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Erschienen in: International Journal of Speech Technology 1/2020

Open Access 22.01.2020

The perception of emotional cues by children in artificial background noise

verfasst von: Emilia Parada-Cabaleiro, Anton Batliner, Alice Baird, Björn Schuller

Erschienen in: International Journal of Speech Technology | Ausgabe 1/2020

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Abstract

Most typically developed individuals have the ability to perceive emotions encoded in speech; yet, factors such as age or environmental conditions can restrict this inherent skill. Noise pollution and multimedia over-stimulation are common components of contemporary society, and have shown to particularly impair a child’s interpersonal skills. Assessing the influence of such features on the perception of emotion over different developmental stages will advance child-related research. The presented work evaluates how background noise and emotionally connoted visual stimuli affect a child’s perception of emotional speech. A total of 109 subjects from Spain and Germany (4–14 years) evaluated 20 multi-modal instances of nonsense emotional speech, under several environmental and visual conditions. A control group of 17 Spanish adults performed the same perception test. Results suggest that visual stimulation, gender, and the two sub-cultures with different language background do not influence a child’s perception; yet, background noise does compromise their ability to correctly identify emotion in speech—a phenomenon that seems to decrease with age.

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Fußnoten
1
Realised in GEMEP as the sub-category ‘elation’.
 
2
Realised in GEMEP as the sub-category ‘hot anger’.
 
4
These two stimuli were the emotionally connoted drawings mentioned above, which were evaluated in the same perception test as the other stimuli.
 
5
Different from the definition of the stages given in Sect. 2, the years of each stage are disjunct, for obvious reasons.
 
6
Consent to use the anonymised responses of each child for research purposes only was obtained through caregivers’ signed consent, and under the approval of the TUM IRB ethics committee (Hantke et al. 2016).
 
7
Note that Reinforcement might also be considered as an ordinal variable: for instance, 1 (negative), 2 (none), and 3 (positive); yet, since we want to consider ‘no reinforcement’ as a reference for the dummy coding, we have chosen to identify this variable as a nominal.
 
9
Unweighted Average Recall is the unweighted (by number of instances in each class) mean of percent correctly classified in the diagonal of the confusion matrix. Chance level is only defined by the number of classes (50 % for two classes, 33.3 % for three classes, and so on) and not by the number of cases per class which varies across experiments (Schuller and Batliner 2014).
 
10
Both features (F0 range and energy range) were extracted from the ComParE feature set (Schuller et al. 2013) by the openSMILE feature extractor (Eyben et al. 2010).
 
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Metadaten
Titel
The perception of emotional cues by children in artificial background noise
verfasst von
Emilia Parada-Cabaleiro
Anton Batliner
Alice Baird
Björn Schuller
Publikationsdatum
22.01.2020
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
International Journal of Speech Technology / Ausgabe 1/2020
Print ISSN: 1381-2416
Elektronische ISSN: 1572-8110
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10772-020-09675-1

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