nach oben

Erschienen in:

2016 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

7. The Role of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms for the Development of Croatian Private Law

verfasst von : Tatjana Josipović

Erschienen in: The Influence of Human Rights and Basic Rights in Private Law

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

The protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms in Croatian private law is becoming increasingly expressed and important on a daily basis and it has a growing impact on the development of Croatian private law. Classical, traditional private law institutions are now being frequently interpreted in line with the high standards for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms. This trend has become particularly obvious in the past few years primarily because of modern tendencies in the organisation of private law relations where any elements of discrimination are eliminated, where the weaker parties are protected, and where this protection is generally being increased. At the same time, because of the ever-deepening financial crisis, particular protection of socially deprived parties to private law relations is required. The increased constitutionalisation of Croatian private law places new challenges every day on the Croatian legislator and on private law practitioners when it comes to the interpretation and application of the rules of contract law, tort law and property law. This is particularly important because of the intensive development of private law areas (Internet law, telecommunications law, environmental law, energy law) and because of the ever increasing impact of modern technologies on the development of private law which all require the constant redefinition of the content of human rights and fundamental freedoms and the adjustment of the methods for their protection in the light of these new trends. Such intensive development will probably call for a specific model for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms for particular private law areas because it will no longer be possible to apply general private law rules and base protection on the interpretation of constitutional declarations of human rights and fundamental freedoms.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel New Czech Civil Law in the Light of Human Rights

Nächstes Kapitel Quelle influence pour les droit des l’homme et les droits fondamentaux en droit privé français?

Official Gazette (OG) 56/90, 135/97, 8/98, 113/00, 124/00, 28/01, 41/01, 55/01, 76/10, 85/10 (consolidated text), 05/14.

Official Gazette – International Treaties 18/97, 6/99 (consolidated text), 8/99.

Official Gazette – International Treaties 14/02, 1/06.

On the Republic of Croatia as a party to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms see more in Omejec (2013, 21–34, 46, 47).

In addition to multilateral treaties on human rights protection, Croatia has signed numerous bilateral treaties with other countries that are of great importance for the protection of human rights in various fields of activity (social and health insurance, refugees, the protection of foreign investments, citizenship, etc.). For an overview of bilateral treaties and other international acts concluded by the Republic of Croatia with individual countries of the world, see at http://www.mvep.hr/en/foreign-politics/bilateral-relations/overview-by-country/. Accessed 15 July 2014.

For example, all anti-discrimination directives of the EU have been implemented in the Croatian legal order. See Mišćenić (2014, 87–89).

OG 82/08.

OG 85/08, 112/12.

OG 103/03, 118/06, 41/08, 130/11, 106/12.

OG 25/13.

OG 76/14.

OG 79/07, 88/10, 143/13.

OG 155/02, 47/10, 80/10, 93/11.

OG 91/96, 68/98, 137/99, 22/00, 73/00, 129/00, 114/01, 79/06, 141/06, 146/08, 38/09, 153/09, 143/12, 152/14.

OG 93/14.

OG 111/93, 34/99, 52/00, 118/03, 107/07, 146/08, 137/09, 125/11, 152/11, 111/12, 68/13.

OG 75/14, 83/14.

OG 50/08, 71/10, 139/10, 22/11, 84/11, 154/11, 12/12, 35/12, 70/12, 144/12, 82/13, 22/14, 154/14.

OG 91/96, 48/98, 66/98, 22/06, 154/14.

OG 35/05, 41/08, 144/12, 81/13, 112/13.

OG 80/13.

OG 80/13, 153/13.

OG 48/03, 163/03, 35/05, 127/13.

OG 41/14.

OG 110/97, 27/98, 50/00, 129/00, 51/01, 111/03, 190/03, 105/04, 84/05, 71/06, 110/07, 152/08, 57/11, 77/11, 125/11, 143/12.

OG 157/13, 152/14.

