nach oben

Erschienen in:

2016 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

3. Besonderheiten der bodennahen Turbulenz

verfasst von : Thomas Foken

Erschienen in: Angewandte Meteorologie

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Zusammenfassung

Die im Abschn. 2 behandelten Gleichungen beschreiben die atmosphärische Turbulenz unter idealen Bedingungen, d. h. für horizontal homogene Unterlage, Hindernisfreiheit, stationäre Bedingungen u. a. Derartige Bedingungen sind in der Natur aber meist nicht gegeben, da die Unterlage nicht völlig eben ist und keine einheitlichen Oberflächeneigenschaften hat. Weiterhin sind Prozesse durch wechselnde Bewölkung und den Tagesgang der Strahlung nicht mehr stationär. In diesem Abschnitt sollen daher die Eigenschaften einer pflanzenbedeckten und heterogenen Oberfläche und ihre Auswirkungen auf den turbulenten Austauschprozess dargestellt werden. Da die Auswirkungen teilweise erheblich sind, müssen diese Besonderheiten in der Ausbildung der atmosphärischen Turbulenz bei allen Messungen und Modellierungen berücksichtigt werden.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel Grundgleichungen der atmosphärischen Turbulenz

Nächstes Kapitel Experimentelle Bestimmung des Energie- und Stoffaustausches

Amiro BD (1990) Comparison of turbulence statistics within three boreal forest canopies. Bound-Lay Meteorol 51:99–121CrossRef

Amiro BD (1998) Footprint climatologies for evapotranspiration in a boreal catchment. Agric Forest Meteorol 90:195–201CrossRef

Amiro BD, Johnson FL (1991) Some turbulence features within a boreal forest canopy during winter. In: 20th conference on agricultural and forest meteorology, Salt Lake City, 10–13 Sept 1991 , American meteorological society, S 135–138

Andreas EL, Cash BA (1999) Convective heat transfer over wintertime leads and polynyas. J Geophys Res 104:15.721–725.734CrossRef

Andreev EG, Lavorko VS, Pivovarov AA, Chundshua GG (1969) O vertikalnom profile temperatury vblizi granicy rasdela more – atmosphera (About the vertical temperature profile close to to ocean – atmosphere interface). Okeanalogija 9:348–352

Antonia RA, Luxton RE (1971) The response of turbulent boundary layer to a step change in surface roughness, part 1. J Fluid Mech 48:721–761CrossRef

Antonia RA, Luxton RE (1972) The response of turbulent boundary layer to a step change in surface roughness, part 2. J Fluid Mech 53:737–757CrossRef

Arya SP (2001) Introduction to micrometeorology. Academic, San Diego

Aubinet M (2008) Eddy covariance CO₂ flux measurements in nocturnal conditions: An analysis of the problem. Ecol Appl 18:1368–1378CrossRef

Aubinet M et al (2000) Estimates of the annual net carbon and water exchange of forests: The EUROFLUX methodology. Adv Ecol Res 30:113–175CrossRef

Aubinet M, Clement R, Elbers J, Foken T, Grelle A, Ibrom A, Moncrieff H, Pilegaard K, Rannik U, Rebmann C (2003a) Methodology for data acquisition, storage and treatment. In: Valentini R (Hrsg) Fluxes of carbon, water and energy of European forests, Bd 163, Ecological studies. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, S 9–35CrossRef

Aubinet M, Heinesch B, Yernaux M (2003b) Horizontal and vertical CO₂ advection in a sloping forest. Bound-Lay Meteorol 108:397–417CrossRef

Babel W et al (2014) Pasture degradation modifies the water and carbon cycles of the Tibetan highlands. Biogeosciences 11:6633–6656CrossRef

Bailey WG, Oke TR, Rouse WR (Hrsg) (1997) The surface climate of Canada. Mc Gill-Queen’s University Press, Montreal/Kingston

Baldocchi D (1997) Flux footprints within and over forest canopies. Bound-Lay Meteorol 85:273–292CrossRef

Baldocchi DD, Finnigan J, Wilson K, Paw U KT, Falge E (2000) On measuring net ecosystem carbon exchange over tall vegetation on complex terrain. Bound-Lay Meteorol 96:257–291CrossRef

Baumgartner A (1956) Untersuchungen über den Wärme- und Wasserhaushalt eines jungen Waldes. Ber Dt Wetterdienstes 28:53

Bergström H, Högström U (1989) Turbulent exchange above a pine forest. II Organized structures. Bound-Lay Meteorol 49:231–263CrossRef

Beyrich F, Mengelkamp H-T (2006) Evaporation over a heterogeneous land surface: EVA_GRIPS and the LITFASS-2003 experiment – an overview. Bound-Lay Meteorol 121:5–32CrossRef

Biermann T, Babel W, Ma W, Chen X, Thiem E, Ma Y, Foken T (2014) Turbulent flux observations and modelling over a shallow lake and a wet grassland in the Nam Co basin, Tibetan Plateau. Theor Appl Climatol 116:301–316CrossRef

Bradley EF (1968) A micrometeorological study of velocity profiles and surface drag in the region modified by change in surface roughness. Q J Roy Meteorol Soc 94:361–379CrossRef

Brunet Y, Finnigan JJ, Raupach MR (1994) A wind tunnel study of air flow in waving wheat: Single-point velocity statistics. Bound-Lay Meteorol 70:95–132CrossRef

Cai X, Leclerc MY (2007) Forward-in-time and backward-in-time dispersion in the convective boundary layer: The concentration footprint. Bound-Lay Meteorol 123:201–218CrossRef

Campbell GS, Norman JM (2013) Introduction to environmental biophysics. Springer, New York

Cellier P, Brunet Y (1992) Flux-gradient relationships above tall plant canopies. Agric Forest Meteorol 58:93–117CrossRef

