Introduction
Theoretical background
The Covid-19, a push to smart learning
S: Self Directed: It means that the system of education moves towards a system of self-learning more than ever before. The role of students changes from adopters to creators of knowledge.M: Motivated: It refers that education seeks creative problem solving and personalized assessment while being mindful of the experience.A: Adaptability: Adaptability means increasing the flexibility of the system of education and adapting learning to personal preferences for future careers.R: Resource enriched: Resource enriched says that smart-learning uses rich content for both the public and private sectors.T: Technology embedded: Technology embedded means that students can learn anytime and anywhere through advanced technology in the education environment.
Previous work
Proposed model and hypothesis development
Perceived ease of use (PEOU)
H1: PEOU of 5G technology for smart-learning is positively related to the student’s intention (UI).
Perceived usefulness (PU)
H2: PU of 5G technology for Smart-learning is positively related to the student’s intention (UI).
Behavioral intention (BI)
The material access (MAA) factors
H3a: The Material Access (MAA) to 5G technology for smart learning is positively related to Perceived Usefulness (PU).H3b: The Material Access (MAA) to 5G technology for smart learning is positively related to the Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU).
The meaning access (MEA) factors
H4a: The Meaning Access (MEA) to 5G technology for smart learning is positively related to Perceived Usefulness (PU).H4b: The Meaning Access (MEA) to 5G technology for smart learning is positively related to the Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU).
The Competency (COA) Factors
H5a: The Competency Access (COA) to 5G technology for smart learning is positively related to Perceived Usefulness (PU).H5b: Competency Access (COA) to 5G technology smart learning is positively related to the Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU).
Methodology
Development of questionnaire
Sampling
Measure | Categories | Frequency | Percentage % |
---|---|---|---|
Location | Beijing | 243 | 64.8 |
Shenzhen | 3 | 0.80 | |
Shanghai | 8 | 2.13 | |
Other | 121 | 32.2 | |
Gender | Male | 206 | 54.9 |
Female | 169 | 45.06 | |
Age | Below 20 | 66 | 17.6 |
More than 20 | 148 | 39.4 | |
More than 30 | 120 | 32.0 | |
More than 40 | 41 | 10.9 | |
Education | Other | 19 | 5.06 |
Primary level | 11 | 2.93 | |
Bachelor level | 236 | 62.9 | |
Master or above | 109 | 29.06 | |
User | 4G | 212 | 56.5 |
5G | 163 | 43.4 |
Data analysis and results
PLS outer model measurement results
Items | Mean | Standard Deviation | Factor loading values |
---|---|---|---|
MAA1: As far as I know, Smart-learning via 5G can provide text, audio and 3D video content | 0.717 | 0.605 | 0.726 |
MAA2: As far as I know, Smart-learning via 5G can provide enriched updated and animated content | 0.750 | 0.668 | 0.753 |
MAA3: As far as I know, I have the necessary resource required for smart-learning usage | 0.788 | 0.709 | 0.785 |
MAA4: As far as I know, The appropriate ICT infrastructure is available for smart-learning usage | 0.754 | 0.677 | 0.751 |
COA1: If I know about new information technology, I'd like to try it somehow | 0.879 | 0.023 | 0.882 |
COA2: I'd like to be the first to use the services, functions and applications of smart learning devices | 0.843 | 0.025 | 0.846 |
COA3: As far as I know, Smart-learning with 5G will be flexible and can help my major study | 0.755 | 0.057 | 0.759 |
COA4: As far as I know, Using 5G smart-learning devices will be compatible with all aspects of my work | 0.770 | 0.055 | 0.774 |
COA5: As far as I know, 5G devices for smart-learning will be more compatible compared with other devices | 0.824 | 0.037 | 0.831 |
