nach oben

Erschienen in:

2020 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

3. Titania-Based Heterojunctions for Hydrogen Generation by Water Photolysis

verfasst von : L. K. Preethi, Rajini P. Antony, Tom Mathews

Erschienen in: Green Photocatalysts for Energy and Environmental Process

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

The depleting fossil fuels and their serious environmental impact have heightened the need for an alternative renewable energy resource. The hydrogen obtained from sunlight-assisted water splitting is found to be a promising alternate to the fossil fuel. The proposal of generating hydrogen from solar water splitting has a great potential to solve the energy and environmental issues and introduce an energy revolution in sustainable and cleaner way. A variety of photocatalysts ranging from organic to inorganic materials have been studied, but their overall efficiency is limited due to varied reasons. The prevalent reason is the poor control over the recombination of photoexcited charge carriers. It has been investigated that integrating different materials in the form of heterojunction can improve the photocatalyst’s efficiency in multiple folds. These heterojunctions would enhance the charge carrier mobility and lifetime, absorption coefficient, stability, etc. which leads to improved charge separation at the heterointerface and hence their efficiency in H₂ generation by photo-assisted water splitting.

In view of this, the present chapter mainly focuses on reviewing TiO₂-based heterojunctions, a widely studied material for photocatalytic hydrogen generation. The basic working principle of different heterojunctions of TiO₂, their concerned drawbacks, and the recent impressive progress in developing other forms of TiO₂ heterojunctions are presented. In addition, the overviews of synthesis strategies of various TiO₂-based heterojunction materials are reviewed. The performance and stability of any heterojunction photocatalyst are dependent on the synergistic functioning of the interfaces between the individual materials forming heterojunction. The study of light matter interaction in these heterointerfaces is expected to provide crucial information helpful for exploiting the potential of these photocatalysts for commercial viability. Therefore, the present chapter also demonstrates the existing methodologies to probe these heterojunctions under light irradiation for charge carrier dynamic analysis. Finally, the chapter is concluded with the ups and downs of TiO₂-based heterojunction research and the future perspectives.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel Photocatalysts and Photoelectrocatalysts in Fuel Cells and Photofuel Cells

Nächstes Kapitel Quantum Dots in Green Photocatalytic Applications for Degradation of Environmental Pollutants and Hydrogen Evolution

Anandan S, Yoon M (2003) Photocatalytic activities of the nano-sized TiO₂-supported Y-zeolites. J Photochem Photobiol C: Photochem Rev 4:5–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1389-5567(03)00002-9CrossRef

Bärtsch M, Niederberger M (2017) The role of interfaces in heterostructures. ChemPlusChem 82:42–59. https://doi.org/10.1002/cplu.201600519CrossRef

Boppella R, Kochuveedu ST, Kim H, Jeong MJ, Marques Mota F, Park JH, Kim DH (2017) Plasmon-sensitized graphene/TiO₂ inverse opal nanostructures with enhanced charge collection efficiency for water splitting. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9:7075–7083. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b14618CrossRef

Chen X, Mao SS (2007) Titanium dioxide nanomaterials: synthesis, properties, modifications, and applications. Chem Rev 107:2891–2959. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr0500535CrossRef

Chen Z et al (2011) Accelerating materials development for photoelectrochemical hydrogen production: standards for methods, definitions, and reporting protocols. J Mater Res 25:3–16. https://doi.org/10.1557/JMR.2010.0020CrossRef

Cheng P, Yang Z, Wang H, Cheng W, Chen M, Shangguan W, Ding G (2012) TiO₂–graphene nanocomposites for photocatalytic hydrogen production from splitting water. Int J Hydrog Energy 37:2224–2230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.11.004CrossRef

Dasgupta U, Bera A, Pal AJ (2017) Band diagram of heterojunction solar cells through scanning tunneling spectroscopy. ACS Energy Lett 2:582–591. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.6b00635CrossRef

Dong J et al (2018) Boosting heterojunction interaction in electrochemical construction of MoS₂ quantum dots@TiO₂ nanotube arrays for highly effective photoelectrochemical performance and electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Electrochem Commun 93:152–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2018.07.008CrossRef

Elbanna O, Fujitsuka M, Majima T (2017) g-C₃N₄/TiO₂ Mesocrystals composite for H₂ evolution under visible-light irradiation and its charge carrier dynamics. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9:34844–34854. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b08548CrossRef