Charuchittipan D, Babel W, Mauder M, Leps J-P, Foken T (2014) Extension of the averaging time of the eddy-covariance measurement and its effect on the energy balance closure. Bound-Lay Meteorol 152:303–327CrossRef

Chundshua GG, Andreev EG (1980) O mechanizme formirovanija inversii temperatury v privodnoim sloe atmosfery nad morem (About a mechanism of the developement of a temperature inversion in the near surface layer above the ocean). Dokl AN SSSR 255:829–832

Cionco RM (1978) Analysis of canopy index values for various canopy densities. Bound-Lay Meteorol 15:81–93CrossRef

Claussen M (1991) Estimation of areally-averaged surface fluxes. Bound-Lay Meteorol 54:387–410CrossRef

Claussen M (1995) Flux aggregation at large scales: On the limits of validity of the concept of blending height. J Hydrol 166:371–382CrossRef

Claussen M, Walmsley JL (1994) Modification of blending procedure in a proposed new PBL resistance law. Bound-Lay Meteorol 68:201–205CrossRef

Collineau S, Brunet Y (1993a) Detection of turbulent coherent motions in a forest canopy. Part I: Wavelet analysis. Bound-Lay Meteorol 65:357–379

Collineau S, Brunet Y (1993b) Detection of turbulent coherent motions in a forest canopy. Part II: time-scales and conditional averages. Bound-Lay Meteorol 66:49–73CrossRef

Culf AD, Foken T, Gash JHC (2004) The energy balance closure problem. In: Kabat P et al (Hrsg) Vegetation, water, humans and the climate. A new perspective on an interactive system. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, S 159–166CrossRef

Deardorff JW (1966) The counter-gradient heat flux in the lower atmosphere and in the laboratory. J Atmos Sci 23:503–506CrossRef

DeBruin HAR, Moore JC (1985) Zero-plane displacement and roughness length for tall vegetation, derived from a simple mass conservation hypothesis. Bound-Lay Meteorol 38:39–49CrossRef

DeBruin HAR, Bink NJ, Kroon LJ (1991) Fluxes in the surface layer under advective conditions. In: Schmugge TJ, André JC (Hrsg) Workshop on land surface evaporation, measurement and parametrization. Springer, New York, S 157–169CrossRef

Denmead DT, Bradley EF (1985) Flux-gradient relationships in a forest canopy. In: Hutchison BA, Hicks BB (Hrsg) The forest-atmosphere interaction. D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht/Boston/London, S 421–442CrossRef

Denmead DT, Bradley EF (1987) On scalar transport in plant canopies. Irrig Sci 8:131–149CrossRef

Duarte H, Leclerc M, Zhang G, Durden D, Kurzeja R, Parker M, Werth D (2015) Impact of nocturnal low-level jets on near-surface turbulence kinetic energy. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 156:349–370

Dupont S, Brunet Y (2009) Coherent structures in canopy edge flow: A large-eddy simulation study. J Fluid Mech 630:93–128CrossRef

Eder F, Serafimovich A, Foken T (2013) Coherent structures at a forest edge: Properties, coupling and impact of secondary circulations. Bound-Lay Meteorol 148:285–308CrossRef

Eigenmann R, Metzger S, Foken T (2009) Generation of free convection due to changes of the local circulation system. Atmos Chem Phys 9:8587–8600CrossRef

Elliott WP (1958) The growth of the atmospheric internal boundary layer. Trans Am Geophys Union 39:1048–1054CrossRef

Farge M (1992) Wavelet transforms and their application to turbulence. Annu Rev Fluid Mech 24:395–347CrossRef

Fiedler F, Panofsky HA (1972) The geostrophic drag coefficient and the ‚effective‘ roughness length. Q J Roy Meteorol Soc 98:213–220

Finn D, Lamb B, Leclerc MY, Horst TW (1996) Experimental evaluation of analytical and Lagrangian surface-layer flux footprint models. Bound-Lay Meteorol 80:283–308

Finn D, Lamb B, Leclerc MY, Lovejoy S, Pecknold S, Schertzer D (2001) Multifractal analysis of line-source plume concentration fluctuations in surface-layer flows. J Appl Meteorol 40:229–245CrossRef

Finnigan J (1999) A comment on the paper by Lee (1998): „on micrometeorological observations of surface-air exchange over tall vegetation“. Agr Forest Meteorol 97:55–64CrossRef

Finnigan J (2000) Turbulence in plant canopies. Annu Rev Fluid Mech 32:519–571CrossRef

Finnigan J (2006) The storage term in eddy flux calculations. Agr Forest Meteorol 136:108–113CrossRef

Finnigan JJ, Clement R, Malhi Y, Leuning R, Cleugh HA (2003) A re-evaluation of long-term flux measurement techniques, Part I: Averaging and coordinate rotation. Bound-Lay Meteorol 107:1–48CrossRef

Finnigan JJ, Shaw RH, Patton EG (2009) Turbulence structure above a vegetation canopy. J Fluid Mech 637:687–424CrossRef

Foken T (1990) Turbulenter Energieaustausch zwischen Atmosphäre und Unterlage – Methoden, meßtechnische Realisierung sowie ihre Grenzen und Anwendungsmöglichkeiten. Ber Dt Wetterdienstes 180:287

Foken T (1998) Die scheinbar ungeschlossene Energiebilanz am Erdboden – eine Herausforderung an die Experimentelle Meteorologie. Sitzungsberichte der Leibniz-Sozietät 24:131–150

Foken T (2008) The energy balance closure problem – an overview. Ecol Appl 18:1351–1367CrossRef

Foken T (2013) Application of footprint models for wind turbine locations. Meteorol Z 22:111–115CrossRef