OG 4/77, 36/77, 6/80, 36/80, 43/82, 69/82, 58/84, 74/87, 57/89, 20/90, 27/90, 35/91, 53/91, 91/92, 112/99, 88/01, 117/03, 84/08, 123/08, 57/11, 148/11, 25/13, 89/14.

OG 152/08, 76/09, 80/11, 91/12, 143/12, 56/13, 145/13, 152/14.

OG 47/09.

OG 107/07, 39/13, 157/13.

OG 28/13.

For more details on the above, see Part 7.5: The Influence of Human Rights and Basic Rights in Property Law.

For example the Defence Act (OG 73/13), the Criminal Code, the Criminal Procedure Act, the Act on Ownership and Other Real Rights, the Act on Access to Information, the Act on the Protection of Personal Data, the Associations Act (OG 74/14), the Labour Act, the Family Act, the Expropriation Act (OG 74/14), and others.

For more on the restrictions of human rights and basic rights in specific private law areas see above Parts 3, 4, 5, 6.

In the course of the proceedings, the Constitutional Court may render the so-called interim measures. The Constitutional Court may, prior to its final decision, temporarily suspend the execution of individual decisions or actions undertaken on the grounds of the law or other regulations, whose constitutionality i.e. legality is reviewed if their execution might cause grave and irreparable consequences for the realisation and protection of human and fundamental rights (Article 45 of the Constitutional Act on the Constitutional Court). The Constitutional Court thus temporarily suspended the execution of individual decisions undertaken on the grounds of the provisions of the Value Added Tax Act which were challenged because of the violation of the right to freedom of press (Dec. No.: U-I-3861/2013, 16 July 2013). In the proceedings for the assessment of constitutionality of the provisions of the Agricultural Land Act challenged as disproportional restrictions on the disposition of private ownership of agricultural land, the Constitutional Court temporarily suspended the application of these provisions and ruled that prior to a decision on the merits, private owners were allowed to dispose of agricultural land in accordance with the general regulations governing the disposition of real property (Dec. No. U-I-763/2009 U-I-1895/2009; U-I-1047/2010; U-I-1376/2010, 7 July 2010) Source web: http://www.usud.hr/default.aspx?Show=c_praksa_ustavnog_suda&m1=2&m2=0&Lang=hr. Accessed 1 June 2014.

OG 99/99, 29/02, 49/02.

In the period from 1990 to the end of June 2014, the Constitutional Court received a total of 9327 applications for the initiation of the proceedings for the assessment of conformity of regulations with the Constitution and the law (a total of 8668 applications were resolved). In comparison with other proceedings conducted before the Constitutional Court, the percentage of those initiated for the assessment of constitutionality and legality amounted to 11.5 %. For more see http://www.usud.hr/default.aspx?Show=statistika&m1=22&m2=47&Lang=hr. Accessed 15 September 2014.

For more details see 7.2.5.2.

In the period from 1990 to the end of June 2014, the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia received 70,320 constitutional complaints and a total of 67,712 were decided. In comparison with other proceedings before the Constitutional Court, the percentage of the proceedings initiated by individual constitutional complaints was 79.6 %. In comparison with other proceedings before the Constitutional Court, the percentage of the proceedings initiated by individual constitutional complaints was 86.6 % For more see http://www.usud.hr/default.aspx?Show=statistika&m1=22&m2=47&Lang=hr. Accessed: 15 September 2014.

http://www.usud.hr/default.aspx?Show=pregled_prema_člancima_Ustava_Republike_Hrvatske&m1=2&m2=74&Lang=hr. Accessed: 15 September 2014.

For more see at http://www.usud.hr/default.aspx?Show=pregled_prema_člancima_Ustava_Republike_Hrvatske&m1=2&m2=74&Lang=hr. Accessed 15 September 2014.

For example, in 2013 the Ombudsperson received a total of 3021 complaints, i.e. 63 % more than in 2012. The largest increase was in the area of denationalisation, housing relations, health care, enforcements, construction, environmental protection and family relations. See the Ombudsperson’s report for 2013 at http://www.ombudsman.hr/index.php/hr/izvjesca/izvjesce-pucke-pravobraniteljice; see also the practice of the Ombudsperson for Gender Equality at http://www.prs.hr/index.php/odluke-prs. Accessed 15 May 2014.

