limited due to its modest mechanical properties. This limitation can be overcome by the incorporation of fibres or fillers as reinforcement. In the present study, Rice Husk (RH) is used as the reinforcement filler. The different weight percentage of rice husk is added to HDPE and is roto moulded to get polymer composites. The physical, mechanical, morphological, and vibration damping characteristics are then studied to determine the effect of rice husk in the HDPE matrix. Mechanical properties were investigated as per ASTM standards, and the best values of tensile and flexural properties were obtained for the composite with 10% rice husk powder. The impact strength and hardness values were found to be less significant for reinforced composites. The Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) reported that the degradation of RH particles happens at 263 ℃ and hence the processing temperature of the composites is kept below this degradation temperature to get defect-free composites. The experimental modal analysis results proved that the incorporation of Rice husk particles improves the natural frequency of the composites from 24.8 to 55.7 Hz.

Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is one of the metal additive manufacturing methods in which rapid fabrication is possible for components of big size. A significant amount of heat energy is transferred to the workpiece during this process, with a defined idle period so that the workpiece cools down between each layer of deposition. This variable cooling rate technique keeps the workpiece from collapsing and crack growth by maintaining a proper inter-pass temperature. The main challenge is to choose an inter-pass ambient cooling time to mitigate the residual stresses and distortions induced in the workpiece. A numerical model is developed to study the variation of residual stress with respect to change in the cooling time of WAAM process. The material’s thermal and mechanical behaviour was instigated using finite element analysis, by introducing DFLUX SUBROUTINE within ABAQUS 6.20 SOFTWARE. The simulation results were analyzed and the optimum inter-pass cooling time obtained was 800 sec.

Wire Electrical Discharge Machining (WEDM) is one of the innovative approaches for removal material from the work piece that is the variant of electrical discharge machining method. This method is prominently engaged for machining harder materials with intricate shapes. Inconel 625 is one among the difficult to machine materials and best suited for high saline, underwater applications because of its high resistance to corrosion. In this present investigational analysis, an endeavour is taken to evolve the empirical relations amongst the chosen input variables (‘Ton’, ‘Toff’ and peak current) and desired output measure (material removal rate). Taguchi’s concept of design method has been adopted for planning the combination of experiments. Multiple regression analysis has been evolved for associating the correlation among the chosen input and output variables. Based on the empirical relations evolved, a prediction has been done and results are compared with the experimentation values. The outcomes of comparison exhibited that the prophesied values are closer to the experimentation values.

The purpose of the research article is to estimate the outcome of the experimental examination carried out on the properties of Mechanical short fibers with polyester composite. The maximum content and length of the fiber composite is sustained at 20 wt% and 15 cm. The roselle, sisal, and coconut coir fiber content and the length are differed between 5 to 15 wt% and 5 to 15 cm, respectively. But the strength of the tensile and flexural oselle/sisal/coir fiber hybrid polyester composite with 20 wt% and 15 cm are 17.07 MPa and 32.6 MPa respectively. It was low when compared to glass/polyester composite. Upon increasing the fiber content from 10 to 20 wt % and fiber length from 5 to 15 cm, the tensile strength increased from 7.43 to 17.07 MPa, and flexural strength increased from 27.2 to 32.6 GPa. The specimen with 20% fiber content of length 10 cm holds the highest impact strength of 6.21 kJ/m2. The specimen with 20% fiber content of 15 cm fiber length has the highest tensile strength of 19.07 MPa. This shows that these alkali treated fiber reinforced hybrid polyester composites can be employed successfully for better results.

Computer Aided Design software is widely used in the product development phase. It helps in reducing design time with high level of accuracy. Generally, cost of product development and manufacturing is identified in design phase, so it is important to focus on the design phase to reduce the total cost of the product. Use of standard parts readily available in the market saves manufacturing efforts and cost associated with the same. So, it is beneficial to use such standard parts in the new design of the product. Another important point in the design phase is that any mistakes done by the designer can lead to high losses associated with design, manufacturing, and operational phases. Most of the industries rely on expert’s knowledge to avoid such losses. To avoid these losses and to make the use of standard parts, this paper proposes a knowledge-based design automation-based approach for selecting standard components in new design of the product. Developed system uses application programming interface to automate the modeling activities and to capture the design knowledge. The system is developed in CATIA software by using visual basic application.