Foken T, Kuznecov OA (1978) Die wichtigsten Ergebnisse der gemeinsamen Expedition „KASPEX-76“ des Institutes für Ozeanologie Moskau und der Karl-Marx-Universität Leipzig. Beitr Meeresforsch 41:41–47

Foken T, Leclerc MY (2004) Methods and limitations in validation of footprint models. Agr Forest Meteorol 127:223–234CrossRef

Foken T, Oncley SP (1995) Results of the workshop ‚Instrumental and methodical problems of land surface flux measurements‘. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 76:1191–1193

Foken T, Wichura B (1996) Tools for quality assessment of surface-based flux measurements. Agr Forest Meteorol 78:83–105CrossRef

Foken T, Wimmer F, Mauder M, Thomas C, Liebethal C (2006) Some aspects of the energy balance closure problem. Atmos Chem Phys 6:4395–4402CrossRef

Foken T, Mauder M, Liebethal C, Wimmer F, Beyrich F, Leps J-P, Raasch S, DeBruin HAR, Meijninger WML, Bange J (2010) Energy balance closure for the LITFASS-2003 experiment. Theor Appl Climatol 101:149–160CrossRef

Foken T, Aubinet M, Finnigan J, Leclerc MY, Mauder M, Paw U KT (2011) Results of a panel discussion about the energy balance closure correction for trace gases. Bull Amer Meteorol Soc 92:ES13–ES18.

Foken T et al (2012) Coupling processes and exchange of energy and reactive and non-reactive trace gases at a forest site – results of the EGER experiment. Atmos Chem Phys 12:1923–1950CrossRef

Friedrich K, Mölders N, Tetzlaff G (2000) On the influence of surface heterogeneity on the Bowen-ratio: a theoretical case study. Theor Appl Climatol 65:181–196CrossRef

Gamage N, Hagelberg C (1993) Detection and analysis of microfronts and associated coherent events using localized transforms. J Atmos Sci 50:750–756CrossRef

Gao W, Shaw RH, Paw U KT (1989) Observation of organized structure in turbulent flow within and above a forest canopy. Bound-Lay Meteorol 47:349–377CrossRef

Garratt JR (1978) Flux profile relations above tall vegetation. Q J Roy Meteorol Soc 104:199–211CrossRef

Garratt JR (1980) Surface influence upon vertical profiles in the atmospheric near surface layer. Q J Roy Meteorol Soc 106:803–819CrossRef

Garratt JR (1990) The internal boundary layer – a review. Bound-Lay Meteorol 50:171–203CrossRef

Garratt JR (1992) The atmospheric boundary layer. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Gash JHC (1986) A note on estimating the effect of a limited fetch on micrometeorological evaporation measurements. Bound-Lay Meteorol 35:409–414CrossRef

Geiger R (2013) Das Klima der bodennahen Luftschicht. Springer Vieweg, WiesbadenCrossRef

Göckede M, Rebmann C, Foken T (2004) A combination of quality assessment tools for eddy covariance measurements with footprint modelling for the characterisation of complex sites. Agr Forest Meteorol 127:175–188CrossRef

Göckede M, Markkaken T, Mauder M, Arnold K, Leps JP, Foken T (2005) Validation of footprint models using natural tracer measurements from a field experiment. Agr Forest Meteorol 135:314–325CrossRef

Göckede M, Markkanen T, Hasager CB, Foken T (2006) Update of a footprint-based approach for the characterisation of complex measuring sites. Bound-Lay Meteorol 118:635–655CrossRef

Göckede M, Thomas C, Markkanen T, Mauder M, Ruppert J, Foken T (2007) Sensitivity of Lagrangian stochastic footprints to turbulence statistics. Tellus 59B:577–586CrossRef

Göckede M et al (2008) Quality control of CarboEurope flux data – part 1: Coupling footprint analyses with flux data quality assessment to evaluate sites in forest ecosystems. Biogeoscience 5:433–450CrossRef

Goudriaan J (1977) Crop micrometeorology: A simulation study, Center for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation. Wageningen 249

Graefe J (2004) Roughness layer corrections with emphasis on SVAT model applications. Agr Forest Meteorol 124:237–251CrossRef

Grimmond CSB, Oke TR (1999) Aerodynamic properties of urban areas derived from analysis of surface form. J Appl Meteorol 38:1262–1292CrossRef

Grimmond CSB, Oke TR (2000) Corrigendum. J Appl Meteorol 39:2494CrossRef

Gryning S-E, van Ulden AP, Larsen S (1983) Dispersions from a ground level source investigated by a K model. Q J Roy Meteorol Soc 109:355–364CrossRef

Handorf D, Foken T (1997) Analysis of turbulent structure over an Antarctic ice shelf by means of wavelet transformation. In: 12th symosium on boundary layer and turbulence, Vancouver Canada, 28 July – 1 August 1997, American meteorological society, S 245–246

Hari P, Heliövaara K, Kulmala L (Hrsg) (2013) Physical and physiological forest ecology. Springer, Dordrecht/Heidelberg/New York/London

Harman IN, Finnigan JJ (2007) A simple unified theory for flow in the canopy and roughness sublayer. Bound-Lay Meteorol 123:339–363CrossRef

Harman IN, Finnigan JJ (2008) Scalar concentration profiles in the canopy and roughness sublayer. Bound-Lay Meteorol 129:323–351CrossRef

Hasager CB, Jensen NO (1999) Surface-flux aggregation in heterogeneous terrain. Q J Roy Meteorol Soc 125:2075–2102CrossRef

Haverd V, Cuntz M, Leuning R, Keith H (2007) Air and biomass heat storage fluxes in a forest canopy: Calculation within a soil vegetation atmosphere transfer model. Agr Forest Meteorol 147:125–139CrossRef

