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Erschienen in:
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2018 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

4. The Effectiveness of Foreign Aid for Sustainable Energy and Climate Change Mitigation

verfasst von : H-Holger Rogner, Kei-Kit Leung

Erschienen in: Aid Effectiveness for Environmental Sustainability

Verlag: Springer Singapore

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Abstract

Chap. 4 portrays an increasingly complex foreign aid landscape as it pertains to the energy sector—one which is increasingly fragmented, where many new actors, both public and private are gaining in prominence, in conjunction with foreign direct investment. It offers a detailed picture of the evolution of foreign aid related to the energy sector since 1990s, emphasizing the emergent south–south financial flows, especially from rising countries such as China, India and Brazil to Africa, on top of the traditional north–south ones, as well as the entrance of new non-governmental organizations and private foundations in reshaping this landscape. It points out that the Sustainable Energy for All initiative of the UN Secretary General is a good example of a coordinated effort from where to derive important lessons in this regard.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Lessons Learnt about Foreign Aid for Climate Change Related Capacity-Building
Nächstes Kapitel A Review of the Nature of Foreign Aid to the Energy Sector over the Last Two Decades
Anhänge
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Fußnoten
1
Grants or loans to countries and territories on the list of the OECD Development Assistance Committee of ODA recipients (developing countries) and to multi-lateral agencies which are: (1) undertaken by the official sector; (2) with promotion of economic development and welfare as the main objective; (3) at concessional financial terms (if a loan, having a grant element of at least 25%). In addition to financial flows, technical cooperation is included in aid (OECD 2008a, 2012b).
 
2
Transactions by the official sector with countries on the DAC list of ODA recipients which do not meet the conditions for eligibility ODA, either because they are not primarily aimed at development, or because they have a grant element of less than 25% (OECD 2008a, 2012b).
 
3
There are four Rio markers, covering: biodiversity, desertification, climate change mitigation and climate change adaptation. Every aid activity reported to the CRS should be screened and marked as either (1) targeting the conventions as a ‘principal objective’ or a ‘significant objective’, or (2) not targeting the objective.
 
4
There are many more barriers to investments in efficiency and renewables, which are extensively covered in the literature (e.g. Reddy 1990; Kostka et al. 2011; Verbruggen et al. 2010; Beck and Martinot 2004).
 
5
By March 2012, US$37 million (elicited from the WB and the CIF) for 21 projects in seven countries had been approved, 90% of which are projects are in sub-Saharan Africa (CIF 2012). The target is to use the existing commitment of the WB and the GEF to leverage US$1.7 billion from other sources.
 
6
Agence Française de Développement, AFD (France); Banco Estado, BE (Chile); Bancoldex S.A. (Colombia); Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social, BNDES (Brazil); Black Sea Trade and Development Bank, BSTDB (Greece); Caisse de Dépôt et de Gestion, CDG (Morocco); Central American Bank for Economic Integration, BCIE/CABEI (Honduras); China Development Bank, CDB (China); CAF-Development Bank of Latin America/Croatian Bank for Reconstruction and Development, HBOR (Croatia); Development Bank of Southern Africa, DBSA (South Africa); Indonesia Exim Bank (Indonesia); Industrial Development Bank of Turkey, TSKB (Turkey); Japan International Cooperation Agency, JICA (Japan); KfW Bankengruppe (Germany); Korea Finance Corporation, KoFC (South Korea); Nacional Financiera, NAFIN (Mexico); Small Industries Development Bank of India, SIDBI (India); Vnesheconombank, VEB (Russia).
 
7
The BoP project is about market development: enhancement of the economic situation by simultaneously providing affordable energy services and income opportunities for the local population as well as profitable business for large corporations (Prahalad 2004).
 
8
SAL provided finance over a period of several years in return for reforms in trade protection and price incentives for efficient resource use with the aim to assist countries in reducing their current account deficits, strengthening their balance of payments, while maintaining their growth and developmental momentum.
 
9
While industrialized countries are used to a grid availability of >99.9%, developing countries often experience supply disruptions, voltage variation, etc. on a daily basis. This lack of reliability adversely affects economic productivity and socioeconomic development and, therefore, is an area for immediate improvement. However, for a household currently without access to electricity, availability of electricity even a few hours per day (or rather evening) represents enormous progress.
 
10
In terms of TWh, renewably generated electricity in developing countries grew by almost 900 TWh over the period 2000–10, more than twice the 405 TWh observed in the OECD (IEA 2012).
 
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Metadaten
Titel
The Effectiveness of Foreign Aid for Sustainable Energy and Climate Change Mitigation
verfasst von
H-Holger Rogner
Kei-Kit Leung
Copyright-Jahr
2018
Verlag
Springer Singapore
Buch
Aid Effectiveness for Environmental Sustainability

Print ISBN: 978-981-10-5378-8

Electronic ISBN: 978-981-10-5379-5

Copyright-Jahr: 2018

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5379-5_4