See the Ombudsperson’s report for 2013 at http://www.ombudsman.hr/index.php/hr/izvjesca/izvjesce-pucke-pravobraniteljice. Accessed 15 May 2014; see also the practice of the Ombudsperson for Gender Equality at http://www.prs.hr/index.php/odluke-prs.

For more see at http://www.echr.coe.int/Pages/home.aspx?p=reports.

The Ombudsman Act, OG 76/12.

http://www.ombudsman.hr/en/about-the-ombudsman.html.

The Disability Ombudsman Act, OG 107/2007, 125/2011, 20/2012.

The Law on the Ombudsman for Children, OG 96/03.

ibid.

http://www.dijete.hr/en/ombudsman.html.

Gender Equality Act, OG 82/08.

http://www.prs.hr/index.php/english.

OG 35/05, 41/08, 144/12, 81/13, 112/13.

The general part contains general provisions applicable to all contracts such as those on entering into contracts, agency, interpretation of contract, effects of contract, invalidity of contract.

OG 125/11.

OG 91/96, 48/98, 66/98, 22/06.

OG 151/05, 87/08, 82/09, 54/13, 94/14.

OG 141/13.

OG 94/14.

OG 159/13.

OG 120/12, 14/14.

OG 22/13.

OG 144/12, 153/13.

OG 75/09, 112/12, 143/13, 147/13.

OG 10/02, 80/08, 30/14.

OG 173/03, 67/08, 36/09, 130/11, 30/14.

OG 73/08, 90/11, 133/12, 80/13, 71/14.

OG 69/09, 84/11, 54/13, 127/13, 92/14.

See the case law published at http://www.usud.hr/default.aspx?Show=c_praksa_ustavnog_suda&m1=2&m2=0&Lang=hr.

The exceptions when it comes to some consumer and commercial contractual relations are expressly provided in separate provisions of the OA. For example, the liability for material defects can be expressly excluded when commercial sales are involved (Article 408(1) OA). However, in the case of commercial contracts, when the liability for material defects is involved, a greater (professional) care is required (Article 402(1),(2) OA). Commercial contracts cannot be annulled because of laesio enormis (Article 375(5) OA), etc.

In the case of evident imbalance of mutual performances (leasio enormis), the injured party may request annulment of the contract provided that at the time of the conclusion of the contract, it did not know or had no reason to know of the true value of performance (Article 375(1) OA). A more drastic case of imbalance of mutual performance is a usurious contract. Such contracts are prohibited and they are null and void ex lege. These are contracts where one contractual party, exploiting the state of need or a difficult financial situation of another party, its lack of experience, levity or dependence, agreed a benefit for itself or for a third party that is manifestly disproportionate to whatever it has given to, or performed for, or has undertaken to give to or perform for the other party (Article 329(1) OA).

A contractual party will not be liable for damage if it can prove that it could not perform its obligation or that it is late with the performance due to external, extraordinary and unforeseeable circumstances arising after entering into the contract, which circumstances it could not have prevented, eliminated or avoided (Article 343 OA).

Unless the provisions of contractual liability for damage provide otherwise, the provisions of OA relating to compensation of non-contractual damage adequately apply to such damage (Article 349 OA).

In all the aforementioned cases, the protection of basic rights and fundamental freedoms is particularly emphasised also because the court examines the matter of nullity ex officio. On the other hand, any interested party may invoke nullity. The State Attorney is also entitled to request the establishment of nullity (Article 327 OA). Finally, OA has a rule on unlimited period for invoking nullity – the right to invoke nullity does not elapse (Article 328).

See the explanation of the Draft Act on the Amendments to the Enforcement Act at https://vlada.gov.hr/UserDocsImages//Sjednice/2014/171%20sjednica%20Vlade//171%20-%207.pdf. Accessed 10 October 2014.