Herzog H-J, Vogel G, Schubert U (2002) LLM – a nonhydrostatic model applied to high-resolving simulation of turbulent fluxes over heterogeneous terrain. Theor Appl Climatol 73:67–86CrossRef

Heusinkveld BG, Jacobs AFG, Holtslag AAM, Berkowicz SM (2004) Surface energy balance closure in an arid region: role of soil heat flux. Agr Forest Meteorol 122:21–37CrossRef

Holmes P, Lumley JL, Berkooz G (1996) Turbulence, coherent structures, dynamical systems and symmetry. Cambridge University Press, CambridgeCrossRef

Holtslag AAM, Nieuwstadt FTM (1986) Scaling the atmospheric boundary layer. Bound-Lay Meteorol 36:201–209CrossRef

Horst TW (1999) The footprint for estimation of atmosphere-surface exchange fluxes by profile techniques. Bound-Lay Meteorol 90:171–188CrossRef

Horst TW, Weil JC (1992) Footprint estimation for scalar flux measurements in the atmospheric surface layer. Bound-Lay Meteorol 59:279–296CrossRef

Horst TW, Weil JC (1994) How far is far enough?: The fetch requirements for micrometeorological measurement of surface fluxes. J Atmos Oceanic Tech 11:1018–1025CrossRef

Horst TW, Weil JC (1995) Corrigenda: How far is far enough?: The fetch requirements for micrometeorological measurement of surface fluxes. J Atmos Oceanic Tech 12:447CrossRef

Hsieh C-I, Katul G (2009) The Lagrangian stochastic model for estimating footprint and water vapor fluxes over inhomogeneous surfaces. Int J Biometeorol 53:87–100CrossRef

Hsieh C-I, Katul G, Chi T-W (2000) An approximate analytical model for footprint estimation of scalar fluxes in thermally stratified atmospheric flows. Adv Water Resour 23:765–772CrossRef

Hupfer P, Foken T, Bachstein U (1976) Fine structure of the internal boundary layer in the near shore zone of the sea. Bound-Lay Meteorol 10:503–505CrossRef

Hurtalová T, Matejka F, Vidovic J (1983) Untersuchung der Oberflächenrauhigkeit und ihrer Variation auf Grund von Strukturveränderungen des Maisbestandes während der Ontogenese. Z Meteorol 33:368–372

Hurtalova T, Vidovitsch J, Matejka F, Mudry P (1988) Dinamitscheskaja sherochovatost i biometritscheskie charakteristiki kukuruzy v ontogeneze (Dynamical roughness and biometric characteristics of corn during the ontogenesis). Contr Geophys Inst Slovak Akad Sci 8:46–53

Inclán MG, Forkel R, Dlugi R, Stull RB (1996) Application of transilient turbulent theory to study interactions between the atmospheric boundary layer and forest canopies. Bound-Lay Meteorol 79:315–344CrossRef

Ingwersen J, Steffens K, Högy P, Warrach-Sagi K, Zhunusbayeva D, Poltoradnev M, Gäbler R, Wizemann H-D, Fangmeier A, Wulfmeyer V, Streck T (2011) Comparison of Noah simulations with eddy covariance and soil water measurements at a winter wheat stand. Agr Forest Meteorol 151:345–355CrossRef

Jegede OO, Foken T (1999) A study of the internal boundary layer due to a roughness change in neutral conditions observed during the LINEX field campaigns. Theor Appl Climatol 62:31–41CrossRef

Jones HG (2013) Plants and microclimate. Cambridge University Press, CambridgeCrossRef

Kaharabata SK, Schuepp PH, Ogunjemiyo S, Shen S, Leclerc MY, Desjardins RL, MacPherson JI (1997) Footprint considerations in BOREAS. J Geophys Res 102(D24):29113–29124CrossRef

Kaimal JC, Finnigan JJ (1994) Atmospheric boundary layer flows: Their structure and measurement. Oxford University Press, New York

Kanda M, Moriwaki R, Roth M, Oke T (2002) Area-averaged sensible heat flux and a new method to determine zero-plane displacement length over an urban surface using scintillometry. Bound-Lay Meteorol 105:177–193CrossRef

Kanda M, Inagaki A, Letzel MO, Raasch S, Watanabe T (2004) LES study of the energy imbalance problem with eddy covariance fluxes. Bound-Lay Meteorol 110:381–404CrossRef

Karipot A, Leclerc MY, Zhang G, Lewin KF, Nagy J, Hendrey GR, Starr D (2008) Influence of nocturnal low-level jet on turbulence structure and CO₂ flux measurements over a forest canopy. J Geophys Res 113, D10102CrossRef

Kitajgorodskij SA, Volkov JA (1965) O rascete turbulentnych potokov tepla i vlagi v privodnom sloe atmosfery (The calculation of the turbulent fluxes of temperature and humidity in the atmosphere near the water surface) Izv AN SSSR. Fiz Atm Okeana 1:1317–1336

Klaassen W, van Breugel PB, Moors EJ, Nieveen JP (2002) Increased heat fluxes near a forest edge. Theor Appl Climatol 72:231–243CrossRef

Kljun N, Rotach MW, Schmid HP (2002) A three-dimensional backward Lagrangian footprint model for a wide range of boundary layer stratification. Bound-Lay Meteorol 103:205–226CrossRef

Kljun N, Calanca P, Rotach M, Schmid HP (2004) A simple parameterization for flux footprint predictions. Bound-Lay Meteorol 112:503–523CrossRef

Kljun N, Calanca P, Rotach MW, Schmid HP (2015) A simple two-dimensional parameterisation for flux footprint prediction (FFP). Geosci Model Dev 8:3695–3713CrossRef

Koitzsch R, Dzingel M, Foken T, Mücket G (1988) Probleme der experimentellen Erfassung des Energieaustausches über Winterweizen. Meteorol Z 38:150–155

