Skip to main content
Fachgebiete
Automobil + Motoren Bauwesen + Immobilien Business IT + Informatik Elektrotechnik + Elektronik Energie + Nachhaltigkeit Finance + Banking Management + Führung Marketing + Vertrieb Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe Versicherung + Risiko
DE
EN
Bücher
Zeitschriften
Themenseiten
Organisationspsychologie Projektmanagement Marketing Smart Manufacturing
Weitere Formate
Podcasts Webinare Technik Webinare Wirtschaft Kongresse Veranstaltungskalender Awards
Jetzt Einzelzugang starten
Zugang für Unternehmen
Referenzkunden
SLX-Digitalkonferenz: Zukunftswerkstatt 2024

Mehr Umsatz mit Top-Kontakten

Am 7. Mai erfahren Sie, wie Vertriebsteams Leadgenerierung, Leadnurturing und Leadstrategien effizient steuern können.
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben
Erschienen in:
Buchtitelbild

2016 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

The Chemical Bond: Lewis and Kossel’s Landmark Contribution

verfasst von : D. Michael P. Mingos

Erschienen in: The Chemical Bond I

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

The seminal papers of Lewis and Kossel in 1916 are put into a historical perspective. Mendeleev’s periodic table, Thompson’s discovery of the electron, Ramsay and Raleigh’s discovery of the noble gases, Rutherford’s model of the atom and Bohr’s description of the stationary orbitals for the electrons in atoms all paid an important role in providing the background for Lewis and Kossel’s proposal that the chemical bond originated either from the transfer of electrons or the sharing of electron pairs. These insights depended on the attainment of inert gas configurations by the atoms either directly by electron transfer or electron-pair sharing. The model incorporated an evolutionary gene which has enabled it to survive and grow by incorporating subsequent developments in quantum physics. The simplicity of the model has resulted in the development of a notation, which is universally used by chemists and has evolved to plot the course of chemical reactions and predict their regioselectivities. Its initial limitations are discussed, and the way in which they have been overcome by an orbitally based model is recounted. The model has been repeatedly enriched by quantum mechanically based theoretical studies.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren
Nächstes Kapitel Charge Density and Chemical Bonding
Literatur
1.
Lewis GN (1916) The atom and the molecule. J Am Chem Soc 38:762–785CrossRef
2.
Lewis GN (1916) Steric hindrance and the existence of odd molecules. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2:588–592
3.
Lewis GN (1923) Valence and the structures of atoms and molecules. The Chemical Catalog, New York
4.
Kossel W (1916) Formation of molecules and its dependence on atomic structure. Ann Phys 49:229–362CrossRef
5.
Scerri ER (2007) The periodic table. Oxford University Press, Oxford
6.
Ihde AI (1970) The development of modern chemistry. Harper Row, New York
7.
Newlands JAR (1863–1866) Chem News 7:70; 10:59,94,240; 12:83;94; 13:113;130
8.
Taylor W (1949) JAR Newlands: a pioneer in atomic numbers. J Chem Educ 26:491–495CrossRef
9.
Meyer JL (1870) Die natur der chemischen Elemente als Function ihrer Atomgewichte. Ann Supplementband, VII:354–365
10.
Scerri ER (1998) The evolution of the periodic system. Sci Am 9:78–83CrossRef
11.
Mendeleev D (1869–1871) Osnovy Khimii (Foundations of chemistry) (in Russian). St. Petersburg: Tipogr. tovarishchestva “Obshchestvannaja Polza,” 5 parts in 2 volumes, 1st Edn. English transl (Principles of chemistry). Longmans, London: 1891, 1897, 1905
12.
