Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Quantum Information Processing 4/2019

01.04.2019

The critical detection efficiency for closing the detection loophole of some modified Bell inequalities

verfasst von: Dan-Dan Li, Fei Gao, Ya Cao, Qiao-Yan Wen

Erschienen in: Quantum Information Processing | Ausgabe 4/2019

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

As we know, the violations of Bell inequalities reveal nonlocality. On the other hand, loopholes in any Bell tests can cause the issues in the interpretation of the above conclusion, since an apparent violation of Bell inequality may not correspond to a real violation of local realism. The detection loophole, as an important example, arises when the overall detection efficiency is not larger than a certain threshold value. With the detection loophole, the above-mentioned effect can be observed in many experiments where the partial detected events can cause apparent Bell violations, while the entire ensemble cannot violate them. However, the real violations of Bell inequalities are necessary for device independence quantum information processing tasks. So, it is crucial to investigate the critical detection efficiency for closing the detection loophole of Bell inequalities. Here, by considering some novel Bell inequalities (Mironowicz and Pawłowski in Phys Rev A 88:032319, 2013), we give the critical detection efficiency for closing the detection loophole of these Bell inequalities. Furthermore, we prove the tightness of these detection efficiency bounds. That is, if detection efficiency is not larger than the critical one, we construct local hidden variable models to reproduce these violations. To sum up, if the detection efficiency of experiment exceeds the critical one derived here, the detection loophole is eliminated.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Anhänge
Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Einstein, A., Podolsky, B., Rosen, N.: Can quantummechanical description of physical reality be considered complete? Phys. Rev. 47(10), 777 (1935)ADSCrossRef Einstein, A., Podolsky, B., Rosen, N.: Can quantummechanical description of physical reality be considered complete? Phys. Rev. 47(10), 777 (1935)ADSCrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Bell, J.: On the Einstein–Podolsy–Rosen paradox. Physics 1, 195 (1964)CrossRef Bell, J.: On the Einstein–Podolsy–Rosen paradox. Physics 1, 195 (1964)CrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Brunner, N., Cavalcanti, D., Pironio, S., Scarani, V., Wehner, S.: Bell nonlocality. Rev. Mod. Phys. 86, 419 (2014)ADSCrossRef Brunner, N., Cavalcanti, D., Pironio, S., Scarani, V., Wehner, S.: Bell nonlocality. Rev. Mod. Phys. 86, 419 (2014)ADSCrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Giustina, M., Versteegh, M.A.M., Wengerowsky, S., et al.: Significant-loophole-free test of Bell’s theorem with entangled photons. Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 250401 (2015)ADSCrossRef Giustina, M., Versteegh, M.A.M., Wengerowsky, S., et al.: Significant-loophole-free test of Bell’s theorem with entangled photons. Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 250401 (2015)ADSCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Rosenfeld, W., Burchardt, D., Garthoff, R., et al.: Event-ready bell test using entangled atoms simultaneously closing detection and locality loopholes. Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 010402 (2017)ADSCrossRef Rosenfeld, W., Burchardt, D., Garthoff, R., et al.: Event-ready bell test using entangled atoms simultaneously closing detection and locality loopholes. Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 010402 (2017)ADSCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Garg, A., Mermin, N.D.: Detector inefficiencies in the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen experiment. Phys. Rev. D 35, 3831 (1987)ADSCrossRef Garg, A., Mermin, N.D.: Detector inefficiencies in the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen experiment. Phys. Rev. D 35, 3831 (1987)ADSCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Eberhard, P.H.: Background level and counter efficiencies required for a loophole free Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen experiment. Phys. Rev. A 47, 747–750 (1993)ADSCrossRef Eberhard, P.H.: Background level and counter efficiencies required for a loophole free Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen experiment. Phys. Rev. A 47, 747–750 (1993)ADSCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Acín, A., Brunner, N., Gisin, N., Massar, S., Pironio, S., Scarani, V.: Device-independent security of quantum cryptography against collective attacks. Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 230501 (2007)ADSCrossRef Acín, A., Brunner, N., Gisin, N., Massar, S., Pironio, S., Scarani, V.: Device-independent security of quantum cryptography against collective attacks. Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 230501 (2007)ADSCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Bardyn, C.E., Liew, T.C., Massar, S., Mckague, M., Scarani, V.: Device-independent state estimation based on Bell’s inequalities. Phys. Rev. A 80, 062327 (2009)ADSCrossRef Bardyn, C.E., Liew, T.C., Massar, S., Mckague, M., Scarani, V.: Device-independent state estimation based on Bell’s inequalities. Phys. Rev. A 80, 062327 (2009)ADSCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Acín, A., Gisin, N., Masanes, L.: From Bell’s theorem to secure quantum key distribution. Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 120405 (2006)ADSCrossRef Acín, A., Gisin, N., Masanes, L.: From Bell’s theorem to secure quantum key distribution. Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 120405 (2006)ADSCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Vazirani, U., Vidick, T.: Fully device-independent quantum key distribution. Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 140501 (2014)ADSCrossRef Vazirani, U., Vidick, T.: Fully device-independent quantum key distribution. Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 140501 (2014)ADSCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Pironio, S., Acín, A., Massar, S., de La Giroday, A.B., Matsukevich, D.N., Maunz, P., Olmschenk, S., Hayes, D., Luo, L., Manning, T.A., Monroe, C.: Random numbers certified by Bell’s theorem. Nature 464, 1021 (2010)ADSCrossRef Pironio, S., Acín, A., Massar, S., de La Giroday, A.B., Matsukevich, D.N., Maunz, P., Olmschenk, S., Hayes, D., Luo, L., Manning, T.A., Monroe, C.: Random numbers certified by Bell’s theorem. Nature 464, 1021 (2010)ADSCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Pironio, S., Massar, S.: Security of practical private randomness generation. Phys. Rev. A 87, 012336 (2013)ADSCrossRef Pironio, S., Massar, S.: Security of practical private randomness generation. Phys. Rev. A 87, 012336 (2013)ADSCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Fehr, S., Gelles, R., Schaffner, C.: Security and composability of randomness expansion from Bell inequalities. Phys. Rev. A 87, 012335 (2013)ADSCrossRef Fehr, S., Gelles, R., Schaffner, C.: Security and composability of randomness expansion from Bell inequalities. Phys. Rev. A 87, 012335 (2013)ADSCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Mironowicz, P., Pawłowski, M.: Robustness of quantum-randomness expansion protocols in the presence of noise. Phys. Rev. A 88, 032319 (2013)ADSCrossRef Mironowicz, P., Pawłowski, M.: Robustness of quantum-randomness expansion protocols in the presence of noise. Phys. Rev. A 88, 032319 (2013)ADSCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Li, H.-W., Yin, Z.Q., Wang, S., Qian, Y.J., Chen, W., Guo, G.C., Han, Z.F.: Randomness determines practical security of BB84 quantum key distribution. Sci. Rep. 5, 16200 (2015)ADSCrossRef Li, H.-W., Yin, Z.Q., Wang, S., Qian, Y.J., Chen, W., Guo, G.C., Han, Z.F.: Randomness determines practical security of BB84 quantum key distribution. Sci. Rep. 5, 16200 (2015)ADSCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Li, D.-D., Wen, Q.Y., Wang, Y.K., Zhou, Y.Q., Gao, F.: Security of semi-device-independent random number expansion protocols. Sci. Rep. 5, 15543 (2015)ADSCrossRef Li, D.-D., Wen, Q.Y., Wang, Y.K., Zhou, Y.Q., Gao, F.: Security of semi-device-independent random number expansion protocols. Sci. Rep. 5, 15543 (2015)ADSCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Li, D.-D., Zhou, Y.Q., Gao, F., Li, X.H., Wen, Q.Y.: Effects of measurement dependence on generalized Clauser–Horne–Shimony–Holt Bell test in the single-run and multiple-run scenarios. Phys. Rev. A 94, 012104 (2016)ADSCrossRef Li, D.-D., Zhou, Y.Q., Gao, F., Li, X.H., Wen, Q.Y.: Effects of measurement dependence on generalized Clauser–Horne–Shimony–Holt Bell test in the single-run and multiple-run scenarios. Phys. Rev. A 94, 012104 (2016)ADSCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Li, H.-W., Pawłowski, M., Yin, Z.Q., Guo, G.C., Han, Z.F.: Semi-device-independent randomness certification using \(n\rightarrow 1\) quantum random access codes. Phys. Rev. A 85, 052308 (2012)ADSCrossRef Li, H.-W., Pawłowski, M., Yin, Z.Q., Guo, G.C., Han, Z.F.: Semi-device-independent randomness certification using \(n\rightarrow 1\) quantum random access codes. Phys. Rev. A 85, 052308 (2012)ADSCrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Jakobi, M., Simon, C., Gisin, N., Bancal, J.D., Branciard, C., Walenta, N.: Practical private database queries based on a quantum-key-distribution protocol. Phys. Rev. A 83, 022301 (2011)ADSCrossRef Jakobi, M., Simon, C., Gisin, N., Bancal, J.D., Branciard, C., Walenta, N.: Practical private database queries based on a quantum-key-distribution protocol. Phys. Rev. A 83, 022301 (2011)ADSCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Gao, F., Liu, B., Huang, W., Wen, Q.Y.: Postprocessing of the oblivious key in quantum private query. IEEE. J. Sel. Top. Quant. 21, 6600111 (2015) Gao, F., Liu, B., Huang, W., Wen, Q.Y.: Postprocessing of the oblivious key in quantum private query. IEEE. J. Sel. Top. Quant. 21, 6600111 (2015)