3D printing is one among the foremost successful yet controversial technology which is employed in various fields like aerospace, automobile industry, fashion, and ornamental designing, marine, orthodontics, prosthetics and various implants, agile tooling, and assorted applications. Albeit ample applications have numerous drawbacks. Those drawbacks are subjugated by 4D printing, which have introduced shape memory effect (SME) including one-way SMEs, two-way SMEs, and three-way SMEs. On amelioration of 3D printing, 5D printing has been introduced to develop streamlined products as an outcome. In this paper, the evolution and its vast applications are discussed briefly with its superiority.

Due to the huge consumption of materials such as cement, sand and coarse aggregate, they are depleting day by day. The fibrous waste product obtained from sugar refining industry is SCBA. SCBA is a utilized pozzolanic material in producing high strength concrete. The world is a facing major waste management problem in the disposal of waste tyre. The bagasse ash has been partially replaced in the ratio of 0, 10, and 20% by weight of cement in concrete. 5% rubber tyre waste has been replaced as coarse aggregate. In order to analyse the compressive strength of cube and split tensile test of cylinder for a period of 7, 14, 28 days. Before testing it involves the determination of material properties such as cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, discarded rubber tyre, and bagasse ash. The results obtained from the comparative study showed that bagasse ash and discarded rubber tyre can be used as a partial alternative for concrete.

Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) is an emerging field of manufacturing due to its degree of freedom for large-size components with complex geometry and high deposition rate. However, owing to higher heating and sudden cooling cycles during the deposition, tensile residual stress is generated in the fabricated sample. In this work, WAAM and Laser Shock Peening (LSP) are deployed to improve the mechanical and functional properties of Ni–Ti shape memory alloy. Ni–Ti wall structure was fabricated in five layers with a voltage of 16.5 V and wire feed rate of 5.5 m/min for 10 s delay after each layer. Laser shock peening was performed with the laser power of 1 W. The as-deposited WAAM and LSP samples were appraised its mechanical and functional properties using an optical microscope, microhardness, and Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The optical microscope images of LSP samples revealed the grain refinement compare to the as-deposited sample. During the LSP process, the generated laser-plasma induces the compressive residual stress that enhances the microhardness values of the laser peened examples.

Casting is one of the most used techniques to manufacture any shape parts. Main advantage of this process is the suitable microstructure of the material from which desirable mechanical properties can be achieved. In-situ microwave casting is a new approach in metal casting where microwave energy is utilized during melting, pouring, and solidification of the cast material. The complete process is done inside the applicator which offers flexibility to control the temperature of the mold. In this paper, in-situ microwave casting is used to cast the SS202 powder. The microwave casting process is carried out by using domestic microwave with specification of 900 W power and 2.45 GHz frequency. The mold cavity is made of graphite material. Charcoal powder is used as a susceptor material. The graphite mold is placed inside the alumina bricks cavity. The main objective is to measure the structural damping capacity of cast material. The experimental modal analysis technique is used to plot the frequency response function of the cast material. Number of mode shapes was obtained in the frequency response function curve. Half power band width method is used to predict the damping ratio of the SS202. The structural loss factor and structural damping capacity are also calculated for different modes. The size of casted specimen is 46 mm × 17 mm × 3 mm, respectively. Characterization of SS202 is also conducted to study the grain structure and their orientation. The damping ratios which are obtained through half power band width methods at each node are 0.4035, 0.3291, and 0.4803.

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is a 3D printing technique based on extrusion that is used in various applications including communications, fashion, architecture, aerospace, automotive, medicine, and education. However, 3D printing techniques demand the selection of suitable printing parameters for achieving desired mechanical characteristics. Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate is an amorphous thermoplastic and is employed in numerous applications because of its excellent chemical and UV resistance characteristics. In the present study, the tensile characteristics of the FDM printed Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate polymer are investigated. The experiments are carried out based on Box-Behnken design and the responses are analyzed using response surface methodology. FDM parameters considered for the optimization are layer thickness, rater angle, and printing temperature. Mathematical models are developed and used to predict the tensile strength (TS), Fracture Strain (FS), and Elastic modulus (E) of ASA parts printed with FDM technology. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to prove the adequacy and significance of numerical models. Better tensile characteristics are obtained at a layer thickness of 0.1 mm, raster angle of 45°, and printing temperature of 255 °C. The minimum error was noticed between the experimental and predicted results.