Kormann R, Meixner FX (2001) An analytical footprint model for non-neutral stratification. Bound-Lay Meteorol 99:207–224CrossRef

Kracher D, Mengelkamp H-T, Foken T (2009) The residual of the energy balance closure and its influence on the results of three SVAT models. Meteorol Z 18:647–661CrossRef

Kukharets VP, Nalbandyan HG, Foken T (2000) Thermal interactions between the underlying surface and a nonstationary radiation flux. Izv Atmos Oceanic Phys 36:318–325

Leclerc MY, Foken T (2014) Footprints in micrometeorology and ecology. Springer, Heidelberg/New York/Dordrecht/LondonCrossRef

Leclerc MY, Thurtell GW (1989) Footprint predictions of scalar fluxes and concentration profiles using a Markovian analysis. In: 19th conference of agricultural and forest meteorology, Charleston, March 7–10 1989, American Meteorological Society

Leclerc MY, Thurtell GW (1990) Footprint prediction of scalar fluxes using a Markovian analysis. Bound-Lay Meteorol 52:247–258CrossRef

Leclerc MY, Shen S, Lamb B (1997) Observations and large-eddy simulation modeling of footprints in the lower convective boundary layer. J Geophys Res 102(D8):9323–9334CrossRef

Lee X (1998) On micrometeorological observations of surface-air exchange over tall vegetation. Agr Forest Meteorol 91:39–49CrossRef

Lettau H (1969) Note on aerodynamic roughness-parameter estimation on the basis of roughness-element description. J Appl Meteorol 8:828–832CrossRef

Leuning R, van Gorsel E, Massman WJ, Isaac PR (2012) Reflections on the surface energy imbalance problem. Agr Forest Meteorol 156:65–74CrossRef

Liebethal C (2006) On the determination of the ground heat flux in micrometeorology and its influence on the energy balance closure. Ph.D. thesis, University of Bayreuth

Lindroth A, Mölder M, Lagergren F (2010) Heat storage in forest biomass improves energy balance closure. Biogeoscience 7:301–313CrossRef

Logan E, Fichtl GH (1975) Rough to smooth transition of the equilibrium neutral constant stress layer. Bound-Lay Meteorol 8:525–528CrossRef

Lüers J, Bareiss J (2010) The effect of misleading surface temperature estimations on the sensible heat fluxes at a high Arctic site – the Arctic Turbulence Experiment 2006 on Svalbard (ARCTEX-2006). Atmos Chem Phys 10:157–168CrossRef

MacDonald RW, Griffiths RF, Hall DJ (1998) An improved method for the estimation of surface roughness of obstacle arrays. Atmos Environ 32:1857–1864CrossRef

Mahrt L (1991) Eddy asymmetry in the sheared heated boundary layer. J Atmos Sci 48:472–492CrossRef

Mahrt L (1996) The bulk aerodynamic formulation over heterogeneous surfaces. Bound-Lay Meteorol 78:87–119CrossRef

Mahrt L, Thomas C, Richardson S, Seaman N, Stauffer D, Zeeman M (2013) Non-stationary generation of weak turbulence for very stable and weak-wind conditions. Bound-Lay Meteorol 147:179–199CrossRef

Markkanen T, Steinfeld G, Kljun N, Raasch S, Foken T (2009) Comparison of conventional Lagrangian stochastic footprint models against LES driven footprint estimates. Atmos Chem Phys 9:5575–5586CrossRef

Marunitsch SV (1971) Charakteristiki turbulentnosti v yslovijach lesa po gradientnym i strukturnym nabljudenijam (Turbulence characteristics of gradients in a forest from structure observations). Trudy Gos Gidrometeorol Ins 198:154–165

Mason PJ (1988) The formation of areally-averaged roughness length. Quart J Roy Meteorol Soc 114:399–420CrossRef

Mauder M, Foken T (2006) Impact of post-field data processing on eddy covariance flux estimates and energy balance closure. Meteorol Z 15:597–609CrossRef

Mauder M, Liebethal C, Göckede M, Leps J-P, Beyrich F, Foken T (2006) Processing and quality control of flux data during LITFASS-2003. Bound-Lay Meteorol 121:67–88CrossRef

Mauder M, Jegede OO, Okogbue EC, Wimmer F, Foken T (2007a) Surface energy flux measurements at a tropical site in West-Africa during the transition from dry to wet season. Theor Appl Climatol 89:171–183CrossRef

Mauder M, Oncley SP, Vogt R, Weidinger T, Ribeiro L, Bernhofer C, Foken T, Kohsiek W, DeBruin HAR, Liu H (2007b) The energy balance experiment EBEX-2000. Part II: Intercomparison of eddy covariance sensors and post-field data processing methods. Bound-Lay Meteorol 123:29–54CrossRef

Maurer KD, Bohrer G, Kenny WT, Ivanov VY (2015) Large-eddy simulations of surface roughness parameter sensitivity to canopy-structure characteristics. Biogeoscience 12:2533–2548CrossRef

Meijninger WML, Lüdi A, Beyrich F, Kohsiek W, DeBruin HAR (2006) Scintillometer-based turbulent surface fluxes of sensible and latent heat over heterogeneous a land surface - a contribution to LITFASS-2003. Bound-Lay Meteorol 121:89–110CrossRef

Meyers TP, Paw U KT (1986) Testing a higher-order closure model for modelling airflow within and above plant canopies. Bound-Lay Meteorol 37:297–311CrossRef

Meyers TP, Paw U KT (1987) Modelling the plant canopy microenvironment with higher-order closure principles. Agr Forest Meteorol 41:143–163CrossRef

Mölder M, Grelle A, Lindroth A, Halldin S (1999) Flux-profile relationship over a boreal forest – roughness sublayer correction. Agr Forest Meteorol 98–99:645–648CrossRef

