Skip to main content
Fachgebiete
Automobil + Motoren Bauwesen + Immobilien Business IT + Informatik Elektrotechnik + Elektronik Energie + Nachhaltigkeit Finance + Banking Management + Führung Marketing + Vertrieb Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe Versicherung + Risiko
DE
EN
Themenseiten
Organisationspsychologie Projektmanagement Marketing Smart Manufacturing
Bücher
Zeitschriften
Weitere Formate
Podcasts Webinare Technik Webinare Wirtschaft Kongresse Veranstaltungskalender Awards
Jetzt Einzelzugang starten
Zugang für Unternehmen
Referenzkunden
MTZ-Fachkongress

Antriebe und Energiesysteme von morgen


Austausch von Automobil- und Energiewirtschaft

Am 14./15. Mai geht es in Chemnitz um die Mobilitätswende durch Elektro- und Wasserstofffahrzeuge.
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben

2022 | Buch

Basics of Remote Sensing Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Remote Sensing for Hydrocarbon Exploration

verfasst von: Andreas Laake

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Buchreihe : Springer Remote Sensing/Photogrammetry

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten
insite
SUCHEN

Über dieses Buch

This book provides insights into the benefits of using remote sensing data from a geoscientist's perspective, by integrating the data with the understanding of Earth's surface and subsurface. In 3 sections, the book takes a detailed look at what data explorationists use when they explore for hydrocarbon resources, assess different terrain types for planning and hazards and extract present-day geologic analogs for subsurface geologic settings. The book presents the usage of remote sensing data in exploration in a structured way by detecting individual geologic features as building blocks for complex geologic systems. This concept enables readers to build their own workflows for the assessment of complex geologic systems using various combinations of remote sensing data.

Section 1 introduces readers to the foundations of remote sensing for exploration, covers various methods of image processing and studies different digital elevation and bathymetry models. Section 2 presents the concept of geomorphology as a means to integrate surface and subsurface data. Different aspects of rendering in 2D and 3D are explained and used for the interpretation and extraction of geologic features that are used in exploration.

Section 3 addresses remote sensing for hydrocarbon exploration in detail, from geophysical data acquisition to development and infrastructure planning. The organization of this chapter follows an exploration workflow from regional to local modeling studying basin and petroleum system modeling as well as logistics planning of seismic surveys and near-surface modeling. Aspects of field development and infrastructure planning comprise multi-temporal and dynamic modeling. The section closes with a structured approach to extracting geologic analogs from interpreted remote sensing data.

The book will be of interest to professionals and students working in exploration for hydrocarbons and water resources, as well as geoscientists and engineers using remote sensing for infrastructure planning, hazard assessment and dynamic environmental studies.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Basics of Remote Sensing

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Basics of Remote Sensing
Abstract
This section gives a brief history of the development, implementation and utilization of remote sensing in the context hydrocarbon exploration. An important historic aspect is the long-term continuation of remote sensing programs to ensure evolutionary studies can be executed.
We summarize the physical foundations of remote sensing comprising the propagation of electromagnetic waves through the atmosphere and into water and soil and their impact on the spectra useable for remote sensing. Typical use cases comprise textural studies of the earth surface, landuse and lithological applications. Special cases cover subsurface mapping in shallow water as well as in hot arid deserts.
Andreas Laake
Chapter 2. Electromagnetic Spectral Bands Used for Remote Sensing
Abstract
Electromagnetic bands in remote sensing cover the spectrum from visible blue across the optical and infrared bands to microwave radar. With applications from different geological settings and climatic zones we will determine which spectral bands or band combinations are useful for the mapping task at hand.
Optical bands are useful for photographic assessments. The coastal blue band is used for shallow offshore mapping. Very near infrared is sensitive for vegetation, whereas shortwave infrared has its main application for lithology and landuse mapping. Radar images are used for two different tasks: first for surface textural characterization using radar surface backscatter. And second, when microwave radar can penetrate the ground, then volume backscatter and absorption is used to map shallow subsurface features.
Andreas Laake
Chapter 3. Foundations of Multi-Band Processing of Satellite Images
Abstract
The joint processing, evaluation and interpretation aims at integrating the information otherwise obtained in separate processes. Geologic features at the earth surface leave their imprint on remote sensing data in various ways. We will study multi-band RGB images from two or more spectral images. For two band combinations band difference and band ratio images will be studied. The multi-band processing of three or more spectral bands merges the intensity images of different spectral bands into one multi-color image that renders the impact of the earth surface electromagnetic properties in an integrated way. Amplitude inversion of single or multi-band images may highlight different features than the original image. Pansharpening of multi-band images with high-resolution panchromatic images is studied for both, benefits and limitations. For all aspects, applications in onshore and offshore settings as well as across different climate zones are studied.
Andreas Laake
Chapter 4. Digital Relief Models
Abstract
Digital relief models provide a digital elevation and/or bathymetry representation of the earth surface onto which data from remote sensing satellites can be projected to show these data in a virtual 3D rendering. Prior to satellite altimetry mapping, the only way to obtain such maps was from surface mapping or photogrammetry from stereo photos from aircraft for onshore and from onboard echolot measurements of the water depth. Remote sensing has changed the spatial coverage and the accuracy of digital relief models completely. We provide a summary on the different types of digital relief models, show their global coverage and list the characteristic parameters before showing applications from local to global scale.
Andreas Laake

Primary Applications for Geosciences

Frontmatter
Chapter 5. Primary Applications for Geosciences
Abstract
After introducing the principles of remote sensing for hydrocarbon exploration, the data provided by remote sensing sensors and methods for processing the data, we will now turn to the primary applications to geosciences including rendering and interpreting remote sensing data. We will study how the earth surface texture is related to the properties and configuration of the subsurface rock layers using the concept of geomorphology.
In this section we show how the rendering of remote sensing data can reveal properties of individual remote data sets as well as the correlation between multiple data sets. Equipped with the data, the processing and the rendering, we will then study three geological settings that are important for various aspects of exploration. We start with the mapping of structural features, i.e. folds and faults, and then study depositional and erosional features in arctic and hot desert environment using both direct methods mapping features at the earth surface as well as using indirect methods to infer geomorphologic properties from observations of vegetation and water features.
Andreas Laake
Chapter 6. Rendering of Remote Sensing Data
Abstract
Rendering is an essential task to view remote sensing data for interpretation and modeling. We will study three different realizations of spatial rendering:
Flat maps without vertical exaggeration and perpendicular illumination.
With this rendering method, the remote sensing data are represented like maps with the advantage that accurate measurements can be taken for geospatial mapping and planning. This approach is widely used in geographic information systems (GIS).
Flat maps with vertical exaggeration and slant illumination.
To realize this method, a digital relief model is required onto which the remote sensing data are mapped or projected. We call this process draping the image. The vertical exaggeration then offers to the option to introduce illumination from the side to create the visual impression of a 3D effect, whilst the data still remain in map view. This approach is beneficial for structural analysis when 3D distortion from parallax is not acceptable. One version with pre-defined vertical exaggeration and slant illumination is implemented in GIS as hill-shading, for example in topographic maps.
3D rendering with vertical exaggeration and slant illumination.
This approach also requires a digital relief model on which to drape the remote sensing data. Vertical exaggeration and slant illumination create a virtual reality impression that lets interpreters experience the data as if they were immersed in the landscape. The use of slant illumination with multiple light sources enhances the virtual reality impression because it creates the impression of diffuse light which creates a very real impression.
A second important aspect of rendering is the use of color to emphasize features for interpretation. For single data sets, colormaps assist in making certain geologic features accessible to the interpretation. For multiple co-located data sets such as multi-spectral remote sensing data the co-rendering of three bands in RGB is a powerful method because it allows to merge the expression of features on different spectral bands whilst preserving specific properties in color.
Andreas Laake
Chapter 7. Geologic Feature Extraction from Remote Sensing Data
Abstract
In this section we will use remote sensing data to extract structural, depositional and erosional features from digital relief models and satellite imagery, jointly interpret them using the concept of geomorphology with goal of building geologic models to explain the geological setting of the study area. This process benefits from including existing information by other experts familiar with the target area and with the processes that shaped the geologic setting. Therefore, we have provided references related to the geologic processes on a global and regional scale, historic studies that provided insights into the geological setting and maps that can be used to correlate and calibrate the interpretation obtained from the remote sensing data.
Andreas Laake

Remote Sensing for Hydrocarbon Exploration

Frontmatter
Chapter 8. Remote Sensing for Hydrocarbon Exploration
Abstract
In this section we combine the knowledge of the information remote sensing data provide and integrate different remote sensing products into geologic models of the surface and subsurface to assist all phases of the hydrocarbon exploration. We follow the exploration and production workflow and study solutions that are tailored for individual steps. We start with the aspects of frontier exploration generating regional and basin models and complement these with petroleum system models. The integration of surface and subsurface data shows the impact remote sensing has on subsurface interpretation and modeling even when the raw remote sensing data do not penetrate the earth surface to considerable depth.
In the next stage when the exploration has determined an area of interest within the basin and subsurface geophysical data are to be acquired, we show how remote sensing can contribute to the planning, execution and data quality assessment of seismic data. We conclude that section with a method of creating velocity models for seismic data processing from remote sensing data.
Upon completion of the subsurface 3D modeling based on geophysical data, the decision will be made where to drill and how to develop the field. In this context we study the application of remote sensing data for the assessment of various environmental aspects of infrastructure planning.
We conclude the section with remote sensing contributions to the method of geologic analogs that provide geometrical, structural and depositional concepts for subsurface reservoir modeling. Remote sensing is particularly suited to inspire the geomodeler with realistic concepts for the interpretation of subsurface geologic settings under the assumption that geologic processes in the past have been driven by the same parameters as we observe them in remote sensing data today.
Andreas Laake
Chapter 9. Frontier Exploration
Abstract
Frontier exploration means assessing an area for hydrocarbon prospectivity that lacks information and data. Satellite remote sensing provides the first set of potential fields data to enable the delineation of basins and build large regional geological models in 3D. These models can be used to execute exploration strategies such as the conjugate margin concept which transfers knowledge from known basins on margin to their unknown counterpart on the conjugate margin along fracture zones.
Remote sensing also plays a major role in providing the boundary conditions for basin and petroleum system models. These form the framework for more detailed interpretation once seismic data and well logs become available.
At field scale, interpretation carried out on remote sensing data at the surface can be used as in-situ geologic analogues to guide the structural and depositional interpretation of 3D seismic data in the subsurface.
The integration of satellite remote sensing and sparse regional 2D seismic sections give insights into the shallow structural framework through the mapping of shallow buried channels, which in turn often follow regional faults. In volcanic areas, the interpretation and integration of multiple satellite remote sensing data allows delineating the subsurface extent of volcanic rocks, thus giving clues for estimating the potential impact volcanism may have had on the maturity of hydrocarbons in the subsurface.
Andreas Laake
Chapter 10. Seismic Logistics and Planning
Abstract
The success of hydrocarbon exploration depends on the quality of the three-dimensional information of the subsurface. Seismic data play an important role in generating high quality subsurface models. The planning of onshore seismic surveys aims at acquiring the best possible data quality with the least effort. In flat open terrain without obstacles the planning of seismic surveys is a straight-forward task and the seismic acquisition is mostly optimized to fast acquisition. In complex terrain, however, significant attention is paid to mitigating the risks related to people, equipment and data quality in addition to fast acquisition with the goal to optimize all parameters for the most efficient operation. This part of the planning is where remote sensing data prove to be most useful. Typically the following remote sensing data and derivatives are used for the task:
  • Digital relief model and surface gradient: these data provide the basis for the topography and terrain dip which have a major impact on logistics and data quality.
  • Multispectral satellite imagery: the optical bands which provide the best spatial resolution are used for terrain reconnaissance to enhance the terrain information obtained from the DRM. The shortwave infrared bands enable the interpretation for lithology to discriminate different rock types and vegetation.