In a competitive environment, the firms are much more inclined to enhance the productivity. At the present age, the resources are quite costlier, which ultimately impact the final product. It is one of the challengings ahead of many firms, thus far, to make the bridge, many technologies have been developing. However, the establishment of technologies is made to survive in the market. It is always the best choice when we comprehensively utilize the available resources and utilize the secondary process products, which ultimately enhance the productivity. This research paper recollects the importance of molasses and fly ash, which is known for eco-friendly and relative cheaper substitutes where interdispilaniry was used. An attempt was made to study the moulding properties by using fly ash and cement as ingredients and molasses as binding material. An objective was drawn to find the sensitiveness of fly ash and cement on moulding properties. Interestingly for the said study, an appreciable improvement was observed by using fly ash. Hence, fly ash can be recommended as a substitute for the cement-based applications especially for foundry industries.

The current work focuses on optimizing cutting force and tool wear in the turning process of AISI 1030 steel using carbide cutting tool inserts. The three input machining parameters of spindle speed, feed rate, and back rake angle are considered. The AISI 1030 steel turning operation experiments are performed using DOE in a Taguchi series matrix method. This experiment was conducted on a traditional lathe machine with a tool dynamometer installed in the tool post to test the cutting force. Taylor's tool life equation is utilized to compute tool wear depending on the values. This study was performed in three phases. In the first phase, research is conducted to evaluate the effect of input parameters on output parameters. In the second phase, research is conducted to study the cutting forces and tool damage or wear using FEM, and it is simulated using DEFORM 3D software based on the matrix. The simulation and experimental results were compared. The results indicate a 4.27% difference between the simulated and experimental findings. Taguchi uses a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) analysis to determine the optimum parameters input parameters for the successful responses in the third phase. For AISI 1030 steel turning operations, the optimum level for cutting force and tool wear were obtained at speed = 800 rpm, feed = 0.18 mm/rev, back rake angle = 5° and speed = 800 rpm, feed = 0.12 mm/rev, back rake angle = 10°.

The robotic arm manipulator is used for lifting of heavy components usually in factories and industries. To withstand heavy load, the weight of robotic arm manipulator should be less, and strength should be high. This could be achieved with the proper selection of materials, which could improve the load-bearing capacity and enhance the life of robotic arm manipulator. The objective of current research is to conduct static structural analysis to determine the feasibility of carbon epoxy material. The CAD model of robotic arm is developed in Creo design software, and FEA analysis is conducted using ANSYS workbench. The equivalent stress and deformation are obtained for carbon epoxy material and compared with results obtained from conventional aluminum alloy. The results have shown the significant mass reduction of the robotic arm with carbon epoxy material without much stress and deformation, therefore preferred.

This article reviews the process of nitride-based coatings obtained by physical vapour deposition (PVD), chemical vapour deposition (CVD) and thermal spraying techniques. The merits and demerits of coating methods are discussed. Finally, modern developments and new possibilities for coating manufacturers to produce films with improved wear performance are briefly discussed.

Because of the growing demand for fossil fuels and the danger they pose to the atmosphere, a range of renewable energy sources has been explored worldwide. A high cottonseed oil methyl ester was investigated in a constant rpm, Direct injection diesel engine with varying fuel injection pressures in the current study (180, 190, 200, and 210 bar). This research’s primary goal is to look into the impact of injection pressures on the engine’s output and emissions. According to the test results, the optimum fuel injection pressure is 190 bar with a cottonseed methyl ester. As compared to other injection pressure, the thermal performance is comparable at this optimized pressure. There is a decrease in carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbon with a rise in nitrogen oxides. Except for nitrogen oxide emission, cottonseed methyl ester at 190 bar injection pressure is more effective than 180, 200, and 210 bar.

Automation technology plays an increasingly major role in providing higher efficiency in almost all fields of knowledge. One of the sectors of automation is Robotics, which involves building mechanical and electronic structures that would run on computer codes. These codes with technical advancement can further be upgraded to machine learning and artificial information algorithms. Robotics has the potential to bridge the gap between the physical and the cybernetic world. The prime objective of this paper is to put forward a robot that can increase the productivity and efficiency of an operation besides minimizing the efforts, time, and labor. Alongside, the arm also ensures the safety of the operator. The paper initially discusses the basics of robots and a few significant terminologies related to them. There are diverse ways to control a robot, one of them being gesture control. The researcher proposes to build a robot that is controlled by hand gestures using the Inertial Measurement Unit sensors. Further, a discussion is also made on the mechanical design with CAD modeling, electronic systems, and code for controlling the robotic arm with sensor inputs.