Mendeleev D (1869) On the relationship of the properties of the elements to their atomic weights. Zhurnal 1:60–77 (in Russian). doi: 10.​1002/​prac.​18691060141 (Abstracted in Z Chem, 1869, 12:405–406)
13.
14.
Mendeleev D (1895) Report on argon (Report of the Russian Chemical Society, Meeting, March 14th 1895) Nature 51:543–543
15.
Russell CA (1971) The history of valency. Leicester University Press, Leicester
16.
Ramsey W, Raleigh L (1895) Argon a new constituent of the atmosphere. Chem News 71:51–63
17.
Berzelius JJ (1832) Traite de Chemie. Jahresberichte 11:210
18.
Partington JR (1964) History of chemistry, vol 4. Macmillan, London, pp 142–177CrossRef
19.
Frankland E (1866) Lecture notes for chemical students, embracing mineral and organic chemistry. London
20.
Kekulé FA (1850) Ueber die Constitution und die Metamorpheser der Chemischen Verbindingen und über die Chemische Natur der Kohlenstoffs. Annalen 106:129–159
21.
Couper AS (1859) Ueber die Constitution und Basicital der Salicylsaure. Annalen 110:46–50
22.
Butlerov AM (1859) Bemerkungen über AS Couper’s neue chemische Theorie. Annalen 110:51–66
23.
Kolbe H (1860) Bermorkungen über A.S. Couper’s neu chemische theorie. Annalen 115:157–206
24.
Frankland E (1850) On the isolation of organic radicals. J Chem Soc 2:263
25.
Kekulé FA (1850) Annalen 104:129–30
26.
Kekulé FA (1861) Lehrbuch der organische chemie. Erlagen
27.
Crum Brown A (1865) On the theory of isomeric compounds. J Chem Soc 18:230–245CrossRef
28.
McNaught AD, Wilkinson A (1997) IUPAC compendium of chemical terminology, 2nd edn. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford
29.
Abegg R, Bodlander G (1899) Die Valenz und das Periodische System; Versuch einer Theorie der Molekular Verbindingen. Z Anorg Chem 20:453–496CrossRef
30.
31.
Drude P (1904) Optische Eigenschaften und Electronentheorie. Ann Phys 14:677–725CrossRef
32.
33.
Thomson JJ (1907) The corpuscular theory of matter. Archibald and Constable, London
34.
Rutherford E (1911) The scattering of particles by matter and the structure of the atom. Philos Mag 21:669–689CrossRef
35.
Moseley HGJ (1913) The high frequency spectra of the elements. Philos Mag 26:1024–1044CrossRef
36.
37.
Bohr N (1913) The constitution of atoms and molecules. Philos Mag 26:1–25CrossRef
38.
Bohr N (1922) Atomic structure and the chemical and physical properties of the elements. Z Phys 9:1–67CrossRef
39.
Sommerfeld A (1916) The Drude dispersion theory from the standpoint of Bohr’s model, and the constitution of hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Ann Phys 51:1CrossRef
40.
Sommerfeld A (1916) Ann Phys 53:497–550
41.
Sommerfeld A (1918) Phys Z 17:497–550
42.
Langmuir I (1919) The arrangement of electrons in atoms and molecules. J Am Chem Soc 41:868–934CrossRef
43.
Langmuir I (1919) Isomorphism, isosterism and covalence. J Am Chem Soc 41:1543–1559CrossRef
44.
Langmuir I (1919) The structure of atoms and octet theory of valence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 5:252–259CrossRef
45.
46.
Dirac PAM (1925) The fundamental equations of quantum mechanics. Proc Roy Soc 109:642–653CrossRef
47.
48.
Pauli W (1927) Ueber Garsentartung der Paramagnetismum. Z Phys 31:765–785CrossRef
49.
Lennard-Jones JK (1952) The spatial correlation of electrons in molecules. J Chem Phys 20:1024–1030CrossRef
50.
Linnett JW (1961) A modification of the Lewis-Langmuir octet rule. J Am Chem Soc 83:2643–2653CrossRef
51.
Van’t Hoff JH (1874) A Suggestion looking to the extension into space of the structural formulae at present used in chemistry. And a note upon the relation between the optical activity and the chemical constitution of organic compounds. Arch Neerl Sci Exactes Nat 9:445–454
52.
leBel JA (1874) On the relations which exist between the atomic formulas of organic compounds and the rotatory power of their solutions. Bull Soc Chem Fr 22:337–367