Enzhou L, Peng X, Jia J, Xiaozhuo Z, Zhen J, Jun F, Xiaoyun H (2018) CdSe modified TiO₂ nanotube arrays with Ag nanoparticles as electron transfer channel and plasmonic photosensitizer for enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting. J Phys D Appl Phys 51:305106CrossRef

Fujishima A, Honda K (1972) Electrochemical photolysis of water at a semiconductor electrode. Nature 238:37. https://doi.org/10.1038/238037a0CrossRef

Gao H, Zhang P, Hu J, Pan J, Fan J, Shao G (2017a) One-dimensional Z-scheme TiO₂/WO₃/Pt heterostructures for enhanced hydrogen generation. Appl Surf Sci 391:211–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.06.170CrossRef

Gao Y et al (2017b) Directly probing charge separation at Interface of TiO₂ phase junction. J Phys Chem Lett 8:1419–1423. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b00285CrossRef

Hao C, Wang W, Zhang R, Zou B, Shi H (2018) Enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting with TiO₂@Ag₂O nanowire arrays via p-n heterojunction formation. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 174:132–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2017.08.033CrossRef

Haring AJ, Ahrenholtz SR, Morris AJ (2014) Rethinking band bending at the P3HT–TiO₂ Interface. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6:4394–4401. https://doi.org/10.1021/am500101uCrossRef

He H et al (2016) MoS₂/TiO₂ edge-on Heterostructure for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Adv Energy Mater 6:1600464. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201600464CrossRef

Hoffmann MR, Martin ST, Choi W, Bahnemann DW (1995) Environmental applications of semiconductor photocatalysis. Chem Rev 95:69–96. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr00033a004CrossRef

Jang JS et al (2017) Vertically aligned core–shell PbTiO₃@TiO₂ heterojunction nanotube array for photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic applications. J Phys Chem C 121:15063–15070. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b03081CrossRef

Kafizas A et al (2016) Where do photogenerated holes go in anatase: rutile TiO₂? A transient absorption spectroscopy study of charge transfer and lifetime. Chem A Eur J 120:715–723. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.5b11567CrossRef

Kalanur SS, Hwang YJ, Joo O-S (2013) Construction of efficient CdS–TiO₂ heterojunction for enhanced photocurrent, photostability, and photoelectron lifetimes. J Colloid Interface Sci 402:94–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2013.03.049CrossRef

Kang J, Wu F, Li S-S, Xia J-B, Li J (2012) Calculating band alignment between materials with different structures: the case of anatase and rutile titanium dioxide. J Phys Chem C 116:20765–20768. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp3067525CrossRef

Kim G-H et al (2015) High-efficiency colloidal quantum dot photovoltaics via robust self-assembled monolayers. Nano Lett 15:7691–7696. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03677CrossRef

Kumar A, Shalini SG et al (2017) Facile hetero-assembly of superparamagnetic Fe3O4/BiVO4 stacked on biochar for solar photo-degradation of methyl paraben and pesticide removal from soil. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 337:118–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2017.01.010CrossRef

Li G et al (2015) Ionothermal synthesis of black Ti³⁺-doped single-crystal TiO₂ as an active photocatalyst for pollutant degradation and H₂ generation. J Mater Chem A 3:3748–3756. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4TA02873BCrossRef

Lian Z, Wang W, Li G, Tian F, Schanze KS, Li H (2017) Pt-enhanced mesoporous Ti³⁺/TiO₂ with rapid bulk to surface Electron transfer for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9:16959–16966. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b11494CrossRef

Liao C-H, Huang C-W, Wu JCS (2012) Hydrogen production from semiconductor-based Photocatalysis via water splitting. Catalysts 2:490CrossRef

Licht S (2001) Multiple band gap semiconductor/electrolyte solar energy conversion. J Phys Chem B 105:6281–6294. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp010552jCrossRef

Liu L, Liu Z, Liu A, Gu X, Ge C, Gao F, Dong L (2014) Engineering the TiO₂–graphene Interface to enhance photocatalytic H₂ production. ChemSusChem 7:618–626. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201300941CrossRef

Low J, Jiang C, Cheng B, Wageh S, Al-Ghamdi AA, Yu J (2017) A review of direct Z-scheme Photocatalysts. Small Methods 1:1700080. https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.201700080CrossRef

