Aggregation and thermodynamic properties of ionic liquid-type gemini imidazolium surfactants with different spacer length

The aggregation behavior and thermodynamic properties of micellization for the ionic liquid-type gemini imidazolium surfactants with different spacer length ([C₁₂–s–C₁₂im]Br₂, s = 2, 4, 6) have been investigated by means of surface tension, electrical conductivity, dynamic light scattering and fluorescence measurements. The values of cmc, γ _cmc, Γ _max, A _min, π _cmc, pc₂₀ and cmc/pc₂₀ suggest that the shorter the spacer, the higher the surface activity of [C₁₂–s–C₁₂im]Br₂ is. The cmc and γ _cmc values are decreased significantly in the presence of sodium halides, and the values decrease in the order NaCl < NaBr < NaI. The thermodynamic parameters of micellization (\(\Delta G_{\text{m}}^0 \), \(\Delta H_{\text{m}}^0 \), \(\Delta S_{\text{m}}^0 \)) indicate that the micellization of [C₁₂–2–C₁₂im]Br₂ and [C₁₂–4–C₁₂im]Br₂ is entropy-driven, whereas aggregation of [C₁₂–6–C₁₂im]Br₂ is enthalpy-driven at lower temperature but entropy-driven at higher temperature. Finally, the fluorescence measurements show that the micropolarity of micelles increases but the aggregation numbers decrease with increasing the spacer length of [C₁₂–s–C₁₂im]Br₂.