The solar PV panel is an attractive alternative among all other energy sources for electricity generation. The deposition of dust and stains can considerably decrease the effectiveness of the PV panel. Thus, the cleaning of the PV panel is essential. Many researchers are developing effective cleaning techniques for solar PV panels to maintain their efficiency over the period. The various PV panel cleaning techniques such as natural cleaning, manual washing and brushing, wind blowing, automated mechanical cleaning, automated water spraying, ultrasound vibration, the microcontroller-based automatic cleaning method, electrostatic cleaning system (EDS), superhyperbolic coating, and superhydrophilic coating are discussed in this paper. This review can help in selecting the most suitable method for PV panel cleaning.

The placement of the piezoelectric sensor at the optimal location has a significant influence on the response of the structures to control the vibration of structures. In the current research work, the optimal location of the piezoelectric sensor is determined by studying the response model of a beam with boundary conditions. The formulation of the beam is done in MATLAB software. Then the modal analysis of the beam is obtained. The optimal location of the piezoelectric sensor can be predicted by seeing the natural frequency peaks on the frequency response function curve of the beam. Also, it can be concluded that the location of the piezoelectric sensor cannot be at the nodal point where displacement is zero as it will not provide any effect.

Titanium alloys are lightweight materials used in the transportation industry, and they are also being considered as a potential material for biomedical implants. Grade 5 is a wrought titanium alloy with excellent corrosion resistance and thermal strength. Aircraft, tennis racquets, golf club shafts, skiing plates, and bicycles are all examples of Grade 5 applications. The goal of this project is for optimizing the machining parameters of Wire cut Electrical Discharge Machining (WEDM) used to machine Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5) compound with brass wire in order to obtain the lowest surface roughness and the highest material removal rate possible. The L9 orthogonal array is chosen, with input variables such as Pulse-on Time (µs), Pulse-off Time (µs), and peak current, and output factors, namely material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (RA). To increase machining performance, Taguchi’s single response optimization approach is engaged to find the optimum possible combination of process variables.

Material science is one of the interesting areas of specialization in research and development in all fields of engineering, especially all major civil engineering developments can be related to advancement in materials. This also has a significant influence on our ecosystem. In the present study, the principles of green engineering have been demonstrated using the example of heritage buildings that have survived more than 500–700 years with minimal damage. Even though depreciation of material takes place over a period of time, there is a gulf of difference between materials used in present construction and the past mortars and binders used in ancient construction. Most of the heritage monuments require retrofitting, and there is a need to observe the concept and interphase keenly. Present work focuses on the study of heritage materials as microanalysis to get a precise inference about the mortars and binders used in these structures centuries ago. As part of this case study, one sample has been extracted from the ancient structures and were analysed for chemical analysis by Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) to find-out the exact mix proportion of elements in specific volume. Magnesium, silica, and calcium were found to be higher in the samples.

In the contemporary research work, the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is used to simultaneously maximize compressive strength and minimize the absorption of water in the cement mortar (nano materials blended). Three important process parameters including nano silica (0–3wt%), w/c ratio (0.48–0.52wt%), and Plasticizers (0–1wt%) were augmented to acquire the best values of response using the numerical box-behnken design with desirability analysis. The nano silica was replaced by cement in 0%, 1%, 2%, and 3% and water–cement ratios of 0.48, 0.50, and 0.52 with the addition of 1% of polycarboxylate admixture in the cement mortar separately. The research work aims to increase the mechanical properties of cement mortar using nano silica and mineral admixtures. The compression test was carried out using ASTM standard mortar cube to investigate their mechanical properties. The optimal results showed that the nano mortar with 2% nano silica, 0.5 water cement ratio (w/c), and 1% plasticizers, attaining high compressive strength and effectively increasing the mechanical properties of cement mortar.

The composites are getting popular among various automobile and aircraft manufacturers due to high strength to weight ratio. These components are subjected to various external excitations which may cause resonance leading to amplitude build up. The objective of current research is to investigate the effects of dimensional parameter ‘h/b’ on vibrational characteristics of composite laminate using ANSYS FEA software. The parameter b is width of laminate and ‘h’ is height of laminate. The vibration analysis is conducted for different ratios of h/b i.e., 0.08, 0.16 and 0.24. The natural frequency, mode shapes, and amplitude are determined for each design type. The free vibration modal analysis generated 10 natural frequencies, and the results have shown an increase in natural frequency with increase in thickness of lamina. The amplitude builds up reduces with increase in h/b ratio. The component is said to have high vibrational stability if it has higher natural frequency. From the current research we can conclude that composite laminate with ‘h/b’ ratio of 0.24 is preferred over other as it will provide high vibrational stability to structure.