53.
Sidgwick NV (1923) Co-ordination compounds and the Bohr atom. J Chem Soc 123:725–730CrossRef
54.
Sidgwick NV (1927) The electronic theory of valency. Clarendon, Oxford
55.
Pauling L (1938) The nature of the chemical bond, 1st edn. Cornell University Press, Ithaca
56.
Pauling L, Huggins ML (1934) Covalent radii of atoms and interatomic distances in crystals containing electron-pair bond. Z Krist 87:205–238
57.
Pauling L (1938) The nature of inter-atomic forces in metals. Phys Rev 54:899CrossRef
58.
Pauling L (1947) Atomic radii and intra-atomic distances in metals. J Am Chem Soc 69:542–553CrossRef
59.
Pauling L (1932) The nature of the chemical bond III, the transition from one bond extreme to another. J Am Chem Soc 54:988–1003CrossRef
60.
Pauling L (1940) The nature of the chemical bond, 2nd edn. Cornell University Press, Ithaca
61.
Pauling L (1960) The nature of the chemical bond, 3rd edn. Cornell University Press, Ithaca
62.
Pauling L (1932) The nature of the chemical bond IV. The energy of single bonds and the relative electronegativity of atoms. J Am Chem Soc 54:3570–3582CrossRef
63.
Ingold CK (1922) The structure of the benzene nucleus. Part 1. Intra-nuclear tautomerism. J Chem Soc Trans 121:1133–1143CrossRef
64.
Ingold CK (1925) The nature of the alternating effect in carbon chains. Part I. The directive influence of the nitroso-group. J Chem Soc 127:513–518CrossRef
65.
Holmes EL, Ingold CK (1925) The nature of the alternating effect in carbon chains. Part III. A comparative study of the directive efficiencies of oxygen nitrogen atoms in aromatic substitution. J Chem Soc 127:1800–1821CrossRef
66.
Kermach WO, Robinson R (1922) Explanation of the property of induced polarity of atoms and an interpretation of the theory of partial valency on an electronic basis. J Chem Soc Trans 121:427–440CrossRef
67.
Lapworth A (1922) Theoretical derivation of the principle of induced alternate polarities. J Chem Soc Trans 121:416–427CrossRef
68.
Robinson Sir Robert (1976) The memoirs of a minor prophet – 70 years of organic chemistry. Elsevier, Oxford
69.
Todd L, Cornforth JW (1976) Sir Robert Robinson. Biographical Memoirs of the Royal Society 22:415–527
70.
Pauling L, Wheland GW (1933) Nature of the chemical bond V. The quantum mechanical calculation of the resonance energies in benzene and naphthalene and the hydrocarbon free radicals. J Chem Phys 1:362–374CrossRef
71.
Wheland GW (1942) A quantum mechanical investigation of the orientation of substituents in aromatic molecules. J Am Chem Soc 64:900–908CrossRef
72.
Pauling L, Wheland GW (1935) The quantum mechanical discussion of the orientation of substituents in organic molecules. J Am Chem Soc 57:2086–2095CrossRef
73.
Sutton LE (1940) Electron diffraction by gases and vapours and electric dipole moments. Ann Rep Chem Soc 37:36–80
74.
Sidgwick NV, Sutton LE, Thomas W (1933) Dipole moments and the structures of organic azides and aliphatic diazo compounds. J Chem Soc 406–412
75.
Sidgwick NV, Sutton LE, Hammick DL, New RCA (1930) Structures of the isocyanides and other compounds of bivalent compounds. J Chem Soc 1876–1887
76.
Haaland A (2008) Molecules and models. Oxford University Press, OxfordCrossRef
77.
Power PP (1998) Homonuclear multiple bonding in heavier main group elements. J Chem Soc Dalton Trans 2939
78.
Weidenbruch M (1999) Some recent advances in the chemistry of silicon and its homologues in low co-ordination states. J Organomet Chem 646:39–52CrossRef
79.
Bury CR (1921) Langmuir’s theory of the arrangement of electrons in molecules. J Am Chem Soc 43:1602–1609CrossRef
80.
Blanchard AA, Gulliland WL (1926) The constitution of nickel carbonyl and the nature of secondary valency. J Am Chem Soc 48:872–882CrossRef
