Adsorptive abatement of ciprofloxacin using NiFe₂O₄ nanoparticles incorporated into G. ghatti-cl-P(AAm) nanocomposites hydrogel: isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies

The discharge of contaminated water acquires the high concentration level of antibiotic into water has emerged as serious environmental threat due to their effect on the living organism. The present work involves the formation of G. ghatti-cl-P(AAm) and novel G. ghatti-cl-P(AAm)/NiFe₂O₄ (HGNFNC) bio-nanocomposites. The novel G. ghatti-cl-P(AAm)/NiFe₂O₄ is investigated for the elimination of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride from aqueous environment in batch experiment. The development of system confirmed by FTIR, TGA, SEM, EDS, and XRD techniques. The effect of different parameters like the adsorbent dosage, pH, and temperature on the elimination of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride was evaluated. The removal of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride by HGNFNC is fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model with the 274.84 mg/g of maximum adsorption efficiency. The development of adsorbent at predetermined condition as 0.003 g/mL adsorbent dosage, pH 6, and 298 K temperature displays the good efficiency. The data of thermodynamic parameters exhibit that the adsorption process was exothermic and spontaneous. The G. ghatti-cl-P(AAm)/NiFe₂O₄ has good reuse ability. This study proved that G. ghatti-cl-P(AAm)/NiFe₂O₄ is a promising adsorbent for the abatement of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride.