1 Introduction
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How does the traffic volume change and which road types are mostly affected?
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How do carsharing and ridesharing affect waiting, detour, and travel times of users?
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Where should PUDOs be located and what distance between the PUDOs is suitable?
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How many holding areas are required and where should they be located?
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How many shared vehicles are required to satisfy the transport demand?
2 Background
2.1 Shared Mobility on Demand
2.2 Simulation Studies of Shared Mobility
Year | Area (km2) | Population | Daily trips (base scenario) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lisbon | 2015 | 85 | 565 000 | 1 200 000 |
Helsinki | 2017 | 770 | 1 089 000 | 3 100 000 |
Auckland | 2017 | 2 200 | 1 300 000 | 4 500 000 |
Dublin | 2018 | 7 000 | 1 800 000 | 4 600 000 |
Oslo | 2019 | 5 400 | 1 300 000 | 401 000* |
Lyon | 2020 | 534 | 1 340 000 | 3 200 000 |
Gothenburg | 2021 | 200 | 700 000 | 1 600 000 |
3 Simulating the Impact of Shared Mobility on Demand
3.1 Modelling the Traffic System
3.2 Modelling Shared Mobility
4 Case Study: Investigating the Effects of Shared Mobility in Gothenburg – Mölndal – Partille
4.1 The Gothenburg – Mölndal – Partille (GMP) Area
4.2 Generating Demand for Shared Mobility
Mode of trip | Frequency |
---|---|
Car | 56.1% |
As driver | 47.2% |
As passenger | 8.9% |
Walk | 19.9% |
Public Transport | 17.8% |
Bike | 5.6% |
Purpose of trip | Frequency |
---|---|
Home | 38% |
Work | 19% |
Leisure | 11% |
Daily shopping and services | 10% |
Others | 22% |
Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Prebooking time | 0 min |
Acceptable waiting time | 10 min |
Always accepted detour time | 10 min |
Maximum detour factor | 1.5 |
Maximum accepted detour time | 30 min |
Board and alight time per trip request | 1 min (each) |
Maximum idle time of shared vehicles before relocating to holding area | 15 min |
Simulated time interval | 6 – 10 a.m |
Traveler group size | 88% single, 10% group of 2, 2% group of 3 |
4.3 Investigated Carshare and Rideshare Scenarios
5 Results of the Simulation Study
All private car trips to | \(\frac13\)of private car trips to | All PT trips (scaled) to | All PT and private car trips to | Private car trips | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
rideshare (R1) | carshare (C1) | rideshare (R2) | rideshare (R3) | rideshare (R4) | Baseline | |
Vehicles | ||||||
Total vkm (in thousands) of private cars, rideshare and carshare | 688 (-17%) | 931 (13%) | 792 (-4%) (-12%*) | 610 (-26%) | 1 203 (46%) | 824 |
Total number of shared vehicles [rounded to hundreds] | 14 900 (-83%) | 24 800 (-71%) | 5 300* (-81%*) | 20 300 (-76%) | 34 000 (-60%) | 85 500 |
Average non-empty service time of shared vehicles (hours) | 1.18 (462%) | 0.85 (305%) | 1.15* (379%*) | 0.82 (290%) | 0.94 (348%) | 0.21** |
Occupancy (Average number of travelers when on route) | 1.97 (54%) | 1.28 (0%) | 1.48 1.89* (16%) | 2.19 (71%) | 2.09 (63%) | 1.28 |
Travelers | ||||||
Average in-vehicle travel time (min.) | 15.35 (23%) | 12.49 (0%) | 15.31* (23%*) | 15.36 (23%) | 16.11 (29%) | 12.49 |
Average walking time (min.) | 3.33 | 3.33 | 3.38* | 3.37 | 3.36 | - |
Average waiting time (min.) | 5.51 | 6.50 | 5.02* | 5.82 | 4.86 | - |
Average travel time (walking, waiting, boarding, alighting and in-vehicle time) (min.) | 26.19 (110%) | 24.32 (95%) | 25.71* (106%*) | 26.55 (113%) | 26.33 (111%) | - |
All private car trips to rideshare | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(R1) | (R1A) incr. detour acceptance | (R1B1) 300 m between PUDOs | (R1B2) 1 km between PUDOs | (R1B3) no PUDOs citycenter | |
Vehicles | |||||
Total vkm (in thousands) of private cars, rideshare and carshare | 688 (-17%) | 566 (-31%) | 641 (-22%) | 563 (-32%) | 685 (-17%) |
Total number of shared vehicles [rounded to hundreds] | 14 900 (-83%) | 10 900 (-87%) | 14 000 (-84%) | 11,600 (-82%) | 14 700 (-83%) |
Average non-empty service time of shared vehicles (h) | 1.18 (462%) | 1.47 (600%) | 1,.8 (462%) | 1.17 (457%) | 1.19 (467%) |
Occupancy (Average number of travelers when on route) | 1.97 (54%) | 2.50 (95%) | 2.07 (62%) | 2.30 (80%) | 1.99 (55%) |
Travelers | |||||
Average in-vehicle travel time (min.) | 15.35 (23%) | 20.51 (64%) | 16.81 (35%) | 13.32 (7%) | 17.31 (39%) |
Average walking time (min.) | 3.33 | 3.33 | 10.28 | 35.66 | 3.88 |
Average waiting time (min.) | 5.51 | 5.99 | 5.49 | 5.86 | 5.52 |
Average travel time (walking, waiting, boarding, alighting and in-vehicle time) (min.) | 26.19 (110%) | 31.83 (155%) | 34.58 (177%) | 56.84 (355%) | 28.71 (130%) |
5.1 Comparison of Rideshare and Carshare
5.2 Improving Rideshare
5.3 Effects on Different Road Types and City Areas
Roadtype | R1 | C1 |
---|---|---|
Arterial road | -17% | 1% |
River crossings | -12% | 0% |
Central roads | -3% | 21% |
Residential areas | 4% | 29% |
6 Discussion of Results
Number of vehicles | Passenger kilometers ridesharing (in mio) | Waiting time (min) | In-vehicle travel time (min) | Total trip duration (min) | Mean occupancy | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lisbon | 21 120 | 4 010 (6%) | 3.8 | 15.9 | 19.7 | - |
Helsinki | 20 522 | 16 320 (-33%) | 9.6 | 17.9 | - | 2.32** |
Auckland | 44 553 | 62 200 (-51%) | 2.0 | - | 28.9 | 2.34** |
Dublin | 26 538 | 33 454 (-42%) | - | - | 23.0 | 2.3** |
Oslo | 26 000 | 3 700* (-14%) | 2.9 | 17.7 | 20.5 | 1.62 |
Gothenburg | 14 900 | 688* (-17%) | 5.5 | 15.4 | 26.2 | 1.97 |
6.1 Traffic Volume
6.2 Number of Vehicles
6.3 Quality of Service for Travelers
6.4 Trade-Offs
7 Conclusions
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A shift from private cars to carshare results in 35% higher vkm compared to rideshare.
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Replacing all private car trips with rideshare will reduce the vkm by up to 17% in contrast to carshare, which increases the vkm by up to 13%.
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The average vehicle occupancy when private car trips are replaced with rideshare is 1.97.
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Up to 12% of the vkm generated by shared mobility are empty repositioning trips.
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Shared vehicles can replace at least 5 private cars during the morning peak in case of ridesharing and almost 4 vehicles in carsharing scenarios.
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An increased detour acceptance can significantly reduce the number of required vehicles and vkm as well as increase the occupancy of the shared vehicles.
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A greater distance between PUDOs decreases vkm, however, also significantly increases the average total travel time.