Monson R, Baldocchi D (2014) Terrestrial biosphere-atmosphere fluxes. Cambridge University Press, New YorkCrossRef

Nakai T, van der Molen MK, Gash JHC, Kodama Y (2006) Correction of sonic anemometer angle of attack errors. Agr Forest Meteorol 136:19–30CrossRef

Nakamura R, Mahrt L (2006) Vertically integrated sensible-heat budgets for stable nocturnal boundary layers. Q J Roy Meteorol Soc 132:383–403CrossRef

Nappo CJ (2012) An introduction to atmospheric gravity waves. Academic, San Diego

Nikuradse J (1933) Strömungsgesetze an rauhen Rohren. VDI Forschungshefte: 361

Oncley SP, Foken T, Vogt R, Kohsiek W, DeBruin HAR, Bernhofer C, Christen A, van Gorsel E, Grantz D, Feigenwinter C, Lehner I, Liebethal C, Liu H, Mauder M, Pitacco A, Ribeiro L, Weidinger T (2007) The energy balance experiment EBEX-2000, Part I: overview and energy balance. Bound-Lay Meteorol 123:1–28CrossRef

Panin G, Bernhofer C (2008) Parametrization of turbulent fluxes over inhomogeneous landscapes. Izv Atmos Oceanic Phys 44:701–716CrossRef

Panin GN, Tetzlaff G, Raabe A, Schönfeld H-J, Nasonov AE (1996) Inhomogeneity of the land surface and the parametrization of surface fluxes – a discussion. Wiss Mitt Inst Meteorol Univ Leipzig und Inst Troposphärenforschung Leipzig 4:204–215

Panofsky HA (1984) Vertical variation of roughness length at the Boulder atmospheric observatory. Bound-Lay Meteorol 28:305–308CrossRef

Paw U KT, Baldocchi D, Meyers TP, Wilson KB (2000) Correction of eddy covariance measurements incorporating both advective effects and density fluxes. Bound-Lay Meteorol 97:487–511CrossRef

Pearson jr RJ, Oncley SP, Delany AC (1998) A scalar similarity study based on surface layer ozone measurements over cotton during the California ozone deposition experiment. J Geophys Res 103(D15):18919–18926CrossRef

Perera MD (1981) Shelder behind two dimensional solit and porous fences. J Wind Engin Ind Aerodyn 8:93–104CrossRef

Peterson EW (1969) Modification of mean flow and turbulent energy by a change in surface roughness under conditions of neutral stability. Q J Roy Meteorol Soc 95:561–575CrossRef

Philip JR (1997) Blending and internal boundary-layer heights, and shear stress. Bound-Lay Meteorol 84:85–89CrossRef

Prabha T, Leclerc MY, Baldocchi D (2008) Comparison of in-canopy flux footprints between Large-Eddy Simulation and the Langrangian simulation. J Appl Meteorol Climatol 47:2115–2128CrossRef

Pyles RD, Weare BC, Paw U KT (2000) The UCD advanced canopy-atmosphere-soil algorithm: Comparisons with observations from different climate and vegetation regimes. Q J Roy Meteorol Soc 126:2951–2980CrossRef

Raabe A (1983) On the relation between the drag coefficient and fetch above the sea in the case of off-shore wind in the near shore zone. Z Meteorol 33:363–367

Raabe A (1991) Die Höhe der internen Grenzschicht. Meteorol Z 41:251–261

Radikevitsch VM (1971) Transformazija dinamitscheskich charakteristik vozduschnogo potoka pod vlijaniem izmenenija scherochovatosti postilajustschej poverchnosti (Transformation of the dynamical characteristics of the wind field under the influence of a changing surface roughness) Izv AN SSSR. Fiz Atm Okeana 7:1241–1250

Rannik Ü, Aubinet M, Kurbanmuradov O, Sabelfeld KK, Markkanen T, Vesala T (2000) Footprint analysis for measurements over heterogeneous forest. Bound-Lay Meteorol 97:137–166CrossRef

Rannik Ü, Markkanen T, Raittila T, Hari P, Vesala T (2003) Turbulence statistics inside and above forest: influence on footprint prediction. Bound-Lay Meteorol 109:163–189CrossRef

Rannik Ü, Sogachev A, Foken T, Göckede M, Kljun N, Leclerc MY, Vesala T (2012) Footprint analysis. In: Aubinet M et al (Hrsg) Eddy covariance: A practical guide to measurement and data analysis. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, S 211–261CrossRef

Rao KS, Wyngaard JC, Coté OR (1974) The structure of the two-dimensional internal boundary layer over a sudden change of surface roughness. J Atmos Sci 31:738–746CrossRef

Raupach MR (1992) Drag and drag partition on rough surfaces. Bound-Lay Meteorol 60:375–395CrossRef

Raupach MR (1994) Simplified expressions for vegetation roughness lenght and zero-plane displacement as functions of canopy height and area index. Bound-Lay Meteorol 71:211–216CrossRef

Raupach MR, Legg BJ (1984) The uses and limitations of flux-gradient relationships in micrometeorology. Agric Water Manag 8:119–131CrossRef

Raupach MR, Thom AS, Edwards I (1980) A wind-tunnel study of turbulent flow close to regularly arrayed rough surface. Bound-Lay Meteorol 18:373–379CrossRef

Raupach MR, Finnigan JJ, Brunet Y (1996) Coherent eddies and turbulence in vegetation canopies: the mixing-layer analogy. Bound-Lay Meteorol 78:351–382CrossRef

Raynor GS, Michael P, Brown RM, SethuRaman S (1975) Studies of atmospheric diffusion from a nearshore oceanic site. J Clim Appl Meteorol 14:1080–1094CrossRef

