Introduction
Materials and methods
Materials
Preparation of catalysts
BaTiO3 and sodium doped BaTiO3 (Na-BaTiO3)
Ba2NiTi5O13 and sodium doped Ba2NiTi5O13 (Na-Ba2NiTi5O13)
Characterizations
Transesterification reaction
Results and discussions
Surface characterizations
Catalyst | Surface area (m2 g−1) | Pore size (nm) | Particle size (nm) |
---|---|---|---|
BaTiO3
| 3.0 | 30.5 | 140.0 ± 31.0 |
Na-BaTiO3
| 2.6 | 21.7 | 240.0 ± 68.0 |
Ba2NiTi5O13
| 3.8 | 39.5 | 89.4 ± 32.2 |
Na-Ba2NiTi5O13
| 2.8 | 30.8 | 125.1 ± 30.5 |
Catalyst | Basicity (mmol g−1) | Total basicity (mmol g−1) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
H− = 7.2 | H− = 8.2–9.8 | H− = 15.0 | H− = 18.4 | ||
BaTiO3
| 0.29 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0 | 0.540 |
Na-BaTiO3
| 0.74 | 0.19 | 0.14 | 0 | 1.062 |
Ba2NiTi5O13
| 0.33 | 0.17 | 0.12 | 0 | 0.618 |
Na-Ba2NiTi5O13
| 0.90 | 0.16 | 0.27 | 0 | 1.336 |
Optimization of transesterification
Parameters | % ME yield | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Ratio of oil:CH3OH (v/v) | Temperature (°C) | Duration (h) | Catalyst loading (wt/v%) | |
1:3 | 150 | 2.0 | 5.0 | 82.3 |
1:6 | 150 | 2.0 | 5.0 | 86.4 |
1:9 | 150 | 2.0 | 5.0 | 86.5 |
1:12 | 150 | 2.0 | 5.0 | 88.1 |
1:15 | 150 | 2.0 | 5.0 | 78.8 |
1:12 | 150 | 2.0 | 0.5 | 78.2 |
1:12 | 150 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 84.4 |
1:12 | 150 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 84.5 |
1:12 | 150 | 2.0 | 10.0 | 88.8 |
1:12 | 150 | 0.5 | 5.0 | 74.8 |
1:12 | 150 | 1.0 | 5.0 | 79.5 |
1:12 | 150 | 3.0 | 5.0 | 90.8 |
1:12 | 150 | 4.0 | 5.0 | 91.3 |
1:12 | 150 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 92.0 |
1:12 | 150 | 6.0 | 5.0 | 92.1 |
1:12 | 80 | 2.0 | 5.0 | 76.0 |
1:12 | 100 | 2.0 | 5.0 | 80.8 |
1:12 | 120 | 2.0 | 5.0 | 82.3 |
1:12 | 180 | 2.0 | 5.0 | 88.2 |
Transesterification of palm cooking oil
Catalyst | Type of oil | Reaction condition | ME (%) | Ref. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Loading (wt%) | Methanol:oil ratio(v/v) | Temperature (°C) | Duration (min) | ||||
BaZrO3
| Keranja | 1 | 27:1 | 65 | 180 | 99 | [34] |
Ba-MMT | Waste cooking | 3.5 | 12:1 | 150 | 300 | 83 | [7] |
Ba(OH)2
| Corn | 3.6 | 11.32:1 | 33 | 118 | 99 | [35] |
Ba-Sr/ZSM-5 | Sunflower | 3 | 9:1 | 60 | 180 | 88 | [36] |
Ba0.04La1.96O3
| Rapeseed | 6 | 9:1 | 200 | 540 | 100 | [20] |
BaAl12O19
| Rapeseed | 2 | 9:1 | 200 | 540 | 60 | [20] |
Na-Ba2NiTi5O13
| Palm | 5 | 15:1 | 150 | 120 | 95 | This study |
Ba2NiTi5O13
| Palm | 5 | 15:1 | 150 | 120 | 91 | This study |
Na-BaTiO3
| Palm | 5 | 15:1 | 150 | 120 | 90 | This study |
BaTiO3
| Palm | 5 | 15:1 | 150 | 120 | 88 | This study |