81.
Sidgwick NV (1923) The nature of non-polar link. Trans Faraday Soc 19:469–475CrossRef
82.
Reiff F (1931) Konstitution und Eigenschaften der Co(NO)(CO)3. Z Anorg Chem 202:375–381CrossRef
83.
Sidgwick NV, Bailey RM (1934) Structures of metallic carbonyls and nitrosyls. Proc Roy Soc A144:521–537CrossRef
84.
Mitchell PR, Parish RV (1969) The eighteen-electron rule. J Chem Educ 46:811–814CrossRef
85.
Jensen WB (2005) The origin of the 18 electron rule. J Chem Educ 82:28–29CrossRef
86.
Green JC, Green MLH, Parkin G (2012) The occurrence and representation of three-centre two-electron bonds in covalent inorganic compounds. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 48:11481–11503CrossRef
87.
Green MLH (1995) A new approach to the classification of covalent compounds of the elements. J Organomet Chem 500:127–148CrossRef
88.
Sidgwick NV, Powell HW (1940) Stereochemical types valency groups. Proc R Soc London Ser A 176:153–180CrossRef
89.
Gillespie RJ, Nyholm RS (1958) Stereochemistry of inorganic molecules and complex ions inorganic stereochemistry. Progr Stereochem (Academic, New York) 2:261–305
90.
Gillespie RJ, Nyholm R (1957) Inorganic stereochemistry. Q Rev Chem Soc 17:339–380CrossRef
91.
Gillespie RJ, Popelier PLA (2001) Chemical bonding and molecular geometry. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 154–155
92.
Gillespie RJ, Robinson EA (2006) Gilbert N Lewis and the chemical bond: the electron pair and the octet rule from 1916 to the present day. J Comput Chem 28:87–97CrossRef
93.
Mingos DMP, Hawes JC (1985) Complementary spherical electron density model. Struct Bond 63:1–63CrossRef
94.
Mingos DMP, Zhenyang L (1989) Non-bonding orbitals in co-ordination, hydrocarbon and cluster compounds. Struct Bond 71:1–56CrossRef
95.
Mingos DMP (2004) Complementary spherical electron density model and its implications to 18 electron rule. J Organomet Chem 689:4420–4436CrossRef
96.
Mingos DMP (2006) The relevance of the complementary spherical electron density model to organometallic intermediates in homogeneous catalysis. J Organomet Chem 691:3165–3175CrossRef
97.
98.
Hoffman RV (2004) Organic chemistry an intermediate text. Wiley, New YorkCrossRef
99.
Mingos DMP, Crabtree R (2007) Comprehensive organometallic chemistry 3. Elsevier, Oxford
100.
Ghosh A, Berg S (2014) Arrow pushing in inorganic chemistry: a logical approach to the chemistry of main group elements. Wiley, New YorkCrossRef
101.
Mingos DMP (1998) Essential trends in inorganic chemistry. Oxford University Press, Oxford
102.
Longuet-Higgins HC, Bell RP (1943) The structure of boron hydrides. J Chem Soc 250–255
103.
Lipscomb WN (1959) Recent studies on boron hydrides. Adv Inorg Radiochem 1:118–157
104.
Bartlett N (1962) Xenonhexafluoroplatinate. Proc Chem Soc, pp 218
105.
Bartlett N, Lohmann DH (1964) Fluorides of the noble metals III fluorides of platinum. J Chem Soc 619–626
106.
Moeller T (1952) Inorganic chemistry. Wiley, New York
107.
Dye JL, Andrews CW, Mathews SE (1975) Strategies for the preparation of compounds of alkali metal anions. J Phys Chem 79:3065–3070CrossRef
108.
Orgel LE (1960) Introduction to transition metal chemistry. Methuen, London
109.
Kotz JC, Treichel P (1999) Chemistry and chemical reactivity, 4th edn. Saunders College, New York
110.
Walsh AD (1953) The electronic orbitals, shapes and spectra of polyatomic molecules Part I. J Chem Soc 2260–2265
111.
Walsh AD (1953) The electronic orbitals, shapes and spectra of polyatomic molecules Part II. J Chem Soc 2266–2295
112.
Walsh AD (1953), The electronic orbitals, shapes and spectra of polyatomic molecules Part III. J Chem Soc 2296–2300
113.
Walsh AD (1953) The electronic orbitals, shapes and spectra of polyatomic molecules Part IV. J Chem Soc 2301–2305
