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Erschienen in:
2019 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel
Wood from Forests: Trees and Production Schemes
verfasst von : Michael Köhl
Erschienen in: Energy from Organic Materials (Biomass)
Verlag: Springer New York
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Excerpt
Canopy cover
The percentage of the ground covered by a vertical projection of the outermost perimeter of the natural spread of the foliage of plants. Same as crown cover.
Forest
Landmass planted with forest plants that covers at least 0.5 ha and has a canopy cover of over 10% with trees higher than 5 m or able to reach this threshold in maturity.
Forest growth
The increase in size (dimension and mass) of an organic system. In forest stands, volume and value growth are the main increment measurements, which, in turn, are determined by the growth of stem diameter, tree height, stem form, and crown area.
Growing stock
Volume over bark of all living trees – generally more than 7 cm in diameter at breast height (or above buttress if these are higher). Includes the stem from ground level or stump height and may also include branches to a fixed minimum diameter.
Industrial roundwood removals
The wood removed (volume of roundwood over bark) for production of goods and services other than energy production (wood fuel).
Production
Forest designated primarily for production of wood, fiber, bioenergy and/or non-wood forest products.
Stand classification
Composition of commercial forest stands according to texture (pure or mixed species stands), structure (horizontal or vertical canopy density), and diversity (species mix, stocking system).
Sustainable forest management
The process of managing forests to achieve one or more clearly specified objectives of management with regard to the production of a continuous flow of desired forest products and services without undue reduction of its inherent values and future productivity and without undue undesirable effects on the physical and social environment.
Silvicultural system
The process of tending, harvesting, and regenerating a forest. Different objectives in forest management are likely to lead to different silvicultural systems (clear-cutting, close-to-nature systems, selection systems, coppice systems, coppice with standards, plantations).
Wood fuel removals
The wood removed for energy production purposes, regardless whether for industrial, commercial, or domestic use.
Woody biomass
The accumulated mass, above and below ground, of the roots, wood, bark, and leaves of living and dead woody shrubs and trees. Woody biomass is produced through the photosynthetic process and primarily comprised of carbohydrates and lignin.