Rebmann C et al (2005) Quality analysis applied on eddy covariance measurements at complex forest sites using footprint modelling. Theor Appl Climatol 80:121–141CrossRef

Reth S, Göckede M, Falge E (2005) CO₂ efflux from agricultural soils in Eastern Germany – comparison of a closed chamber system with eddy covariance measurements. Theor Appl Climatol 80:105–120CrossRef

Ross J (1981) The radiation regime and architecture of plant stands. Dr. W Junk Publishers, The HagueCrossRef

Roth M, Salmond J, Satyanarayana A (2006) Methodological considerations regarding the measurement of turbulent fluxes in the urban roughness sublayer: The role of scintillometry. Bound-Lay Meteorol 121:351–375CrossRef

Rummel U, Ammann C, Meixner FX (2002) Characterizing turbulent trace gas exchange above a dense tropical rain forest using wavelet and surface renewal analysis. In: 15th symposium on boundary layer and turbulence, Wageningen, 15–19 July 2002, American meteorological society, S 602–605

Ruppert J, Thomas C, Foken T (2006) Scalar similarity for relaxed eddy accumulation methods. Bound-Lay Meteorol 120:39–63CrossRef

Savelyev SA, Taylor PA (2001) Notes on an internal boundary-layer height formula. Bound-Lay Meteorol 101:293–301CrossRef

Savelyev SA, Taylor PA (2005) Internal boundary layers: I. Height formulae for neutral and diabatic flow. Bound-Lay Meteorol 115:1–25CrossRef

Schatzmann M, König G, Lohmeyer A (1986) Physikalische Modellierung mikrometeorologischer Vorgänge im Windkanal. Meteorol Rundschau 39:44–59

Schlegel F, Stiller J, Bienert A, Maas H-G, Queck R, Bernhofer C (2012) Large-eddy simulation of inhomogeneous canopy flows using high resolution terrestrial laser scanning data. Bound-Lay Meteorol 142:223–243CrossRef

Schmid HP (1994) Source areas for scalars and scalar fluxes. Bound-Lay Meteorol 67:293–318CrossRef

Schmid HP (1997) Experimental design for flux measurements: matching scales of observations and fluxes. Agr Forest Meteorol 87:179–200CrossRef

Schmid HP (2002) Footprint modeling for vegetation atmosphere exchange studies: A review and perspective. Agr Forest Meteorol 113:159–184CrossRef

Schmid HP, Bünzli D (1995) The influence of the surface texture on the effective roughness length. Q J Roy Meteorol Soc 121:1–21CrossRef

Schmid HP, Oke TR (1988) Estimating the source area of a turbulent flux measurement over a patchy surface. In: 8th symposium on turbulence and diffusion, San Diego, April 26–29 1988, American meteorological society, S 123–126

Schmid HP, Oke TR (1990) A model to estimate the source area contributing to turbulent exchange in the surface layer over patchy terrain. Q J Roy Meteorol Soc 116:965–988CrossRef

Schuepp PH, Leclerc MY, MacPherson JI, Desjardins RL (1990) Footprint prediction of scalar fluxes from analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Bound-Lay Meteorol 50:355–373CrossRef

Serafimovich A, Thomas C, Foken T (2011) Vertical and horizontal transport of energy and matter by coherent motions in a tall spruce canopy. Bound-Lay Meteorol 140:429–451CrossRef

Shaw RH (1977) Secondary wind speed maxima inside plant canopies. J Appl Meteorol 16:514–521CrossRef

Shaw RH, Silversides RH, Thurtell GW (1974) Some observations of turbulence and turbulent transport within and above plant canopies. Bound-Lay Meteorol 5:429–449CrossRef

Shen S, Leclerc MY (1995) How large must surface inhomogeneous be before they influence the convective boundary layer structure? A case study. Q J Roy Meteorol Soc 121:1209–1228CrossRef

Shir CC (1972) A numerical computation of the air flow over a sudden change of surface roughness. J Atmos Sci 29:304–310CrossRef

Shuttleworth WJ (1989) Micrometeorology of temperate and tropical forest. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B 324:299–334CrossRef

Siebicke L (2008) Footprint synthesis for the FLUXNET site Waldstein/Weidenbrunnen (DE-Bay) during the EGER experiment. Arbeitsergebn, Univ Bayreuth, Abt Mikrometeorol, ISSN 1614–8916. 38:45

Siebicke L (2011) Advection at a forest site – an updated approach. Ph.D. thesis, University of Bayreuth

Siegel S (1936) Messungen des nächtlichen thermischen Gefüges in der bodennahen Luftschicht. Gerlands Beitr Geophys 47:369–399

Simpson IJ, Thurtell GW, Neumann HH, Hartog GD, Edwards GC (1998) The validity of similarity theory in the roughness sublayer above forests. Bound-Lay Meteorol 87:69–99CrossRef

Sodemann H, Foken T (2005) Special characteristics of the temperature structure near the surface. Theor Appl Climatol 80:81–89CrossRef

Sogachev A, Lloyd J (2004) Using a one-and-a-half order closure model of atmospheric boundary layer for surface flux footprint estimation. Bound-Lay Meteorol 112:467–502CrossRef

Staudt K, Serafimovich A, Siebicke L, Pyles RD, Falge E (2011) Vertical structure of evapotranspiration at a forest site (a case study). Agr Forest Meteorol 151:709–729CrossRef

Steinfeld G, Raasch S, Markkanen T (2008) Footprints in homogeneously and heterogeneously driven boundary layers derived from a Langrangian stochastic particle model embedded into large-eddy simulation. Bound-Lay Meteorol 129:225–248CrossRef

Stull RB (1988) An introduction to boundary layer meteorology. Kluwer, Dordrecht/Boston/LondonCrossRef