During authentication or drawing up the contract, the authorized person (notary public, judge) reads the contract to the parties thereto and warns them of its consequences (Article 580(2) OA, Article 106(3) IA, Article 134(4) SA).

OG 78/93, 29/94, 162/98, 16/07, 75/09.

Compare, for example, Articles 60, 93, 111 CPA; 502a–502h Civil Procedure Act.

See the Decision of the High Commercial Court of the Republic of Croatia Pž-7129/13-4, http://www.vtsrh.hr/uploads/Novosti/VTSRH_P%C5%BE_7129-13-4_AN.pdf. Accessed 10 October 2014.

The Croatian Consumer Loans Act applies to all consumer loan contracts amounting to a total loan of HRK 1,000,000.00 (ca. EUR 131.752,31), including mortgage loans.

The Act on the Amendments to the Enforcement Act OG 93/14.

http://www.mgipu.hr/default.aspx?id=16276. Accessed 15 May 2014.

The Draft Interest Act of 30 April, 2014 www.sabor.hr/fgs.axd?id=5333. Accessed 10 Oct. 2014.

See case law published at http://www.usud.hr/default.aspx?Show=c_praksa_ustavnog_suda&m1=2&m2=0&Lang=hr. Accessed 15 May 2014.

Within the meaning of the OA, personality rights are understood to be the right to life, to physical and mental health, reputation, honour, dignity, name, privacy of personal and family life, freedom, and others. A legal entity has all the stated personality rights, other than the rights related to the biological character of a natural person, in particular the right to reputation and a good name, honour, name or firm name, business secrecy, freedom to conduct business, and others (Article 19(2), (3)).

The amount of damage will be determined with respect to the prices at the time of delivery of the court judgement, unless otherwise provided for by the law (Article 1089(2) OA).

The tortfeasor will be released from liability in particular cases stipulated in the law if he proves that the damage results from another unforeseeable cause not incident to the thing, which could not be prevented, avoided or eliminated; if he proves that the damage has occurred exclusively due to an action of the injured party or a third party, which the former could not foresee and the consequences of which could not be avoided or eliminated (Article 1067 OA).

OG 59/04, 84/11, 81/13.

OG 153/09, 84/11,94/13, 136/13.

http://www.iusinfo.hr/Appendix/DDOKU_HR/DDHR20110111N53_5_1.pdf. Accessed 15 September 2014.

OG 169/04, 37/08.

OG 130/11, 47/14.

OG 80/08, 27/11.

See: Prijedlog programa za preuzimanje i provedbu pravne stečevine Europske unije za 2014. godinu (The National Programme for the Adoption and Implementation of the EU acquis communautaire for 2014). http://www.vlada.hr/hr/naslovnica/sjednice_i_odluke_vlade_rh/2013/132_sjednica_vlade_republike_hrvatske. Accessed 1 September 2014.

See, for example, the presentation by M. Ćurković, Medicinske tablice i novi kriteriji za utvrđivanje visine pravične novčane naknade neimovinske štete, Opatija 2011, http://www.hgk.hr/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files_mf/medicinske_tablice_i_novi_kriteriji_za_utvrdivanje_visine_pravicne_novcane_naknade_neimovinske_stete.pdf. Accessed 1 June 2014.

OG 91/96, 68/98, 137/99, 73/00, 114/01, 100/04, 107/07, 52/08, 126/10, 55/13 and 60/13.

OG 112/12, 25/13, 94/14.

OG 121/05.

100

OG 84/11, 18/13, 22/13, 54/13, 148/13, 92/14.

101

OG 39/13.

102

OG 153/09, 63/11, 130/11, 56/13, 14/14.

103

OG 140/05, 82/06, 129/08, 80/10, 124/10, 145/11,68/12, 148/13, 94/14.

104

OG 34/99, 149/99, 32/02, 33/06.

105

OG 167/03, 79/07, 80/11, 125/11, 141/13, 127/14.

