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Erschienen in:
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2020 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

1. The Purpose of Intergovernmental Councils

verfasst von : Johanna Schnabel

Erschienen in: Managing Interdependencies in Federal Systems

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

The book compares the role of intergovernmental councils in public policy-making in four federations (Australia, Canada, Germany, Switzerland), two policy areas (fiscal policy, education policy), and two types of federalism (dual federalism, cooperative federalism). This introductory chapter summaries the main argument of the book, namely that interdependencies in federal and multilevel systems pose a significant threat to their stability if governments fail to coordinate their policies. Intergovernmental councils enhance the efficiency of public policy-making. If well designed, intergovernmental councils also protect the federal balance of power. They are thus federal safeguards that foster the political stability of a federation. A better understanding of their purpose and effectiveness as one of federalisms safeguards contributes to our understanding of the dynamics of federal systems in an increasingly interdependent world such as the centralization experienced by many federations, the blurred distinction of dual and cooperative federalism, and recent attempts at strengthening horizontal coordination.

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Nächstes Kapitel The Dynamic Stability of Federal Systems
Fußnoten
1
This is the main way in which federal states differ from decentralized unitary states, where the powers of subnational entities are delegated by the central government.
 
2
Though sometimes referred to as ‘councils’ as well, meetings of officials are not separate institutions.
 
3
Regional councils include a minority of the constituent units, multilateral councils involve the majority but not all of them, and national councils comprise all constituent units. Bilateral councils involve either the federal government and a constituent unit or two constituent units.
 
4
Note that whereas councils whose creation is mandated by the federal constitution may never be used, which makes them a weak federal safeguard, councils set up via an informal decision of governments can be strong federal safeguards if they are designed accordingly.
 
5
As Bolleyer and Thorlakson (2012) find, dual mechanisms now prevail in Belgium as indicated by low degrees of administrative and legislative interdependence (see also Deschouwer & Reuchamps, 2013, p. 264).
 
6
The United States has been the textbook example of dual federalism though it is increasingly acknowledged that US federalism contains many cooperative elements (Smith, 2015). The United States has not been included in this study, however, because of its presidential system, the fact that many US councils are professional associations rather than political arenas (Bolleyer, 2009, p. 111), the high number of constituent units (50), and the size of the country. Regarding their basic features, Australia, Canada, Germany, and Switzerland are more comparable. Similarly, other Western federations such as over-centralized Austria (Erk, 2004) and the younger federations Belgium and Spain have been excluded in order to achieve better comparability.
 
7
What is called the ‘COAG council system’ has undergone frequent reforms in which councils have been abolished, merged or created. Consequently, the number and names of councils change frequently.
 
8
Council of the Federation Founding Agreement, December 5, 2003.
 
9
Because of the informal character of Canadian intergovernmental relations, it is difficult to determine the exact number of councils.
 
10
The establishment of the first council dates back to 1874, briefly after the federal constitution was adopted (1848).
 
11
Though not being a member, the federal government is invited to meetings of most national policy-specific councils and the Conference of Cantonal Governments.
 
12
For an overview, see Schnabel and Mueller (2017).
 
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Metadaten
Titel
The Purpose of Intergovernmental Councils
verfasst von
Johanna Schnabel
Copyright-Jahr
2020
Buch
Managing Interdependencies in Federal Systems

Print ISBN: 978-3-030-35460-2

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-35461-9

Copyright-Jahr: 2020

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35461-9_1

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