  • Radar back scatter imagery: is sensitive to terrain roughness at a resolution well below the wavelength of the microwaves. The back scatter intensity allows the discrimination of soft sandy surfaces from clay or gypsum flat and hard rock blocks to the texture of slopes and escarpments.
The three aspects covered in this section, i.e. logistics, data quality and near surface modeling, are closely linked. Therefore in each chapter, we will have a major focus on one aspects whilst mentioning aspects of the other two aspects as well.
Andreas Laake
Chapter 11. Development and Oilfield Infrastructure
Abstract
The development of an oilfield and the planning and building of the related infrastructure requires major investment, the planning of which needs to mitigate as many uncertainties as possible. Challenges for the planning comprise site challenges related to the geotechnical characteristics of the site. These are, however, not stationary but may vary both seasonally as well as long-term. In addition to the planning for the construction site itself, logistics and supplies need to be considered, which requires regional considerations.
Remote sensing data are often available at different resolution and with different spectral characteristics. Increasingly, country-wide high-resolution digital elevation models from LiDAR become available which are very useful for site planning. Coarser data need to be considered for regional assessment to avoid data overload.
Satellite and airborne multi-spectral imagery provide different spectral bands for the analysis of surface lithology, vegetation, water features and soil moisture. Multi-temporal imagery allows the tracking of historic changes and gives clues for predictions of future developments.
Often 3D rendering of the results on the digital elevation model delivers the most intuitive results. When processing multi-temporal images, the co-rendering of multi-temporal grayscale images is a method to give fast results about the size and direction of temporal changes at the surface.
We study five sites in different climatic settings comprising a permafrost setting in the arctic, a floodplain subject to annual flooding and coastal and deltaic environments with challenges related to river flooding and storm surge from hurricanes. Sub-tropic challenges related to monsoon flooding and the monitoring of sand dune encroachment are studied.
Andreas Laake
Chapter 12. Geologic Analogs
Abstract
The interpretation of subsurface structures for hydrocarbon reservoirs from 3D seismic data is a challenging task since seismic reflections are not uniquely correlated with rock and fluid types of depositional environments. Geologic analogs assist building subsurface models and correlating them with present-day geological settings thus enabling the explorer to assess the risk of success when planning to drill certain structures. Following the exploration strategy of delineating the structural framework first and then interpreting the available data for lithology and depositional environments, we have structured the section on geologic analogs accordingly:
1.
Structural analogs. These comprise analogs assisting the interpretation for regional structural styles such as rifting and pull-apart settings and delineation of regional faults through the alignment of karst features. Structural trap risking analogs comprise relay ramps and extensional fault settings. Salt tectonic analogs can be used for both, potential trap delineation as well as trap risking.
 
2.
Depositional analogs. We sub-divide these into source analogs for example from algal mats and marshes, reservoir and seal analogs. For reservoir analogs we distinguish carbonate settings with reefs, carbonate platforms, shoals and tidal channels, whereas analogs for clastic settings contribute fluvio-marine settings from floodplains, deltas, tidal channels and fan deltas.
 
3.
Erosional analogs. We distinguish between carbonate settings comprising different types of karsting such as dolines and fluvial karsting. Clastic settings are represented by various glacial settings from sub-glacial tunnel valleys, glacial valleys, sub-glacial features and moraines. Glacial analogs can also indicate the direction of the ice advance through analysis of the orientation of sub-glacial drumlins.
 
For each analog we assess the remote sensing method best suited to extract the geologic characteristics needed for subsurface basin and reservoir modeling. Often, we combine data sets and render them in specific ways to highlight the wanted characteristics.
Andreas Laake
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Remote Sensing for Hydrocarbon Exploration
verfasst von
Andreas Laake
Copyright-Jahr
2022
Electronic ISBN
978-3-030-73319-3
Print ISBN
978-3-030-73318-6
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73319-3

Premium Partner

    Bildnachweise