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Ethics and Information Technology

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01.06.2023 | Original Paper

Why a treaty on autonomous weapons is necessary and feasible

verfasst von: Daan Kayser

Erschienen in: Ethics and Information Technology | Ausgabe 2/2023

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Abstract

Militairy technology is developing at a rapid pace and we are seeing a growing number of weapons with increasing levels of autonomy being developed and deployed. This raises various legal, ethical, and security concerns. The absence of clear international rules setting limits and governing the use of autonomous weapons is extremely concerning. There is an urgent need for the international community to work together towards a treaty not only to safeguard ethical and legal norms, but also for our shared security. This article explains why a treaty on autonomous weapons is needed and achievable. It goes into what a treaty could consist of to establish an international norm and set rules and limits on autonomy in weapon systems.

Vorheriger Artikel (Some) algorithmic bias as institutional bias

Nächster Artikel A systematic review of almost three decades of value sensitive design (VSD): what happened to the technical investigations?

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In the international debate various terms are used to describe the role of the human operator in the deployment of autonomous weapon systems. The general UN working language for this is ‘the human element in the use of lethal force’, which is intentionally broad and vague. Another example of a term that is used is ‘appropriate levels of human judgment’. While human judgement must be retained, the main goal of the human role should be that they can control the effects of an attack on the target and its surroundings. Therefor in this article the term ‘meaningful human control’ is used.

There are also disarmament treaties that do not include a definition, such as CCW Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons (Protocol IV).

In the debate at the UN CCW Group Of Governmental Experts on LAWS this is often referred to as the two-tier approach.

The use of weapons during armed conflict is governed by the IHL rules on the conduct of hostilities, including the rules of distinction, proportionality and precautions in attack.

This section is based on the policy position of the Stop Killer Robots campaign, which PAX co-developed as a member of the Steering Committee

Due to the inherent unpredictability of autonomous weapons one could argue that autonomous weapons should not be used in populated areas

Daniele Amoroso. (2020). ‘Autonomous Weapons Systems and International Law: A Study on Human-Machine Interactions in Ethically and Legally Sensitive Domains’. (Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane 2020). p. 17

BDI. (2019). https://english.bdi.eu/article/news/waiting-is-the-biggest-risk/https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N21/037/72/PDF/N2103772.pdf?OpenElement__;!!NLFGqXoFfo8MMQ!osNWB-NwNHbPEl8wFuxHkFJkF1DWeFtIBuvrYpKYwFKFPLP023BJtVqZgguYezLjpPY1ih0Mzt0feZhLBpgRVI-fwrdT7F80

European Parliament. (2018). resolution www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-8-2018-0341_EN.html; (2021) resolution www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/A-9-2021-0001_EN.pdf

Article 36. (2020). ‘Autonomy in weapons systems—considering approaches to regulation’, https://article36.org/updates/short-approaches-to-regulation/; Stop Killer Robots (2022) ‘Our policy position’, https://www.stopkillerrobots.org/our-policies/

Future of Life. (2016). ‘Autonomous Weapons Open Letter: AI & Robotics Researchers’, https://futureoflife.org/open-letter/open-letter-autonomous-weapons-ai-robotics/

Human Rights Council resolution. (October 2022). ‘Human rights implications of new and emerging technologies in the military domain’, https://ecnl.org/sites/default/files/2022-10/Res1.pdf

ICRC. (2016). ‘Views of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) on autonomous weapon systems’ https://www.icrc.org/en/document/views-icrc-autonomous-weapon-system

ICRC. (2021). ‘Autonomous weapons: The ICRC calls on states to take steps towards treaty negotiations’ https://www.icrc.org/en/document/autonomous-weapons-icrc-calls-states-towards-treaty-negotiations

PAX. (2021). ‘Increasing autonomy in weapon systems’, https://paxforpeace.nl/what-we-do/publications/increasing-autonomy-in-weapons-systems

ICRC & SIPRI. (2020). ‘Limits on autonomy in weapon systems’ https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2020/new-sipri-and-icrc-report-identifies-necessary-controls-autonomous-weapons

UN Secretary-General António Guterres. (2019). ‘Autonomous weapons that kill must be banned, insists UN chief’ https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/03/1035381

UN Security Council. (March 2021). ‘Letter dated 8 March 2021 from the Panel of Experts on Libya established pursuant to resolution 1973 (2011) addressed to the President of the Security Council’ https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N21/037/72/PDF/N2103772.pdf?OpenElement

United Nations General Assembly. (21 October 2022). ‘Joint Statement on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems First Committee, 77th United Nations General Assembly Thematic Debate – Conventional Weapons’, https://estatements.unmeetings.org/estatements/11.0010/20221021/A1jJ8bNfWGlL/KLw9WYcSnnAm_en.pdf

UNODA. (2022). ‘CCW GGE LAWS 2022’, https://meetings.unoda.org/ccw/convention-certain-conventional-weapons-group-governmental-experts-2022

Titel: Why a treaty on autonomous weapons is necessary and feasible
verfasst von: Daan Kayser
Publikationsdatum: 01.06.2023
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Erschienen in: Ethics and Information Technology / Ausgabe 2/2023
Print ISSN: 1388-1957
Elektronische ISSN: 1572-8439
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-023-09685-y

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