114.
Walsh AD (1953) The lectronic electronic orbitals, shapes and spectra of polyatomic molecules Part V. J Chem Soc 2306–2310
115.
Herzberg G (1967) Molecular structure and molecular spectra. Van Nostrand, New York
116.
Molina JM, Dobado JA (2001) The three-centre four –electron model revisited. An atoms in molecules approach (AIM) and ELF study. Theor Chem Acta 105:328–337CrossRef
117.
Noury S, Silvi B, Gillespie RJ (2002) Chemical bonding in hypervalent molecules: is the octet rule relevant? Inorg Chem 41:2164–2172CrossRef
118.
See RF (2009) Which method of assigning bond orders in Lewis structures best reflects experimental data? J Chem Educ 86:1241–1247CrossRef
119.
120.
121.
Grimm HG, Gunther M, Tittus H (1931) Zur Kenntnis der isomorphen Vetretbarkeit nichtpolar gebundener Atome und Atomgruppen. Z Phys Chem 14B:169
122.
123.
Grimm HG (1929) Naturzisseenchaften 17:535
124.
Erlenmeyer H, Leo M (1932) Uber pseudoatome. Helv Chim Acta 15:1171–1186CrossRef
125.
Hückel E (1931) Quantum theoretical contributions to the benzene problem I, II. The electron configuration of benzene and related compounds. Z Phys 70(204–309):310–349CrossRef
126.
Dewar MJS (1969) The molecular orbital theory of organic chemistry. McGraw-Hill, New York
127.
Longuet-Higgins HC, de V Roberts M (1955) The electronic structure of an icosahedron of boron atoms. Proc Roy Soc 230:110–119CrossRef
128.
Mingos DMP, Johnston RL (1987) Theoretical models of cluster bonding. Struct Bond 68:31–82
129.
Williams RE (1971) Carboranes and boranes; polyhedra and polyhedral fragments. Inorg Chem 10:210–214CrossRef
130.
Wade K (1971) Structural significance of the number of skeletal bonding electron-pairs in carboranes, the higher boranes, and borane anions, and various transition metal carbonyl cluster compounds. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 792–793
131.
Mingos DMP (1971) A general theory for cluster and ring compounds of the main group and transition elements. Nat Phys Sci 236:99–102CrossRef
132.
Rudolph RW (1976) Boranes and heteroboranes: a paradigm for the electron requirements of clusters? Acc Chem Res 9:446–452CrossRef
133.
Mingos DMP, Johnston RL (1987) Group theoretical paradigms for describing the skeletal molecular orbitals of cluster compounds I and II. J Chem Soc Dalton Trans 647–656; 1445–1456
134.
Stone AJ (1981) New approach to bonding in transition-metal clusters and related compounds. Inorg Chem 20:563–571CrossRef
135.
Stone AJ (1981) The bonding in boron and transition-metal cluster compounds. Polyhedron 3:1299–1306CrossRef
136.
Elian M, Chen MML, Mingos DMP, Hoffmann R (1976) A comparative study of conical fragments. Inorg Chem 15:1148–1155CrossRef
137.
Hoffmann R (1982) Building bridges between inorganic and organic chemistry, Nobel Prize Lecture. Angew Chem Int Ed 21:711–724CrossRef
138.
Weinhold F, Landis C (2005) Valency and bonding. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 96–100CrossRef
139.
Allen HF, Kennard O, Taylor R (1983) Systematic analysis of structural data as a research technique in organic chemistry. Acc Chem Res 16:146–153CrossRef
140.
Cotton FA, Walton RA (1993) Multiple bonds between metal atoms, 2nd edn. Clarendon University Press, Oxford
141.
Desclaux JP (1973) Relativistic Dirac-Fock expectation values for atoms with Z =1 to Z = 120. At Data Nucl Data Tables 12:311–406CrossRef
142.
Gavroglu K, Simoes A (1994) Early ideas in the history of quantum chemistry. Hist Stud Phys Sci 25:47–110CrossRef
143.
Burrau Ø (1927) Berechnung des Energiewertes des Wasserstoffmolekel-Ions (H2 +) im Normalzustand. Danske Vidensk. Selskab. Math.-fys. Meddel (in German) M 7:14: 1–18
144.