Accuracy of result of circularity measurement result depends on the power of the algorithm and the methodology employed to assess the circularity error. Minimum Zone Circle method (MZC) has proven to be more efficient than the other methods. Many advanced algorithms use least square centre to initialize the search process in order to locate the optimum centre of the circles inside the profile. The centre obtained using the Voronoi method is found to be more accurate than the least square centre. But, the problem with the Voronoi method is the methodology used to construct the inner convex hull provides different profile for different starting point. In this work, a new methodology is presented to overcome this drawback. Also, the centre of the circularity profile obtained using the Voronoi method is used as the initial centre in PSO-MZC algorithm and the outcomes are analysed in terms of accuracy, number of iterations and computational time required to provide minimum circularity error in comparison with PSO-MZC method that uses the least square centre.

Magnesium alloy is a common material that is increasingly being used in aerospace components, marine parts, and automotive applications. Magnesium and its alloys are still being used to make components. Traditional machining processes are limited in their application due to increased tool wear and slower machining. For machining hard materials, non-traditional machining methods have been devised. WEDM (Wire Electrical Discharge Machining) is a potential method of machining, especially for tougher and electrically conductive work materials, and is mostly used to fabricate complicated shapes. The initial goal of this investigation is to figure out what the operational factors are for WEDM of Magnesium alloy AZ31B. The effects of various variables such as pulse on time, pulse off time, and peak current on the material removal rate and surface roughness are studied. To examine the influence of these parameters and identify improved machining performance, Taguchi's orthogonal arrays, response analysis, and analysis on the interaction effect of variables are represented.

Aluminium metal matrix composite is known for its enhanced performance with the addition of hybrid reinforcement. The present work was carried out to estimate surface roughness on Aluminium Al7050 matrix with different percentages of Titanium Carbide (TiC) and Boron Nitride (BN) as reinforcement. The machining parameters such as pulse on, pulse off and wire feed were considered in Wire Electric Discharge Machining (WEDM) and a potable tester was used to measure the surface roughness. The experimental analysis was performed by optimizing the process parameters through the Taguchi method of design of experiments. An ANOVA table and Regression equation were framed using ‘Design experts 13’ to study the influence of process parameters on surface roughness of AL7050/TiC/BN composite. The results have revealed that TiC is the most influencing parameter on surface roughness while the wire feed has a less significant effect.

This paper focuses on developing a computer-based application to assess the working postures in industrial environment. Recent advancements in computer technology introduced oceans of features to develop sophisticated computer application. In this manuscript, Visual Basics software tool is used to develop postural assessment application. While performing various manual manufacturing tasks, the operators are more exposed to Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs). The MSDs are the main reason for the loss of money and time as it leads to the worker absenteeism and extra investment for curing. In this paper, the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) method, which is widely accepted for identifying muscular disorders are considered for study. Visual Basic is used to create a user friendly RULA application based on RULA worksheet. A small case study has been carried out to validate the performance of RULA application. The results of RULA sheet are compared with results of DELMIA V6 and concluded that later can be used to evaluate the working postures in industrial environment.

The objective of the work is to provide the outcomes of Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) tests and their investigations on natural, lime-treated clay and lignosulphonate-treated clay to estimate the percentage of bonding compounds after soil stabilization. XRD tests were performed on natural soil and soil-treated mixtures of 3% lignosulphonate by mass. These mixes were tested at a distinct period of curing of 28 days and tested as the sample before the addition of lignosulphonate and after treatment of soil with lignosulphonate. Strength Improvement has been observed due to the increase in Quartz mineral which is SiO2 in nature.

In recent days, leachate production from garbage had increased and direct discharge to land may get varied with a water and they may lead to various types of pollution to the environment. Leachate treatment primarily contains bad odour and turbidity of highly coloured leachate containing variety of parameters in different concentrations. Leachate should be treated prior to discharge by effectively removing odour in order to protect environment as per the legal guidelines. These discharges of leachate contain organic substance, high colour with high COD, and low concentration of BOD. Leachate was treated with an alum and granular activated carbon (GAC). The goal of this investigation is to apply leachate effectively as a replacement for the normal water in concrete. A sequence of tests led to determine the properties of the constituents, fresh concrete, and hardened concrete including its durability characteristics to investigate the suitability of using leachate in concrete. The curing of hardened concrete was done for periods of 7, 14, and 28 days by using normal water and Sewage Treatment Plant water (STP). In this experimental career, more strength was achieved in normal water curing compared to STP. In this study, a Comparative statement of hardened concrete result was a good for normal water when compare with STP water.