MEA1: As far as I know, I would like to adopt 5G for smart learning if my instructors encourage me to do so | 0.794 | 0.663 | 0.796 |
MEA2: As far as I know, I would like to adopt 5G for smart learning if my family encourages me to do so | 0.857 | 0.786 | 0.862 |
MEA3: As far as I know, I would like to adopt 5G for smart learning if my peer group does | 0.865 | 0.808 | 0.868 |
MEA4: I consider the potential impact of my actions on society and the environment | 0.741 | 0.568 | 0.762 |
MEA5: It is important to me that the products I use do not harm society | 0.788 | 0.653 | 0.804 |
MEA6: I would describe myself as socially responsible | 0.819 | 0.695 | 0.833 |
PU1: As far as I know, Using 5G for smart learning can be useful for my learning | 0.932 | 0.903 | 0.915 |
PU2: As far as I know, Using 5G for smart learning would enable me to accomplish learning tasks more quickly | 0.912 | 0.867 | 0.910 |
PU3: As far as I know, Using 5G for smart learning will connect learners to people, content, and resources | 0.925 | 0.889 | 0.815 |
PEOU1: As far as I know, 5G for smart learning will be easy and can use anywhere | 0.913 | 0.883 | 0.934 |
PEOU2: As far as I know, Interact with 5G for smart-learning will be clear and understandable for me | 0.909 | 0.879 | 0.914 |
PEOU3: As far as I know, Using 5G for smart learning may not require much effort for me | 0.809 | 0.703 | 0.927 |
UI1: As far as I know, I intend to use 5G for smart learning | 0.926 | 0.895 | 0.928 |
UI2: As far as I know, I'll use 5G for smart learning in the future | 0.930 | 0.900 | 0.933 |
UI3: As far as I know, Using 5G for smart learning will motivate other learners | 0.923 | 0.888 | 0.925 |
Cronbach’s Alpha | rho_A | Composite reliability | Average variance extracted (AVE) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Competency Access (COA) Factor | 0.878 | 0.892 | 0.911 | 0.672 |
Material Access (MAA) Factor | 0.756 | 0.772 | 0.840 | 0.568 |
Meaning Access (MEA) Factor | 0.904 | 0.910 | 0.926 | 0.675 |
Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU) | 0.915 | 0.916 | 0.947 | 0.855 |
Perceived Usefulness (PU) | 0.856 | 0.878 | 0.912 | 0.776 |
Usage Intentions (UI) | 0.920 | 0.921 | 0.949 | 0.862 |
Competences access | Material access | Meaning access | Perceived ease of use (PEOU) | Perceived usefulness (PU) | Usage intentions (UI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Competences access | 0.820 | |||||
Material access | 0.735 | 0.754 | ||||
Meaning access | 0.747 | 0.640 | 0.822 | |||
Perceived ease of use (PEOU) | 0.783 | 0.728 | 0.762 | 0.925 | ||
Perceived usefulness (PU) | 0.727 | 0.627 | 0.669 | 0.820 | 0.881 | |
Usage intentions (UI) | 0.771 | 0.658 | 0.757 | 0.836 | 0.751 | 0.928 |
PLS inner model measurement results
Original sample | Sample mean | Standard deviation | T statistics | P values | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Competences Access → Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU) | 0.330 | 0.324 | 0.062 | 5.329 | 0.000 | Supported |
Competences Access → Perceived Usefulness (PU) | 0.428 | 0.421 | 0.069 | 6.239 | 0.000 | Supported |
Material Access → Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU) | 0.262 | 0.274 | 0.061 | 4.290 | 0.000 | Supported |
Material Access → Perceived Usefulness (PU) | 0.150 | 0.162 | 0.060 | 2.490 | 0.013 | Supported |
Meaning Access → Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU) | 0.348 | 0.338 | 0.070 | 5.002 | 0.000 | Supported |
Meaning Access → Perceived Usefulness (PU) | 0.253 | 0.244 | 0.075 | 3.398 | 0.001 | Supported |
Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU) → Usage Intentions (UI) | 0.671 | 0.663 | 0.051 | 13.217 | 0.000 | Supported |
Perceived Usefulness (PU) → Usage Intentions (UI) | 0.201 | 0.204 | 0.051 | 3.924 | 0.000 | Supported |