Burrau Ø (1927) The calculation of the energy value of hydrogen molecule ions (H2+) in their normal position. Naturwissen 15:16–17CrossRef
145.
Heitler W, London F (1927) Interaction of neutral atoms according and homoplar binding according to the quantum mechanics. Z Phys 44:455–472CrossRef
146.
Hettema H (2000) English translation - Quantum chemistry: classic scientific papers. World Scientific, London, pp 140–161
147.
Pauli W (1922) Über das Modell des Wasserstoffmolekülions. Ann Phys 373:177–240CrossRef
148.
Pauli W (1922) Extended doctoral dissertation; received 4 Mar 1922, published in issue no 11 of 3 Aug 1922
149.
Hund F (1926) Zur Deutung einiger Erscheinungen in den Molekelspektren (On the interpretation of some phenomena in molecular spectra). Z Phys 36:657–674CrossRef
150.
Urey HC (1925) The structure of the hydrogen molecule ion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 11:618–621CrossRef
151.
Lennard-Jones JK (1929) The electronic structure of some diatomic molecules. Trans Faraday Soc 25:668–686CrossRef
152.
Pauling L (1928) The application of the quantum mechanics to the structure of the hydrogen molecule and hydrogen molecule-ion and to related problems. Chem Rev 5:173–213CrossRef
153.
Slater JC (1931) Directed valence in polyatomic molecules. Phys Rev 37:481–489CrossRef
154.
James HM, Coolidge AS (1933) The ground state of the hydrogen molecule. J Chem Phys 1:825–835CrossRef
155.
Li J, McWeeny R (2002) Pushing valence bond to new limits. Int J Quantum Chem 89:208–216CrossRef
156.
Engelberts JJ, Havenith RWA, van Lenthe JH, Jenneskens LW, Fowler PW (2005) The electronic structure of inorganic benzenes: valence bond and ring current descriptions. Inorg Chem 44:5266–5274CrossRef
157.
Shaik S, Hiberty PC (2004) Valence bond theory, its history, fundamentals and applications: a primer. Rev Comput Chem 20:1–100
158.
Shaik S, Hiberty PC (1995) Valence bond mixing and curve crossing diagrams in chemical reactivity and bonding. Adv Quantum Chem 26:99–163CrossRef
159.
Coulson CA, Fisher I (1949) Notes on the molecular orbital theory of the hydrogen molecule. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Series 7 40:386–393
160.
Hunt WJ, Hay PJ, Goddard WA (1972) Self-consistent procedures for generalised valence bond wavefunctions. Applications H3, BH, H2O, C2H6 and O3. J Chem Phys 57:738–748CrossRef
161.
Goodgame MM, Goddard WA (1985) Modified generalized valence-bond method: a simple correction for the electron correlation missing in generalized valence-bond wave functions; prediction of double-well states for Cr2 and Mo2. Phys Rev Lett 54:661–664CrossRef
162.
Hund F (1927) Zur Deutung der Molekelspektren. I. Z Phys 40:742–764CrossRef
163.
Hund F (1928) Zur Deutung der Molekelspektren. II. Z Phys 42:93–120CrossRef
164.
Hund F (1928) Zur Deutung der Molekelspektren. III. Z Phys 43:805–826CrossRef
165.
Hund F (1928) Zur Deutung der Molekelspektren. IV. Z Phys 51:759–795CrossRef
166.
Hund F (1930) Zur Deutung der Molekelspektren. V. Z Phys 63:719–751CrossRef
167.
Mulliken RS (1927) Electronic states. IV. Hund’s theory; second positive nitrogen and Swan bands; alternate intensities. Phys Rev 29:637–649CrossRef
168.
Mulliken RS (1928) The assignment of quantum numbers for electrons in molecules. Phys Rev 32:186–222CrossRef
169.
Kutzelnigg W (1966) Hund and chemistry -the occasion of Hund’s 100th birthday. Angew Chem Int Ed 35:573–586
170.
Mulliken RS (1967) Spectroscopy, molecular orbitals and chemical bonding, Nobel Lecture. Science 157:13–24CrossRef
171.
Mulliken RS (1932) The interpretation of band spectra part III. Electron quantum numbers and states of molecules and their atoms. Rev Mod Phys 4:1CrossRef
172.
