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2020 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Trustworthy AI as a Future Driver for Competitiveness and Social Change in the EU

verfasst von : Alexander Antonov, Tanel Kerikmäe

Erschienen in: The EU in the 21st Century

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Artificial intelligence has become a frequent subject of discussion at different international forums in recent years. Classified by the European Union as one of the “most strategic technologies in the 21st century”, in 2018 the EU Commission mandated a 52-member strong High-Level Expert Group on AI to discuss the ethical, legal, economic and social impact of this promising technology. Providing a holistic view on the main ethical and legal questions surrounding AI-powered systems, this chapter intends to explore the latest EU initiatives on AI governance with a view to identifying the main challenges ahead for the EU to become a “leader in cutting-edge AI that can be trusted throughout the world”.

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Vorheriges Kapitel The Post-crisis European Union Before the Political Union: Coordinates and Keys of the Future Institutional Architecture

Nächstes Kapitel Challenges and Possibilities of Enforcing the Rule of Law within the EU Constitutional Edifice—The Need for Increased Role of Court of Justice, EU Charter and Diagonality in Perception

COM (2018a) 237 final.

Castro et al. (2019); for a critical account on the (term) “AI race”, see: Dignum (2019).

The term “AI players” includes research centres, academic institutions and businesses which have taken part in at least one project related to AI (such as R&D processes, industrial production and marketing, specific AI-related services). According to the EU Commission, “the EU is among the geographical zones with the highest number of players active in AI (25%), just behind the United States (26%), and just ahead of China (24%)” European Commission (2019b).

For estimates for the year 2017, consider study by: Castro et al. (2019), p. 5.

This number may be overestimated, as during the current hyperbole around AI, some tech businesses want to be identified as an AI company for economic reasons, see: Castro et al. (2019), pp. 27, 84.

European Commission (2019a) and Craglia (2018), pp. 12–13.

COM (2018a) 237 final, p. 2.

OECD (2019), pp. 40–41.

McKinsey Global Institute (2018), p. 3.

See OECD principles on AI:

“1. AI should benefit people and the planet by driving inclusive growth, sustainable development and well-being.

2. AI systems should be designed in a way that respects the rule of law, human rights, democratic values and diversity, and they should include appropriate safeguards—for example, enabling human intervention where necessary—to ensure a fair and just society.

3. There should be transparency and responsible disclosure around AI systems to ensure that people understand AI-based outcomes and can challenge them.

4. AI systems must function in a robust, secure and safe way throughout their life cycles and potential risks should be continually assessed and managed.

5. Organisations and individuals developing, deploying or operating AI systems should be held accountable for their proper functioning in line with the above principles” OECD (2019).

OECD (2019), p. 3.

Craglia (2018), p. 10.

High-Level Expert Group on AI (2019a), p. 12.

Craglia (2018), pp. 8, 63.

COM (2018a) 237 final, p. 1.

European Commission (2019a): “AI is rapidly applying to almost all economic sectors. However, {…} no official statistics are available yet, so AI is escaping traditional industrial and product classifications”. the OECD’s estimates on global private equity investment into AI remain one of the few official statistics on one specific aspect of AI, even though they are also based on figures by Crunchbase (July 2018).

For a detailed account on the methodology of the study, see: Castro et al. (2019), pp. 13–15.

Tegmark (2017), p. 49.

See, e.g., Tegmark (2016); for a lucid overview of the different views on AGI among acclaimed AI researchers, see: Vincent (2018).

Craglia (2018), p. 16.

Russell and Norvig (2016), pp. 4–8.

OECD (2019), p. 47.

Ibid.

Solomonoff (1956) and Pearl (2017).

McCarthy et al. (1955).

Russell and Norvig (2016), pp. 3, 17.

Russell and Norvig (2016) pp. 16–27 and Boulanin (2019) pp. 14–15.

COM (2018a) 237 final, p. 2 and Boulanin (2019), p. 3.

Färber (2017).

Surden (2014), pp. 87–88.

Craglia (2018), p. 20.

European Commission (2019c), p. 4.

Goodfellow et al. (2016), pp. 1, 5, 8 and Boulanin (2019), p. 16.

Wirtz et al. (2018), p. 9.

Ramiro Troitino and Pando Ballesteros (2017).

European Commission (2019c), p. 5, see also: Kerikmäe and Särav (2017), p. 219.

Ibid.

As also discussed in the context of AI applications in the field of Legal Tech: Kerikmäe et al. (2018), p. 92.