106

OG 173/03, 54/05, 76/07, 30/09, 49/11.

107

OG 173/03, 87/05, 76/07, 30/09, 128/10, 49/11, 76/13.

108

OG 173/03, 76/07, 30/09, 49/11.

109

OG 80/13, 14/14.

110

OG 173/03, 76/07, 30/09, 49/11.

111

Based on the PA, the following rights exist in the Croatian legal order: ownership (Article 30 PA), easements (Article 174 PA), real burdens (Article 246 PA), the right to build (Article 280 PA) and liens (Article 297 PA).

112

The publicity of property rights on movables is achieved by possession (Article 11(3) PA), while the publicity of property rights on immovables is achieved exclusively by an entry in the land register.

113

OG 74/14.

114

OG 103/03, 118/06, 41/08, 130/11, 106/12.

115

OG 39/11.

116

OG 49/02.

117

Ruling of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia No. U-IIIB-2793/2014, http://sljeme.usud.hr/usud/praksaw.nsf/Novosti/C12570D30061CE54C1257D07003E9B33?OpenDocument. Accessed 20 September 2014.

118

OG 75/14, 83/14.

119

The housing right may last no longer than until the dissolution of co-ownership on the immovable being the family home. Taking into consideration the circumstances of the case, the court may rule that the parent who continues living with the children in the family home is obliged to pay rent to the other parent in the form of a lump sum, as well as the utilities (Article 46(3), (4) FA).

120

See the Draft of the Expropriation Act at http://www.vlada.hr/hr/naslovnica/sjednice_i_odluke_vlade_rh/2014/137_sjednica_vlade_republike_hrvatske. Accessed 5 October 2014.

121

See at http://www.mgipu.hr/default.aspx?id=16276. Accessed 5 October 2014.

122

http://www.mingo.hr/page/prijedlog-zakona-o-energetskoj-ucinkovitosti-16-31-svibnja-2014, Accessed 5 October 2014.

123

OG 92/14.

124

OG 137/09, 14/10, 60/10.

125

OG 92/14.

126

Life partnership is entered in the Register of Life Partnerships kept in the form of a unified central electronic database (Article 31 of the Life Partnership Act).

127

OG 130/11, 74/13.

128

OG 48/03, 163/03, 35/05, 127/13.

129

For more details see the Constitutional Court decision at http://www.usud.hr/uploads/Odluka%20u%20povodu%20okončanja%20postupka%20nadzora%20nad%20ustavnošću%20i%20zakonitošću%20provođenja%20državnog%20referenduma%20održanog%201.12.2013.pdf. Accessed 15 September 2014.

130

OG 30/09, 139/10, 14/14.

131

OG 141/13.

132

Official Journal of the European Union, L 304/64, 22/11/2011.

Baretić, M. 2014. Tort Law. In Introduction to the Law of Croatia, ed. Tatjana Josipović, 161–190. Alphen aan den Rijn: Wolters Kluwer.

Baretić, M., and Markovinović H. 2012. Nepoštene ugovorne odredbe – opće i posebna uređenja. In Zbornik 50. jubilarnog susreta pravnika, ed. J. Barbić, and M. Giunio, 57–132. M. Zagreb: Hrvatski savez udruga pravnika u gospodarstvu.

Barić, S. 2009. Organski zakoni i ustavni sud Republike Hrvatske u usporednopravnoj analizi. In Liber Amicorum Jadranko Crnić, ed. D. Foretić, 251–279. Zagreb: Novi informator.

Gavella, N. et al. 2007. Stvarno pravo I. Zagreb: Narodne novine.

Gavella, N. et al. 2011. Stvarno pravo III. Zagreb: Narodne novine.

Gavella, N., and Josipović, T. 2002. Pravni učinci pretvorbe društvenih poduzeća: s osvrtom na njezine imovinskopravne učinke. Vladavina prava: časopis za pravnu teoriju i praksu 6(2002), 1(29): 169–203.