Fehlner TP, Bowser JR (1988) Proton power: an intuitive approach to the electronic structures of molecule hydrides. J Chem Educ 65:976–980CrossRef
173.
Lowe JP (1978) Quantum chemistry. Academic, New York, pp 168–192
174.
Woodward RB, Hoffmann R (1965) Stereochemistry of electrocyclic reactions. J Am Chem Soc 87:395–397CrossRef
175.
Woodward RB, Hoffmann R (1968) Conservation of orbital symmetry. Acc Chem Res 1:17–22CrossRef
176.
Longuet-Higgins HC, Abrahamson EW (1965) The electronic mechanism of electrocyclic reactions. J Am Chem Soc 87:2045–2046CrossRef
177.
Fukui K (1992) Nobel Prize Lecture, Chemistry, 1981–1990. The role of frontier orbitals in chemical reactions, vol 3. World Scientific, New York, p 27
178.
Fukui K (1981) The path of chemical reactions – the IRC approach. Acc Chem Res 14:363–368CrossRef
179.
Fukui K (1965) The stereoselectivity associated with noncycloaddition to unsaturated bonds. Tetrahedron Lett 28:2427–2432CrossRef
180.
181.
Zimmerman HE (1966) Molecular orbital correlation diagrams, Möbius systems and factors controlling ground and excited state reactions I and II. J Am Chem Soc 88(1564–1566):1566–1567CrossRef
182.
Dewar MJS (1966) A molecular orbital theory of organic chemistry VII – aromaticity and electrocyclic reactions. Tetrahedron 22(Suppl 8):75–92CrossRef
183.
Fukui K (1965) Stereospecificity with respect to cyclic reactions. Tetrahedron Lett 6:2009–2015CrossRef
184.
185.
Dewar MJS (1969) The molecular orbital theory of organic chemistry. McGraw-Hill & Co, New York
186.
Dewar MJS (1949) The electronic theory of organic chemistry. Oxford University Press, Oxford
187.
Dewar MJS (1952) A molecular orbital theory of organic chemistry I-VI. J Am Chem Soc 74:3341; 3345; 3350; 3353; 3355; 3357
188.
Dewar MJS, Longuet-Higgins HC (1952) The correspondence between resonance and molecular orbital theories. Proc Roy Soc Ser A 21:482–493CrossRef
189.
Longuet-Higgins HC (1950) Molecular orbital theory 1-III. J Chem Phys 18:265–274; 275–282; 283–291
190.
Hoffmann R (1963) Extended Hückel theory I – hydrocarbons. J Chem Phys 39:1397–1412CrossRef
191.
Albright TA, Burdett JK, Whangbo M-H (1985) Orbital interactions in chemistry. Wiley, New York
192.
Pearson RG (1976) The symmetry rules for chemical reactions. Wiley, New York
193.
Gimarc BM (1979) Molecular structure and bonding. Academic, New York
194.
Hoffmann R (1988) Solids and surfaces: a chemist’s view of bonding in extended structures. VCH, Weinheim
195.
Hieber W (1942) The present status of the chemistry of metal-carbonyls. Die Chem 55:24–28
196.
Hieber W (1970) Metal carbonyls, forty years of research. Adv Organomet Res 8:1–28CrossRef
197.
Chatt J (1950) The co-ordinate link in chemistry. Nature (London) 165:637CrossRef
198.
Chatt J, Duncanson LA (1953) Olefin co-ordination compounds. Part III. Infra-red spectra and structure: attempted preparation of acetylene complexes. J Chem Soc 2939–2953
199.
Chatt J, Willians AA (1951) The nature of the co-ordinate link IV. Complex formation by phosphorus trifluoride. J Chem Soc 3061–3078
200.
Wilkinson G (1951) The preparation and properties of tetrakistribromophosphine-nickel and tetrakistrifluorophosphinenickel. J Am Chem Soc 73:5501–5502CrossRef
201.
Dewar MJS (1951) A review of π complex theory. Bull Soc Chim Fr 18:C79
202.
Mingos DMP (2002) A historical perspective on Dewar’s landmark contribution to organometallic chemistry. J Organomet Chem 635:1–8CrossRef
203.
Orgel LE (1956) Electronic structures of some mixed compounds of cyclopentadienyl and carbon monoxide or nitric oxide with the transition metals. J Inorg Nucl Chem 2:315–322CrossRef
204.
Cotton FA, Wilkinson G (1962) Advanced inorganic chemistry: a comprehensive text. Intersciene/Wiley, New York
205.
Craig DP, Macoll A, Nyholm RS, Orgel LE (1954) Chemical bonds involving d orbitals I. J Chem Soc 332–353
