1 Introduction
2 Related Works
2.1 Digital Competence of Teachers
2.2 Family Digital Competence
2.3 The Digital Competence of Students
2.4 Factors Affecting Digital Competence
2.5 Reflection of the State of the Art and Study Contribution
3 Method
3.1 Design and Participants
Sample | Male | Female | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency | Age | Frequency | Age | |
Pre-school | ||||
Teachers | 33.8% (n = 26) | 34.92 ± 5.02 | 66.2% (n = 51) | 33.35 ± 5.55 |
Families | 39.7% (n = 25) | 32.04 ± 5.65 | 60.3% (n = 38) | 29.94 ± 7.34 |
Primary | ||||
Students | 38.3% (n = 54) | 11.43 ± 0.24 | 61.7% (n = 87) | 10.72 ± 0.91 |
Teachers | 37.8% (n = 28) | 50.48 ± 29.71 | 62.2% (n = 46) | 44.87 ± 23.71 |
Families | 41.6% (n = 52) | 38.62 ± 5.77 | 58.4% (n = 73) | 34.14 ± 13.21 |
Secondary | ||||
Students | 49.6% (n = 57) | 13.02 ± 0.98 | 50.4% (n = 58) | 12.08 ± 1.01 |
Teachers | 53.9% (n = 41) | 46.38 ± 14.82 | 46.1% (n = 35) | 44.31 ± 10.15 |
Families | 37.9% (n = 36) | 38.99 ± 16.65 | 62.1% (n = 59) | 38.31 ± 14.85 |
3.2 Instrument
4 Results
4.1 Descriptive and Comparative Analysis on Digital Competence According to Gender and Educational Stage
Stage | Group | Sex | Score | Levene | t-Student | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
t | Sig | Effect Size d | |||||
Pre-school | |||||||
Teaching staff | Female | 4.31 ± 0.95 | .060 | − 0.651 | 0.517 | – | |
Male | 4.46 ± 0.84 | ||||||
Families | Female | 1.68 ± 1.47 | .011 | − 3.349 | 0.001 | 0.862 | |
Male | 2.08 ± 0.77 | ||||||
Primary | |||||||
Students | Female | 4.18 ± 1.08 | .874 | − 1.135 | 0.058 | – | |
Male | 4.47 ± 1.04 | ||||||
Teaching staff | Female | 4.20 ± 2.07 | .221 | 0.314 | 0.755 | – | |
Male | 5.45 ± 0.47 | ||||||
Families | Female | 3.04 ± 1.27 | 0.001 | − 3.308 | 0.001 | 0.601 | |
Male | 3.63 ± 0.73 | ||||||
Secondary | |||||||
Students | Female | 4.41 ± 1.20 | 0.587 | 0.458 | 0.648 | – | |
Male | 4.31 ± 1.20 | ||||||
Teaching staff | Female | 4.74 ± 1.02 | 0.669 | − 0.266 | 0.791 | – | |
Male | 4.81 ± 1.22 | ||||||
Families | Female | 2.85 ± 1.72 | 0.001 | − 3.862 | 0.001 | 0.817 | |
Male | 4.02 ± 0.99 |
4.2 Predictive Analytics in Digital Competence of Parents
ID | Description |
---|---|
IV 1 | How often do you use educational videogames with your child? |
IV 2 | How often do you use entertainment videogames with your child? |
IV 3 | How often do you use tablets to help your child with homework? |
IV 4 | How often do you use WhatsApp family groups? |
IV 5 | How often do you consult the teacher's blog? |
IV 6 | How often do you use e-Books? |
IV 7 | How often do you use Google digital apps to help with your child's homework? |
IV 8 | What level of education do you have? |
IV 9 | How old are you? |
Female (R2) = 16.80% | Male (R2) = 21.80% | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | t | p | β | t | p | |
Constant | 2.782 | 1.215 | .235 | 6.580 | 5.388 | .001* |
VI 1 | .374 | 1.483 | .150 | .571 | 3.887 | .002 |
VI 2 | − .070 | − .285 | .778 | − .563 | − 3.270 | .006 |
VI 3 | .200 | .633 | .533 | − .493 | − 1.038 | .318 |
VI 4 | − .087 | − .516 | .610 | − .256 | − .981 | .344 |
VI 5 | .009 | .040 | .968 | − .236 | − .843 | .414 |
VI 6 | − .083 | − .402 | .691 | − .286 | − .803 | .436 |
VI 7 | .148 | .443 | .661 | .786 | 1.429 | .176 |
VI 8 | .296 | 1.090 | .286 | .016 | .080 | .938 |
VI 9 | − .253 | − 2.844 | .009* | − .104 | − .835 | .419 |
-
Mothers = 2.782 − 0.253*Age.
-
Fathers = 6.580 + 0.571*Educational −0.563*Entertainment.
Female (R2) = 24.56% | Male (R2) 39.20% | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | t | p | β | t | p | |
Constant | 1.884 | 2.548 | .013 | 3.946 | .529 | .001 |
VI 1 | .207 | 2.171 | .034* | .203 | 2.040 | .048* |
VI 2 | − .193 | − 2.255 | .028* | − .445 | − 4.541 | .001* |
VI 3 | .225 | 3.745 | .001* | .094 | 1.029 | .309 |
VI 4 | .094 | 1.695 | .095 | .026 | .315 | .754 |
VI 5 | .067 | .899 | .372 | .091 | 1.129 | .256 |
VI 6 | − .037 | − .490 | .626 | .081 | 1.027 | .310 |
VI 7 | .192 | 2.452 | .017* | .140 | 1.402 | .168 |
VI 8 | .267 | 3.725 | .000* | .233 | 2.183 | .035* |
VI 9 | − .093 | − 1.867 | .067 | .015 | .181 | .857 |
-
Mother = 1.884 + 0.207*Educational game − 0.193*Entertainment game + 0.225*Tablets + 0.192*Google 0.267*Training.
-
Father = 3.946 + 0.203* Educational game—0.445* Entertainment game + 0.233* Training.
Female (R2) = 24.56% | Male (R2) 39.20% | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | t | p | β | t | p | |
Constant | 2.979 | 3.318 | .002 | 3.831 | 4.726 | .001 |
VI 1 | .402 | 3.598 | .001* | .356 | 2.593 | .015* |
VI 2 | − .277 | − 2.493 | .016* | − .332 | − 2.678 | .012* |
VI 3 | .126 | 1.994 | .042* | − .066 | − .832 | .413 |
VI 4 | − .080 | − 1.631 | .109 | − .090 | − 1.128 | .269 |
VI 5 | .647 | 1.097 | .278 | .046 | − .978 | .089 |
VI 6 | − .606 | − 1.029 | .309 | .083 | 1.113 | .276 |
VI 7 | .286 | 1.840 | .044* | .164 | 1.691 | .039* |
VI 8 | .139 | 2.080 | .043* | .397 | 3.023 | .005* |
VI 9 | − .055 | − 1.140 | .260 | .052 | .587 | .562 |
-
Mother = 2.979 + 0.402* Educational game −0.277* Entertainment game + 0.126Tabletas + 0.286Google + 0.139* Training.
-
Father = 3.831 + 0.356* Educational game −0.332* Entertainment game + 0.164*Google + 0.397* Training.