Taylor PA (1969) On wind and shear stress profiles above a change in surface roughness. Q J Roy Meteorol Soc 95:77–91CrossRef

Taylor PA (1987) Comments and further analysis on the effective roughness length for use in numerical three-dimensional models: A research note. Bound-Lay Meteorol 39:403–418CrossRef

Thom AS, Stewart JB, Oliver HR, Gash JHC (1975) Comparison of aerodynamic and energy budget estimates of fluxes over a pine forest. Q J Roy Meteorol Soc 101:93–105CrossRef

Thomas C (2011) Variability of sub-canopy flow, temperature, and horizontal advection in moderately complex terrain. Bound-Lay Meteorol 139:61–81CrossRef

Thomas C, Foken T (2005) Detection of long-term coherent exchange over spruce forest. Theor Appl Climatol 80:91–104CrossRef

Thomas C, Foken T (2007a) Flux contribution of coherent structures and its implications for the exchange of energy and matter in a tall spruce canopy. Bound-Lay Meteorol 123:317–337CrossRef

Thomas C, Foken T (2007b) Organised motion in a tall spruce canopy: temporal scales, structure spacing and terrain effects. Bound-Lay Meteorol 122:123–147CrossRef

Thomas CK, Martin JG, Law BE, Davis K (2013) Toward biologically meaningful net carbon exchange estimates for tall, dense canopies: Multi-level eddy covariance observations and canopy coupling regimes in a mature Douglas-fir forest in Oregon. Agr Forest Meteorol 173:14–27CrossRef

Torrence C, Compo GP (1998) A practical guide to wavelet analysis. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 79:61–78CrossRef

Troen I, Lundtang Petersen E (1990) Europäischer Windatlas. RISØ National Laboratory, Roskilde

Twine TE, Kustas WP, Norman JM, Cook DR, Houser PR, Meyers TP, Prueger JH, Starks PJ, Wesely ML (2000) Correcting eddy-covariance flux underestimates over a grassland. Agr Forest Meteorol 103:279–300CrossRef

VDI (2000) Umweltmeteorologie, Meteorologische Messungen für Fragen der Luftreinhaltung – Wind, VDI 3786 Blatt 2. Beuth Verlag, Berlin

Venditti JG, Best JL, Church M, Hardy RJ (2013) Cohenrent flow structures at earth’s surface. Wiley, ChichesterCrossRef

Verhoef A, McNaughton KG, Jacobs AFG (1997) A parameterization of momentum roughness lenght and displacement height for a wide range of canopy densities. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 1:81–91CrossRef

Vesala T, Kljun N, Rannik U, Rinne J, Sogachev A, Markkanen T, Sabelfeld K, Foken T, Leclerc MY (2008) Flux and concentration footprint modelling: State of the art. Environ Pollut 152:653–666CrossRef

Waterhouse FL (1955) Micrometeorological profiles in grass cover in relation to biological problems. Q J Roy Meteorol Soc 81:63–71CrossRef

Webb EK, Pearman GI, Leuning R (1980) Correction of the flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer. Q J Roy Meteorol Soc 106:85–100CrossRef

Wichura B, Buchmann N, Foken T, Mangold A, Heinz G, Rebmann C (2001) Pools und Flüsse des stabilen Kohlenstoffisotops ¹³ C zwischen Boden, Vegetation und Atmosphäre in verschiedenen Pflanzengemeinschaften des Fichtelgebirges. Bayreuther Forum Ökologie 84:123–153

Wilson JD, Ward DP, Thurtell GW, Kidd GE (1982) Statistics of atmospheric turbulence within and above a corn canopy. Bound-Lay Meteorol 24:495–519CrossRef

Wilson KB, Goldstein AH, Falge E, Aubinet M, Baldocchi D, Berbigier P, Bernhofer C, Ceulemans R, Dolman H, Field C, Grelle A, Law B, Meyers T, Moncrieff J, Monson R, Oechel W, Tenhunen J, Valentini R, Verma S (2002) Energy balance closure at FLUXNET sites. Agr Forest Meteorol 113:223–234CrossRef

WMO (1981) Meteorological aspects of the utilization of wind as an energy source. WMO, Techn Note 175:180

Yi C (2008) Momentum transfer within canopies. J Appl Meteorol Climatol 47:262–275CrossRef

Zelený J, Foken T (1991) Ausgewählte Ergebnisse des Grenzschichtexperimentes in Bohunice 1989. Meteorol Z 41:439–445

Zelený J, Pretel J (1986) Zur Problematik der Bestimmung der aerodynamischen Rauhigkeit der Erdoberfläche. Meteorol Z 36:325

Zhang G, Thomas C, Leclerc MY, Karipot A, Gholz HL, Foken T (2007) On the effect of clearcuts on turbulence structure above a forest canopy. Theor Appl Climatol 88:133–137CrossRef

Zilitinkevich SS, Calanca P (2000) An extended similarity theory for the stably stratified atmopheric surface layer. Q J Roy Meteorol Soc 126:1913–1923CrossRef

Zilitinkevich SS, Perov VL, King JC (2002) Near-surface turbulent fluxes in stable stratification: Calculation techniques for use in general circulation models. Q J Roy Meteorol Soc 128:1571–1587CrossRef

Zubkovskij SL, Sushko AA (1987) Eksperimentalnoe issledovanie prostranstvennoj struktury temperaturnogo polja v prizemnom sloe atmosfery (Experimental investigations spatial structure of the temperature field in the near surface layer of the atmosphere). Meteorol Issledovanija 28:36–41

Titel: Besonderheiten der bodennahen Turbulenz
verfasst von: Thomas Foken
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Buch: Angewandte Meteorologie
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-25524-3

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-642-25525-0

Copyright-Jahr: 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25525-0_3