206.
Craig DP, Macoll A, Nyholm RS, Orgel LE (1954) Chemical bonds involving d orbitals II. J Chem Soc 354–357
207.
Wilkinson G, Rosenblum M, Whiting MC, Woodward RB (1952) The structure of iron bis(cyclopentadienyl). J Am Chem Soc 74:2125–2156
208.
Dunitz JD, Orgel LE (1953) Dicyclopentadienyliron: a molecular sandwich. Nature 171:121–122CrossRef
209.
Orgel LE (1955) Electronic structure of metal bis-cyclopentadienyls. J Chem Phys 23:954–958CrossRef
210.
Moffitt W (1954) The electronic structure of bis-cyclopentadienyl compounds. J Am Chem Soc 76:3386–3392CrossRef
211.
Orgel LE (1952) The effects of crystal field theory on the properties of transition metal ions. J Chem Soc 4756–4761
212.
Orgel LE (1955) Electronic structure of transition metal complexes. J Chem Phys 23:1819–1823CrossRef
213.
Orgel LE (1955) Spectra of transition metal complexes. J Chem Phys 23:1004–1014CrossRef
214.
Kubas G (2014) Activation of dihydrogen and co-ordiantion of molecular H2 to transition metals. J Organomet Chem 751:33–49CrossRef
215.
Brookhart M, Green MLH (1988) Carbon-hydrogen-transition metal bonds. Prog Inorg Chem 36:1–124CrossRef
216.
Braunschweig H, Gruss K, Radachki K (2007) Interaction between d and p block metals. Synthesis and structure of platinum alane adducts. Angew Chem Int Ed 46:7782–7784CrossRef
217.
Amgoune A, Bourissou D (2011) σ-Acceptor Z-type ligands for transition metals. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 47:859–871CrossRef
218.
Mingos DMP (2014) A theoretical analysis of ambivalent and ambiphilic Lewis acid/bases with symmetry signatures. Coord Chem Rev 293–294:2–18
219.
Winkler JR, Gray HB (2012) Electronic structures of oxo-metal ions. Struct Bond 142:17–28CrossRef
220.
Hinchcliffe A (2000) Modelling molecular structures, 2nd edn. Wiley, Chichester
221.
Szabo A, Ostlund NS (1996) Modern quantum chemistry. Dover, Mineola
222.
Kaltsoyanis N, McGrady JE (2004) Principles and applications of density functional theory in inorganic chemistry I. Struct Bond 112:1–189CrossRef
223.
Kaltsoyanis N, McGrady JE (2004) Principles and applications of density functional theory in inorganic chemistry II. Struct Bond 113:1–232CrossRef
224.
Putz MV, Mingos DMP (2012) Application of density functional theory to chemical reactivity. Struct Bond 149:1–186CrossRef
225.
Putz MV, Mingos DMP (2012) Application of density functional theory biological and bioinorganic chemistry. Struct Bond 150:1–231CrossRef
226.
Weinhold F, Landis CR (2012) Discovering chemistry with natural bond orbitals. Wiley, New JerseyCrossRef
227.
Weinhold F, Landis CR (2001) Natural bond orbitals and extensions of localized bonding concepts. Chem Educ Res Pract 2:91–104CrossRef
228.
Reed AE, Curtiss LA, Weinhold F (1988) Intermolecular interactions from a natural bond orbital, donor-acceptor viewpoint. Chem Rev 88:899–926CrossRef
229.
McWeeny R (1979) Coulson’s valence, 3rd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford
230.
Coulson CA (1961) Valence, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Metadaten
Titel
The Chemical Bond: Lewis and Kossel’s Landmark Contribution
verfasst von
D. Michael P. Mingos
Copyright-Jahr
2016
Buch
The Chemical Bond I

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-33541-4

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-33543-8

Copyright-Jahr: 2016

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/430_2015_203

Premium Partner

    Marktübersichten

    Die im Laufe eines Jahres in der „adhäsion“ veröffentlichten Marktübersichten helfen Anwendern verschiedenster Branchen, sich einen gezielten Überblick über Lieferantenangebote zu verschaffen. 

    Zur Marktübersicht
    Bildnachweise