Melvin AA, Illath K, Das T, Raja T, Bhattacharyya S, Gopinath CS (2015) M-Au/TiO₂ (M = Ag, Pd, and Pt) nanophotocatalyst for overall solar water splitting: role of interfaces. Nanoscale 7:13477–13488. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5nr03735bCrossRef

Mills A, Davies RH, Worsley D (1993) Water purification by semiconductor photocatalysis. Chem Soc Rev 22:417–425. https://doi.org/10.1039/cs9932200417CrossRef

Montoya AT, Gillan EG (2018) Enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from transition-metal surface-modified TiO₂. ACS Omega 3:2947–2955. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.7b02021CrossRef

Navarro Yerga RM, Álvarez Galván MC, del Valle F, Villoria de la Mano JA, Fierro JLG (2009) Water splitting on semiconductor catalysts under visible-light irradiation. ChemSusChem 2:471–485. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.200900018CrossRef

Niu M, Cheng D, Cao D (2014) SiH/TiO₂ and GeH/TiO₂ heterojunctions: promising TiO₂-based Photocatalysts under visible light. Sci Rep 4:4810. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep04810CrossRef

Park S, Ruoff RS (2009) Chemical methods for the production of graphenes. Nat Nanotechnol 4:217. https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2009.58CrossRef

Piyush K, Yun Z, Najia M, Ujwal KT, Benjamin DW, Ryan K, Karthik S (2018) Heterojunctions of mixed phase TiO₂ nanotubes with Cu, CuPt, and Pt nanoparticles: interfacial band alignment and visible light photoelectrochemical activity. Nanotechnology 29:014002CrossRef

Preethi LK, Antony RP, Mathews T, Loo SCJ, Wong LH, Dash S, Tyagi AK (2016) Nitrogen doped anatase-rutile heterostructured nanotubes for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production: promising structure for sustainable fuel production. Int J Hydrog Energy 41:5865–5877. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.02.125CrossRef

Preethi LK, Antony RP, Mathews T, Walczak L, Gopinath CS (2017a) A study on doped heterojunctions in TiO₂ nanotubes: an efficient Photocatalyst for solar water splitting. Sci Rep 7:14314. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-14463-0CrossRef

Preethi LK, Mathews T, Nand M, Jha SN, Gopinath CS, Dash S (2017b) Band alignment and charge transfer pathway in three phase anatase-rutile-brookite TiO₂ nanotubes: an efficient photocatalyst for water splitting. Appl Catal B Environ 218:9–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.06.033CrossRef

Ren X et al (2018) NiO/Ni/TiO₂ nanocables with Schottky/p-n heterojunctions and the improved photocatalytic performance in water splitting under visible light. J Colloid Interface Sci 530:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2018.06.071CrossRef

Saha A, Sinhamahapatra A, Kang T-H, Ghosh SC, Yu J-S, Panda AB (2017) Hydrogenated MoS₂ QD-TiO₂ heterojunction mediated efficient solar hydrogen production. Nanoscale 9:17029–17036. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7NR06526DCrossRef

Saravanan R, Manoj D, Qin J, Naushad M, Gracia F, Lee AF, Khan MM, Gracia-Pinilla MA (2018) Mechanothermal synthesis of Ag/TiO₂ for photocatalytic methyl orange degradation and hydrogen production. Process Saf Environ Prot 120:339–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2018.09.015CrossRef

Scanlon DO et al (2013) Band alignment of rutile and anatase TiO₂. Nat Mater 12:798–801. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3697CrossRef

Shen S, Wang X, Chen T, Feng Z, Li C (2014) Transfer of Photoinduced electrons in anatase–rutile TiO₂ determined by time-resolved mid-infrared spectroscopy. J Phys Chem C 118:12661–12668. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp502912uCrossRef

Siripala W, Ivanovskaya A, Jaramillo TF, Baeck S-H, McFarland EW (2003) A Cu₂O/TiO₂ heterojunction thin film cathode for photoelectrocatalysis. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 77:229–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-0248(02)00343-4CrossRef

Sun S (2015) Recent advances in hybrid Cu₂O-based heterogeneous nanostructures. Nanoscale 7:10850–10882. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5NR02178BCrossRef

Tan Y, Shu Z, Zhou J, Li T, Wang W, Zhao Z (2018) One-step synthesis of nanostructured g-C₃N₄/TiO₂ composite for highly enhanced visible-light photocatalytic H₂ evolution. Appl Catal B Environ 230:260–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.02.056CrossRef