The bricks are important basic material for constructing actions and establish about 15% of the total construction material cost. Many problems challenged by the recent brick production have of shortages, cost of materials, and environmental effects of making. There is very less information that is obtainable to fix the possibility of addition agro-industries waste to brick manufacturing. Hence, this paper is about effort on the reprocessing and reuse of the agro-industries solid waste for the manufacture of Cement Bricks (CB). In this work, an effort has been made to combine wastes into the making sustainable bricks using cement, Bagasse Ash (BA), and Rice Husk (RH). The replacement levels of cement and BA like 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60% with 20% of RH to mix proportion. CB size of 230 × 80 × 110 mm was prepared. This paper grants a detailed study on compressive strength, efflorescence test, and water absorption. Intention to produce cost effective and high strength bricks than the clay bricks. Agro-industries waste material acts as a fluxing mediator within the CB. The RH and BA bricks are relatively less in weight and stronger than normal clay bricks.

Recent days Aluminum Metal Matrix Composite (AMMC) materials are more improved in mechanical, thermal, and wear properties. Hence industries are looking for improving machinable characteristic AMMC composites. Wire Electrical Discharge Machining (WEDM) is one of the emerging technologies in the un-conventional machining process to machining intricate products with the utmost amount of exactness. Wire Electrical Discharge Machining (WEDM) is one among the advanced approach and also a conversant approach engaged for making intricate forms in electrically conductive work samples. In this exploration, an investigation on machinability of WEDM of stir casted Hybrid MMC (LM26 + Graphite + Fly ash) and evolution of artificial intelligent tool for predicting the desired variables have been performed. The ascendance of variables named as duration of pulse on (Ton), pulse off (Toff), dielectric fluid flushing pressure, wire feed and servo voltage in contrast to preferred output measures like material removal rate, surface finish, overcut errors were investigated. An analysis has been performed by L27 taguchi method, and output performance is investigated.

In India, the core of the logistic sector is the trucking industry. The manufacturing business ensures that their product reaches the end customer quickly and thus they outsource their logistical operations to logistic service providers. More than 60% of goods are transported by road. Due to globalization and digitalization, the demand for logistics has increased. To meet the demand most truck owners are recklessly permitting overloading to increase margins, to save time by risking the consequences of in-transit issues as well as its negative impact on the infrastructure. This paper addresses one such problem that many drivers and their customers face regularly. To reduce the time required for weighing and getting instant results a payload measurement system is developed which is an external attachment to the vehicle. The results obtained by this model are quick and accurate.

Incoloy 800 is one of the harder materials used in an extensive range of engineering applications due to its potential oxidation resistance and carburization at high temperatures. It also has a tendency to have a shorter tool life and poor machining efficiency when using traditional machining methods due to its higher strength and lower thermal conductivity. Non-traditional machining methods have been created to overcome the challenges of traditional machining and have been proposed as a suitable alternative to traditional material removal methods. WEDM (Wire Electrical Discharge Machining) is a high-tech machining method used to machine hard materials. Taguchi's technique is used to create and evaluate the experimental runs. The rate of material removal (MRR) has been predicted using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model and multiple regression models. The values from experiments and prediction are compared. The performance of the evolved models is analysed and from the outcomes the best suitable predictive model has been opted for further prediction.

The extensive interest in the development of spur gear and to improve its efficiency and its performance a comprehensive review on the structure of spur gear are analyzed, and certain modifications are done in the composition of a spur gear. This process is done with the combination of different materials such as Epoxy resin, natural fiber, glass fiber, and silicon carbonate. This spur gear was manufactured by using the gear hobbing process. Later this spur gear is tested by using a hardness testing machine, and then the properties of this gear are compared with an Epoxy resin gear and nylon gear. Achieved by this project is higher than Epoxy resin, then this project can be replaced with Epoxy resin gear and nylon gears.

