1 Increasing Use of the Underground and Its Impact on Society
2 Methods
2.1 Sample
2.2 Procedure and Measurements
2.2.1 Perception of the Technology
2.2.2 Perception of Risk Mitigation Measures
DGE | SG | CPG | CCS | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perception technology | Please indicate, what you spontaneously think of the technology. I find the technology… | 0.78 | 0.89 | 0.83 | 0.88 |
V1 | Negative–positive | ||||
V2 | Bad–good for the global environment | ||||
V3 | Innovative–retrogressive | ||||
V4 | Encouraging–frightening | ||||
V5 | Safe–risky | ||||
V6 | Bad–good for the local environment | ||||
Risk perception | I find the risk of induced earthquakes… | 0.82 | 0.75 | 0.82 | 0.80 |
V7 | Difficult to assess | ||||
V8 | Considerable | ||||
V9 | Too high | ||||
V10 | Controllable | ||||
Perception traffic light | I find the measure traffic light system to reduce the risk of induced earthquakes… | 0.86 | 0.84 | 0.86 | 0.85 |
V15 | Effective | ||||
V16 | Needless* | ||||
V17 | Necessary | ||||
V18 | I would feel safer with this measure. | ||||
V19 | I would approve the project with this measure. | ||||
Perception retrofitting | I find the measure structural retrofitting to reduce the risk of induced earthquakes… | 0.86 | 0.79 | 0.83 | 0.86 |
V20 | Effective | ||||
V21 | Needless* | ||||
V22 | Necessary | ||||
V23 | I would feel safer with this measure. | ||||
V24 | I would approve the project with this measure. | ||||
Perception insurance | I find the measure insurance to reduce the risk of induced earthquakes… | 0.84 | 0.81 | 0.87 | 0.86 |
V25 | Effective | ||||
V26 | Needless* | ||||
V27 | Necessary | ||||
V28 | I would feel safer with this measure. | ||||
V29 | I would approve the project with this measure. | ||||
Perception relocation | I find the measure relocation to reduce the risk of induced earthquakes… | 0.87 | 0.82 | 0.88 | 0.85 |
V30 | Effective | ||||
V31 | Needless* | ||||
V32 | Necessary | ||||
V33 | I would feel safer with this measure. | ||||
V34 | I would approve the project with this measure. |
2.2.3 Preference of Risk Mitigation Measures
2.2.4 Demographic Information
2.3 Statistical Analysis
2.4 Experimental Check
3 Results
3.1 Perception of Risk Mitigation Measures
Traffic light | Retrofitting | Insurance | Relocation | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | F(d1, d2) | |
Effectiveness | 4.24 (1.60) | 4.48 (1.51) | 4.04 (1.81) | 4.63 (1.62) | (2.93, 2364.15) 34.40*** |
Necessity | 5.00 (1.59) | 4.89 (1.51) | 4.98 (1.70) | 4.73 (1.68) | (2.89, 2327.39) 7.62*** |
Safety | 3.85 (1.74) | 4.12 (1.70) | 3.58 (1.87) | 4.24 (1.71) | (2.90, 2336.40) 48.97*** |
Technology approval | 3.64 (1.79) | 3.77 (1.81) | 3.56 (1.88) | 3.95 (1.84) | (2.74, 2207.13) 23.68*** |
3.2 Perception of Risk Mitigation Measures across Technologies
Risk mitigation perception | DGE | SG | CPG | CCS | F(3, 803) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 209 | N = 200 | N = 198 | N = 200 | ||
M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | ||
Traffic light system | 4.62 (1.27) | 3.99 (1.30) | 4.54 (1.30) | 4.10 (1.37) | 12.029*** |
Structural retrofitting | 4.63 (1.24) | 4.08 (1.23) | 4.63 (1.19) | 4.28 (1.34) | 9.690*** |
Earthquake insurance | 4.58 (1.35) | 3.84 (1.32) | 4.29 (1.46) | 4.09 (1.47) | 10.216** |
Relocation | 4.73 (1.32) | 4.21 (1.32) | 4.51 (1.40) | 4.50 (1.36) | 4.988** |
3.3 Preference of Risk Mitigation Measures across Technology Perception
Measures | Negative technology perception | Neutral technology perception | Positive technology perception | Welch’s F |
---|---|---|---|---|
N = 277 | N = 218 | N = 312 | ||
M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | F(2, 506.92) | |
Traffic light system | 2.35 (1.05) | 2.52 (1.16) | 2.63 (1.16) | 4.418* |
Structural retrofitting | 2.64 (0.95) | 2.61 (1.00) | 2.75 (0.97) | 2.748 |
Earthquake insurance | 1.92 (1.00) | 2.20 (1.02) | 2.21 (1.03) | 7.181** |
Relocation | 3.08 (1.14) | 2.67 (1.23) | 2.41 (1.23) | 23.733*** |