Gliha, I. 2014. Copyrights and Related Rights. In Introduction to the Law of Croatia, ed. Tatjana Josipović, 291–309. Alphen aan den Rijn: Wolters Kluwer.

Gliha, I., and Josipović, T. 2014. Succession Law. In Introduction to the Law of Croatia, ed. Tatjana Josipović, 191–215. Alphen aan den Rijn: Wolters Kluwer.

Hrabar, D. (2014) Family Law. In: Josipović T. (ed) Introduction to the Law of Croatia. Wolters Kluwer, Alphen aan den Rijn, p 217–243

Josipović, T. 2014a. Rechtsschutz des schwächeren Subjekten in kroatischen Privatrecht – Auswirkungen auf die Privatautonomie und die Vertragsfreiheit. In XI. Dies Luby Iurisprudentiae, Rechtsschutz des schwächeren Subjekts im Privatrecht, eds. H. Baranová, P. Blaho, adn J. Lazar, 11–32. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.

Josipović, T. 2014b. Neuheiten im kroatischen Kreditsicherungsrecht – Auswirkungen auf die traditionellen Grundsatze des Pfandrecht. In: Welser R. (ed) Das Recht der Kreditsicherung in Zentral- und Osteuropa. Manzsche Verlags- und Universitätsbuchhandlung, Wien, p 73–108

Josipović, T. 2013. International Encyclopaedia for Property and Trust – Croatia (Suppl. 19). In: International Encyclopedia of Laws. Alphen aan den Rijn: Walters Kluwer.

Klarić, P. 2003. Odštetno pravo. Zagreb: Narodne novine.

Klarić, P., and Vedriš, M. 2014. Građansko pravo (14. izdanje). Zagreb: Narodne Novine.

Korać Graovac, A. 2013. Hrvatsko obiteljsko pravo pred Europskim sudom za ljudska prava. Godišnjak Akademije pravnih znanosti Hrvatske 4(2013),1;39–51.

Mađerić, L. 2012. Tijela za zaštitu i promicanje ljudskih prava u Republici Hrvatskoj. Hrvatska pravna revija:18–32.

Maganić, A. 2014. Kollektiver Rechtsschutz im kroatischen Recht. In XI. Dies Luby Iurisprudentiae, Rechtsschutz des schwächeren Subjekts im Privatrecht, eds. H. Baranová, P. Blaho, adn J. Lazar, 84–107. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.

Mišćenić, E. 2014. Consumer Protection Law. In Introduction to the Law of Croatia, ed. T. Josipović. Alphen aan den Rijn: Wolters Kluwer.

Nikšić, S. 2014. Contract Law. Introduction to the Law of Croatia, ed. T. Josipović, 133–160. Alphen aan den Rijn: Wolters Kluwer.

Omejec, J. 2013. Konvencija za zaštitu ljudskih prava i temeljnih sloboda u praksi Europskog suda za ljudska prava: Strasbourški acquis. Zagreb: Novi informator.

Radolović, A. 2010. Jamstvo prava vlasništva u praksi Ustavnog suda Republike Hrvatske i Europskog suda za ljudska prava. Pravo u gospodarstvu : časopis za gospodarsko-pravnu teoriju i praksu 49(2010),1:1–41.

Slakoper, Z., and Gorenc, V. 2009. Obvezno pravo – opći dio – sklapanje, promjene i prestanak ugovora. Zagreb: Novi informator.

Smerdel, B. 2013. Ustavno uređenje europske Hrvatske. Zagreb: Narodne novine.

Smerdel, B. 2014. Constitutional Law. Introduction to the Law of Croatia, ed. T. Josipović, 7–54. Alphen aan den Rijn: Wolters Kluwer.

Titel: The Role of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms for the Development of Croatian Private Law
verfasst von: Tatjana Josipović
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: The Influence of Human Rights and Basic Rights in Private Law
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-25335-0

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-25337-4

Copyright-Jahr: 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25337-4_7

Springer Professional

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Premium Partner