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Journal of Materials Science
Erschienen in: Journal of Materials Science 21/2016

20.07.2016 | Original Paper

The effect of cellulose nanofibers on the crystallinity and nanostructure of poly(lactic acid) composites

verfasst von: Adriana Nicoleta Frone, Denis Mihaela Panaitescu, Ioana Chiulan, Cristian Andi Nicolae, Zina Vuluga, Catalin Vitelaru, Celina Maria Damian

Erschienen in: Journal of Materials Science | Ausgabe 21/2016

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Abstract

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a semi-crystalline polymer with good transparency, mechanical strength, and melt processability. However, the use of PLA in applications like food packaging is limited by its low heat resistance and slow crystallization rate. The addition of cellulose nanofibers can be an efficient solution to enhance PLA crystallinity and stiffness, maintaining the transparency and biodegradability, which are mandatory for packaging applications. The combined effect of annealing and cellulose nanofibers (surface treated—SCN or untreated—CN) on the crystalline structure of PLA was thoroughly studied at both micro- and nano-scales by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), mechanical tests, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM), Peak Force QNM (Quantitative Nanomechanical Mapping) mode. The ability of CN to act as nucleating agents was highlighted by DSC and XRD, both methods pointing out similar trends of crystallinity variation. Higher crystallinity was observed after annealing, 59 % instead of 40 % for PLA, 67 % instead of 48 % for PLA-CN and 57 % instead of 39 % for PLA-SCN, respectively. A mixture of α and α′ crystals was detected in all the samples after annealing but the concentration of the more disordered α′ form was higher in PLA-CN than in PLA-SCN. The transformation of the grained structure specific to amorphous PLA into a crystalline lamellar structure (average lamellar thickness of about 22 nm) after annealing was detected by Peak Force QNM. Nanoindentation tests showed an improvement of the surface modulus and hardness for the composites compared to PLA, after annealing. Thus, modulus increased from 5.9 GPa for PLA to 6.2 GPa for PLA-CN and 6.6 GPa for PLA-SCN. The understanding of PLA nanostructure modification by annealing and CN addition may contribute to adjust post-processing treatments, thus making PLA more suitable for packaging and other applications.
Vorheriger Artikel Electronic structure, ferroelectric properties, and phase stability of BiGaO3 under high pressure from first principles
Nächster Artikel Diffusion of small molecules in a shape memory polymer

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Metadaten
Titel
The effect of cellulose nanofibers on the crystallinity and nanostructure of poly(lactic acid) composites
verfasst von
Adriana Nicoleta Frone
Denis Mihaela Panaitescu
Ioana Chiulan
Cristian Andi Nicolae
Zina Vuluga
Catalin Vitelaru
Celina Maria Damian
Publikationsdatum
20.07.2016
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Journal of Materials Science / Ausgabe 21/2016
Print ISSN: 0022-2461
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-4803
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-016-0212-1

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