Uddin MT, Nicolas Y, Olivier C, Jaegermann W, Rockstroh N, Junge H, Toupance T (2017) Band alignment investigations of heterostructure NiO/TiO₂ nanomaterials used as efficient heterojunction earth-abundant metal oxide photocatalysts for hydrogen production. Phys Chem Chem Phys 19:19279–19288. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7CP01300KCrossRef

Wang X et al (2015) Transient absorption spectroscopy of Anatase and rutile: the impact of morphology and phase on photocatalytic activity. J Phys Chem C 119:10439–10447. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b01858CrossRef

Wang X, Shen S, Feng Z, Li C (2016) Time-resolved photoluminescence of anatase/rutile TiO₂ phase junction revealing charge separation dynamics. Chin J Catal 37:2059–2068. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(16)62574-3CrossRef

Xiao J, Xie Y, Cao H (2015) Organic pollutants removal in wastewater by heterogeneous photocatalytic ozonation. Chemosphere 121:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.10.072CrossRef

Xie M, Fu X, Jing L, Luan P, Feng Y, Fu H (2014) Long-lived, visible-light-excited charge carriers of TiO₂/BiVO₄ nanocomposites and their unexpected photoactivity for water splitting. Adv Energy Mater 4:1300995. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201300995CrossRef

Xu QC, Wellia DV, Ng YH, Amal R, Tan TTY (2011) Synthesis of porous and visible-light absorbing Bi₂WO₆/TiO₂ heterojunction films with improved photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic performances. J Phys Chem C 115:7419–7428. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp1090137CrossRef

Xu F, Zhang L, Cheng B, Yu J (2018) Direct Z-scheme TiO₂/NiS Core–Shell hybrid nanofibers with enhanced photocatalytic H₂-production activity. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 6:12291–12298. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b02710CrossRef

Yan J, Wu H, Chen H, Zhang Y, Zhang F, Liu SF (2016) Fabrication of TiO₂/C₃N₄ heterostructure for enhanced photocatalytic Z-scheme overall water splitting. Appl Catal B Environ 191:130–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.03.026CrossRef

Yang J-S, Lin W-H, Lin C-Y, Wang B-S, Wu J-J (2015) n-Fe₂O₃ to N⁺-TiO₂ heterojunction Photoanode for photoelectrochemical water oxidation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7:13314–13321. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b01489CrossRef

Yubin C, Chi-Hung C, Zhixiao Q, Shaohua S, Tennyson D, Clemens B (2017) Electron-transfer dependent photocatalytic hydrogen generation over cross-linked CdSe/TiO₂ type-II heterostructure. Nanotechnology 28:084002CrossRef

Yue X, Yi S, Wang R, Zhang Z, Qiu S (2017) A novel architecture of dandelion-like Mo₂C/TiO₂ heterojunction photocatalysts towards high-performance photocatalytic hydrogen production from water splitting. J Mater Chem A 5:10591–10598. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TA02655BCrossRef

Zhang P, Tachikawa T, Fujitsuka M, Majima T (2015) Efficient charge separation on 3D architectures of TiO₂ mesocrystals packed with a chemically exfoliated MoS₂ shell in synergetic hydrogen evolution. Chem Commun 51:7187–7190. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CC01753JCrossRef

Zhang H, Liu F, Wu H, Cao X, Sun J, Lei W (2017) In situ synthesis of g-C₃N₄/TiO₂ heterostructures with enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution under visible light. RSC Adv 7:40327–40333. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA06786KCrossRef

Zhao Z-J et al (2017) Three-dimensional plasmonic Ag/TiO₂ nanocomposite architectures on flexible substrates for visible-light photocatalytic activity. Sci Rep 7:8915. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-09401-zCrossRef

Zhong R, Zhang Z, Yi H, Zeng L, Tang C, Huang L, Gu M (2018) Covalently bonded 2D/2D O-g-C₃N₄/TiO₂ heterojunction for enhanced visible-light photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Appl Catal B Environ 237:1130–1138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.12.066CrossRef

Titel: Titania-Based Heterojunctions for Hydrogen Generation by Water Photolysis
verfasst von: L. K. Preethi
Rajini P. Antony
Tom Mathews
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Green Photocatalysts for Energy and Environmental Process
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-17637-2

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-17638-9

Copyright-Jahr: 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17638-9_3