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Wei, C.Y., Wang, T.Y., Gao, F.: Practical quantum private query with better performance in resisting joint-measurement attack. Phys. Rev. A 93, 042318 (2016)ADSCrossRef Wei, C.Y., Wang, T.Y., Gao, F.: Practical quantum private query with better performance in resisting joint-measurement attack. Phys. Rev. A 93, 042318 (2016)ADSCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Wei, C.Y., Cai, X.Q., Liu, B., Wang, T.Y., Gao, F.: A generic construction of quantum-oblivious-key-transfer-based private query with ideal database security and zero failure. IEEE Trans. Comput. 99, 2–8 (2018)MathSciNetCrossRef Wei, C.Y., Cai, X.Q., Liu, B., Wang, T.Y., Gao, F.: A generic construction of quantum-oblivious-key-transfer-based private query with ideal database security and zero failure. IEEE Trans. Comput. 99, 2–8 (2018)MathSciNetCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu, B., Gao, F., Wei, C., Wen, Q.Y.: Qkd-based quantum private query without a failure probability. Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron. 58, 100301 (2015)CrossRef Liu, B., Gao, F., Wei, C., Wen, Q.Y.: Qkd-based quantum private query without a failure probability. Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron. 58, 100301 (2015)CrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Rowe, M.A., et al.: Experimental violation of a Bell’s inequality with efficient detection. Nature 409, 791–794 (2001)ADSCrossRef Rowe, M.A., et al.: Experimental violation of a Bell’s inequality with efficient detection. Nature 409, 791–794 (2001)ADSCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Matsukevich, D.N., Maunz, P., Moehring, D.L., Olmschenk, S., Monroe, C.: Bell inequality violation with two remote atomic qubits. Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 150404 (2008)ADSCrossRef Matsukevich, D.N., Maunz, P., Moehring, D.L., Olmschenk, S., Monroe, C.: Bell inequality violation with two remote atomic qubits. Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 150404 (2008)ADSCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Ansmann, M., et al.: Violation of Bell’s inequality in Josephson phase qubits. Nature 461, 504–506 (2009)ADSCrossRef Ansmann, M., et al.: Violation of Bell’s inequality in Josephson phase qubits. Nature 461, 504–506 (2009)ADSCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Hofmann, J., et al.: Heralded entanglement between widely separated atoms. Science 337, 72–75 (2012)ADSCrossRef Hofmann, J., et al.: Heralded entanglement between widely separated atoms. Science 337, 72–75 (2012)ADSCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Giustina, M., et al.: Bell violation using entangled photons without the fair-sampling assumption. Nature 497, 227–230 (2013)ADSCrossRef Giustina, M., et al.: Bell violation using entangled photons without the fair-sampling assumption. Nature 497, 227–230 (2013)ADSCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Christensen, B.G., McCusker, K.T., Altepeter, J.B., et al.: Detection-loophole-free test of quantum nonlocality, and applications. Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 130406 (2013)ADSCrossRef Christensen, B.G., McCusker, K.T., Altepeter, J.B., et al.: Detection-loophole-free test of quantum nonlocality, and applications. Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 130406 (2013)ADSCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Hensen, B., Bernien, H., Dréau, A.E., et al.: Loophole-free Bell inequality violation using electron spins separated by 1.3 kilometres. Nature 526, 682 (2015)ADSCrossRef Hensen, B., Bernien, H., Dréau, A.E., et al.: Loophole-free Bell inequality violation using electron spins separated by 1.3 kilometres. Nature 526, 682 (2015)ADSCrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Larsson, J.-Å.: Bell’s inequality and detector inefficiency. Phys. Rev. A 57, 3304 (1998)ADSCrossRef Larsson, J.-Å.: Bell’s inequality and detector inefficiency. Phys. Rev. A 57, 3304 (1998)ADSCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Cabello, A., Larsson, J.-Å., Rodríguez, D.: Minimum detection efficiency required for a loophole-free violation of the Braunstein–Caves chained Bell inequalities. Phys. Rev. A 79, 062109 (2009)ADSCrossRef Cabello, A., Larsson, J.-Å., Rodríguez, D.: Minimum detection efficiency required for a loophole-free violation of the Braunstein–Caves chained Bell inequalities. Phys. Rev. A 79, 062109 (2009)ADSCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Pütz, G., Martin, A., Gisin, N., Aktas, D., Fedrici, B., Tanzilli, S.: Quantum nonlocality with arbitrary limited detection efficiency. Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 010401 (2016)ADSCrossRef Pütz, G., Martin, A., Gisin, N., Aktas, D., Fedrici, B., Tanzilli, S.: Quantum nonlocality with arbitrary limited detection efficiency. Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 010401 (2016)ADSCrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Xiang, Y., Wang, H.-X., Hong, F.-Y.: Detection efficiency in the loophole-free violation of Svetlichny’s inequality. Phys. Rev. A 86, 034102 (2012)ADSCrossRef Xiang, Y., Wang, H.-X., Hong, F.-Y.: Detection efficiency in the loophole-free violation of Svetlichny’s inequality. Phys. Rev. A 86, 034102 (2012)ADSCrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Cabello, A., Rodríguez, D., Villanueva, I.: Necessary and sufficient detection efficiency for the Mermin inequalities. Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 120402 (2008)ADSMathSciNetCrossRef Cabello, A., Rodríguez, D., Villanueva, I.: Necessary and sufficient detection efficiency for the Mermin inequalities. Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 120402 (2008)ADSMathSciNetCrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Cañas, G., Barra, J.F., Gómez, E.S., Lima, G., Sciarrino, F., Cabello, A.: Detection efficiency for loophole-free Bell tests with entangled states affected by colored noise. Phys. Rev. A 87, 012113 (2013)ADSCrossRef Cañas, G., Barra, J.F., Gómez, E.S., Lima, G., Sciarrino, F., Cabello, A.: Detection efficiency for loophole-free Bell tests with entangled states affected by colored noise. Phys. Rev. A 87, 012113 (2013)ADSCrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Massar, S., Pironio, S.: Violation of local realism versus detection efficiency. Phys. Rev. A 68, 062109 (2003)ADSCrossRef Massar, S., Pironio, S.: Violation of local realism versus detection efficiency. Phys. Rev. A 68, 062109 (2003)ADSCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Larsson, J.-Å., Semitecolos, J.: Strict detector-efficiency bounds for n-site Clauser–Horne inequalities. Phys. Rev. A 63, 022117 (2001)ADSCrossRef Larsson, J.-Å., Semitecolos, J.: Strict detector-efficiency bounds for n-site Clauser–Horne inequalities. Phys. Rev. A 63, 022117 (2001)ADSCrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Vértesi, T., Pironio, S., Brunner, N.: Closing the detection loophole in Bell experiments using qudits. Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 060401 (2010)ADSCrossRef Vértesi, T., Pironio, S., Brunner, N.: Closing the detection loophole in Bell experiments using qudits. Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 060401 (2010)ADSCrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Massar, S.: Nonlocality, closing the detection loophole, and communication complexity. Phys. Rev. A 65, 032121 (2002)ADSCrossRef Massar, S.: Nonlocality, closing the detection loophole, and communication complexity. Phys. Rev. A 65, 032121 (2002)ADSCrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Pál, K.F., Vértesi, T.: Closing the detection loophole in tripartite Bell tests using the W state. Phys. Rev. A 92, 022103 (2015)ADSCrossRef Pál, K.F., Vértesi, T.: Closing the detection loophole in tripartite Bell tests using the W state. Phys. Rev. A 92, 022103 (2015)ADSCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Pál, K.F., Vértesi, T.: Bell inequalities violated using detectors of low efficiency. Phys. Rev. A 92, 052104 (2015)ADSCrossRef Pál, K.F., Vértesi, T.: Bell inequalities violated using detectors of low efficiency. Phys. Rev. A 92, 052104 (2015)ADSCrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Pál, K.F., Vértesi, T., Brunner, N.: Closing the detection loophole in multipartite Bell tests using Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger states. Phys. Rev. A 86, 062111 (2012)ADSCrossRef Pál, K.F., Vértesi, T., Brunner, N.: Closing the detection loophole in multipartite Bell tests using Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger states. Phys. Rev. A 86, 062111 (2012)ADSCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Cao, Z., Peng, T.: Tight detection efficiency bounds of Bell tests in no-signaling theories. Phys. Rev. A. 94, 042126 (2016)ADSCrossRef Cao, Z., Peng, T.: Tight detection efficiency bounds of Bell tests in no-signaling theories. Phys. Rev. A. 94, 042126 (2016)ADSCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
The critical detection efficiency for closing the detection loophole of some modified Bell inequalities
verfasst von
Dan-Dan Li
Fei Gao
Ya Cao
Qiao-Yan Wen
Publikationsdatum
01.04.2019
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Quantum Information Processing / Ausgabe 4/2019
Print ISSN: 1570-0755
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-1332
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11128-019-2238-1

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2019

Quantum Information Processing 4/2019 Zur Ausgabe

Neuer Inhalt