The higher intensity impact response of lengthy banana fibre-reinforced polypropylenes with various fibre lengths was investigated in this research. This research looks at three long banana fibre polymeric composites with diameters of 10, 20 and 30 mm that were made using a crosshead die and a mixture of extrusion and pultrusion techniques. To make an isotropic chemical, an internal mixer was used in this particular study. To find the mixture ratio, burn off test was used to confirm the distribution integrity of each component. High-velocity impact experiments were carried out with a gas pistol and a cylindrical projectile at speeds of 152, 224 and 271 m/s. For all 3 long fibre polymer lengths, mechanical mixer operation resulted in significant fibre length reduction. Mechanical testing (tensile and Izod impact) demonstrated that as long (banana) fibre thermoplastic length, fibre length increased, the value increased. In comparison to 5 and 10 mm long banana fibre thermoplastic containing specimens, higher intensity results showed that 20 mm long banana fibre plastic compound had better impact performance. From plain polypropylene to 5 and 10 mm long fibre thermoplastic compounds, the rate of change in energy absorption is substantially larger than from 10 to 20 mm long fibre thermoplastic polymers. Higher intensity (impact) testing revealed that there may be a fibre length cut-off above which the fibre length has less in their impact resistance.

In normal cooking system in which we used to place cooking utensil directly on open flame, the thermal efficiency of the cooking utensils is ranging in between 25 and 40%. There are some mechanisms and day to day practices through which we can increase this efficiency value up to above 65%. For this one effective method is to enhance or modify the shape and size of cooking utensils we are using in our kitchens. This cooking utensils can be of various sizes depending on BIS standards mentioned time to time. Open utensil cooking is generally widely used method for cooking at different strata of society. LPG consumption for such different strata of society should be analyzed, and efforts should be done to minimize the overall energy consumption value. This can be achieved by enhancing geometry of utensil and checking effect of different parameters on their efficiency. Here a systematic work has been carried out in which parameters like utensil shape and size, its different aspect ratio, its volume has been considered, and results are drawn showing effect of varying aspect ratio on thermal efficiency of utensil as well as on overall gas consumption in cooking process. Finally, most efficient modified utensil has been deduced out of selected ones.

The compression testing of the connecting rod made of powder forged Al–Fe alloy and grey cast iron is performed. The finite element simulation is performed using the ANSYS workbench software. The finite element analysis revealed that the powder forged connecting being 62.183% lighter is 64.465% stiffer than the connecting rod made of grey cast iron. This shows that the powder forged alloys have greater stiffness when compared to traditionally cast metals.

The current study deals with the fabrication of polymer concrete composites. They have been prepared by using the solid industrial waste materials, such as red mud, foundry sand, and fly ash. The eight different solid waste admixed polymer concrete formulations are analyzed. The properties have been observed with eight samples of different compositions of red mud (12–25%), fly ash (8–12%), silica powder (10–15%), and resin (30–35%) by weight. The casted PC (Polymer concrete)s were evaluated for compressive strength, acid resistance test, water absorption test, and flexural strength. The polymer concrete composite with 15% silica fume, 35% epoxy, and 12% fly ash gives highest compressive strength and flexural strength with minimum water absorption. The values of flexural strength and compressive strength were 21.57 and 94.84 MPa. The very low values of water absorption (0.168%) and acid resistance (1.35%) have been observed. Fine fillers of the polymer concrete composite resulted in high mechanical strength and low water absorption due to closer molecular packing.

Ultrasonic machining process is a non-conventional material removal process in which the materials are removed by applying a low-amplitude and high-frequency vibration of the tool against the surface of the workpiece. Generally, hard and brittle materials are used as workpiece because ultrasonic machining does not thermally damage the workpiece which is important for the survival of the workpiece. In this paper, a new non-conventional optimization technique, i.e., Jaya algorithm is used for the optimization of ultrasonic machining process parameters. For optimization, an efficient constraint handling technique was used instead of adding penalty parameter to the objective function. The optimization results obtained by Jaya algorithm was then compared with different population-based optimization algorithms from the literature. From the comparison of results, it was observed that Jaya algorithm gives the best result for optimizing the ultrasonic machining process parameters.

Wire Electrical Discharge Machining (WEDM) is a variation of the electrical discharge machining procedure that is one of the creative approaches for removing material from the work piece. This technique is commonly used to machine tougher materials with complex forms. Titanium alloys are a type of lightweight material that is employed in a wide range of engineering applications. Titanium Grade-5 is a titanium alloy with increased strength and corrosion resistance. The goal of this exploratory analysis is to develop empirical relationships between the chosen input variables (‘Ton,' ‘Toff,' and peak current) and the intended output measures (material removal rate and surface roughness). For experimental design, method of Taguchi was used to plan the combination of tests with the help of input factors. For associating the association among the chosen input and output factors, multiple regression analysis has been developed. The correlation coefficient values of developed regression model demonstrate that the empirical relationships are appropriate for further predictions.