Buchanan and Miller (2017), pp. 26, 46 and Coglianese and Lehr (2017), p. 1155.

O’Meara (2019).

US House of Representatives Committee on Science, Space, & Technology (2019).

Scherer (2016) and Thierer et al. (2017), p. 31.

Mittelstadt et al (2016), p. 3 and Buiten (2018), p. 56.

For a lucid overview, consider: Press (2019).

Buchanan and Miller (2017), pp. 32–36.

Mittelstadt et al (2016), p. 9.

Craglia (2018), pp. 89–90 and Buchanan and Miller (2017), pp. 39–40.

Knight (2019).

Outeda (2001).

Mozur (2019).

For cases of automated decision making in the European Union, see report by AlgorithmWatch: Spielkamp (2019), p. 35 ff.

Kerikmäe et al. (2019), p. 1 and Kratid (2019).

Kerikmäe (2019) and e-Estonia (2019).

Troitiño (2017).

Easterbrook (1996), p. 207: “{T}he best way to learn the law applicable to specialized endeavors is to study general rules. Lots of cases deal with sales of horses; others deal with people kicked by horses; still more deal with the licensing and racing of horses, or with the care veterinarians give to horses, or with prizes at horse shows. Any effort to collect these strands into a course on “The Law of the Horse“ is doomed to be shallow and to miss unifying principles”.

Ibid.

Lessig (1999), p. 502.

Lessig (1999), p. 506.

Ibid.

Lessig (1999), p. 507.

Lessig (1999), p. 546.

Van den Hoven (2017), p. 70.

Lessig (2006), p. 5.

Buiten (2018), p. 49.

Ibid.

Pawlas, (2015).

Kerikmäe et al. (2019), p. 10.

COM (2018b) 795 final, p. 9.

Reinsel et al. (2018).

Castro et al. (2019), p. 42.

Hamulák (2018).

Ibid; Franke (2019), pp. 3–5; for a study on the negative effects of the GDPR on investments in European technology companies, see: Jia, Zhe Jin and Wagman (2018); for Art. 5(1)(c) of the GDPR (Principles relating to processing of personal data), see: Regulation (EU) 2016/679: “Personal data shall be adequate, relevant and limited to what is necessary in relation to the purposes for which they are processed (‘data minimisation’)”.

Future of Life Institute (2019) and Mozur (2017).

The White House (2019).

Martín de la Guardia and Pérez Sánchez (2001).

Kayali (2019).

COM (2018a) 237 final, p. 4.

Kratsios (2019).

Castro et al. (2019), pp. 2–3, 10, 18, 25.

McKinsey Global Institute (2018) (as cited in COM (2018a) 237 final, p. 5).

Castro et al. (2019), p. 5.

According to the “2018 Silicon Valley Index” by Joint Venture Silicon Valley, only in Silicon Valley around 240,000 Europeans worked for tech businesses in 2018 (as cited in COM (2018b) 795 final, p. 5).

COM (2018b) 795 final, pp. 5–6 and COM (2018a) 237 final, p. 10.

COM (2019) 168, p. 1.

Ibid.

COM (2018a) 237 final, p. 3.

Lee (2018).

The Economist (2018).

Ibid.

Northstar (2017), p. 12.

Franke (2019), p. 5.

Satariano (2019).

Castro and Lago (2018).

High-Level Expert Group on (2019a) and High-Level Expert Group on AI (2019b).

High-Level Expert Group on AI (2019a), p. 49.

High-Level Expert Group on AI (2019a), p. 12.

COM (2019) 168, pp. 9–10.

Ibid.

100

European Commission (2019e).

101

Ibid.

102

High-Level Expert Group on AI (2019b), p. 49 and Floridi (2019), p. 13.

103

Troitiño et al. (2018).

104

Regulation (EU) 2018/1807.

105

Vice-President for the Digital Single Market Andrus Ansip quoted in: European Commission (2019d).

Ibid.

Ibid.

Khan (2019).

Ibid.

von der Leyen (2019).

111

Franke (2019), p. 6 and Kayali (2019).

112

COM (2019) 168, p. 9.

113

High-Level Expert Group on AI (2019b), p. 49.

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Titel: Trustworthy AI as a Future Driver for Competitiveness and Social Change in the EU
verfasst von: Alexander Antonov
Tanel Kerikmäe
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: The EU in the 21st Century
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-38398-5

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-38399-2

Copyright-Jahr: 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38399-2_9

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