A comprehensive review on the performance of geopolymer concrete subjected to elevated temperature

Although Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete is the most widely used construction material in the world, it is responsible for around 5–7% of the world’s total CO₂ production. Recently, Geopolymer concrete (GPC) has become a popular construction material since it is significantly more environmentally friendly than OPC concrete. Exposure to fire has adverse effects on the properties of concrete. Therefore, the thermal and mechanical properties of GPC at high temperatures have attracted great attention. This review aims to summarize and discuss the reported findings on the effect of fire on the mechanical properties, thermal properties, and microstructure of GPC in order to give a clearer understanding of using of such concrete in the construction field. Effects of factors, such as raw material types, type of alkaline solutions and aggregate size, were discussed. Also, spalling, cracks, color change and heat transfer of GPC were reviewed. Performance of GPC elements subjected to high temperatures were discussed. Generally, GPC showed enhanced fire performance compared to OPC concrete. GPC was found to have good mechanical and thermal properties when exposed to high temperatures. The residual of compressive strength of GPC after exposure to 800 °C was higher than 30% compared to less than 20% for OPC concrete. Less cracking and spalling were found in GPC when compared with OPC concrete. Superior fire endurance of GPC elements than that of OPC concrete elements was observed.