Consumption of natural resources is aggravating at an astonishing rate and soon this will lead to scarcity for future generations. The engineering fraternity is constantly engaged in identifying innovative solutions to save energy and reduce consumption. Acknowledging this, one of the innovative ways of increasing heat transfer rates in engine cooling systems has been targeted. The theory says, the hydraulic diameter of tubes plays a vital role in tube-fin heat exchangers, reducing the diameter of tubes increases the rates of heat transfer. However, on the other hand, it increases the pressure drop. An effort has been made to find a golden mean by the use of “microchannels” of appropriate hydraulic diameter for single-phase applications in radiators. The work comprises parametric analysis to study the effect of microchannel diameter on heat transfer and fluid pressure drop. Elaborating this, an analysis was performed by the means of analytical procedure and computational methods using Ansys CFX, the data generated indicates that the Nusselt Number is very large, in hundreds, as compared to the conventional channels. The overall HTC is in the range of 2000 W/m2 K indicating that the radiator size can be reduced by 40% for the same rate of heat transfer for 0.001 m hydraulic diameter.

Owing to superior mechanical properties of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites, they are employed in various structural and automobile applications. Though many researchers explored various FRP composites, it is indeed need of hour to find eco-friendlier composites for contemporary modern usages. Therefore, manufacturing of new FRP composites and exploring its static and dynamic mechanical properties has been essential. In this present investigation, epoxy hybrid composites were prepared by reinforcing with silane treated plain jute woven fabric and groundnut shell particles (GSP) using compression moulding technique. Jute-epoxy (JE) composites with and without GSP were developed for varying filler content (0, 5, 10, and 15 wt.%) and tested for DMA properties such as storage modulus (E’), loss modulus (E”) and Tanδ (damping or loss factor). The experimental result showed that at all frequency conditions, 10 wt.% of GSP filled JE composites exhibited promising DMA properties than epoxy and other JE composites. In fact, as anticipated, frequencies at which DMA tested has also affected the dynamic properties of the composites.

The Duralcan process was used to create aluminium metal matrix nanocomposites with aluminium nanoparticles. It is a type of stir casting process in which metal and ceramics were placed layer by layer and composites were prepared through a heating and stirring process. The composite was made with nano-Al2O3 in weight percentages of 1, 1.5 and 2.5. The hardness composite properties were tested with and without heat treatment and the tensile strength was also discovered.

Wire Electrical Discharge Machining (WEDM) is one of the innovative approaches for removal material from the work piece that is the variant of Electrical Discharge Machining method. This method is prominently engaged for machining harder materials with intricate shapes. AA 7050 is an aluminium alloy is most generally used as a superior material for numerous engineering applications such as aircraft applications. Due to the exceptional behavior of AA 7050, these materials are primary choice for numerous engineering applications. In this present investigational analysis, an endeavor is taken to ascertain the impact of the chosen input variables (‘Ton’, ‘Toff’ and peak current) on the desired output measures namely material removal rate and surface roughness. Taguchi’s concept of design method is adopted for planning the combination of experiments. Interaction analysis has been done for unveiling the interaction effect of various input process variables on performance measures.

Fluidic oscillators are designed in a supersonic condition and pulsating jet effects achieved in this investigation. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) of 3D unsteady flow was performed on impinging jet heat transfer performance by using fluidic oscillator. The Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes turbulence model reached the thermal flow capacity of the fluid oscillation at unstable flow conditions. The results are presented by the average flow fields and heat transfer capability at supersonic conditions. Navier–Stokes equations are performed that the dynamic flow fluid and heat transfer well agreed for dissimilar Reynolds number. During the fluidic motion, oscillation frequency will saturate in a particular value when increases the applied pressure. The impinging jets of self-oscillation is more advantageous while increasing average Nusselt number for heat removal performance and adopting more cooling impinging area. Feedback Channel (FBC) at inside the pressure different at inlet and outlet flow course of the FBC channel is evaluated by internal fluid dynamics. The loops supplied in the mixing chamber provide unique rotational properties with a change in the course of the fluid in the FBC. As a result of heat transfer, the impinging jet was performed at the peak heat exchangers, multi-level and thin film cooling applications of refrigeration development.