15. Bioaccumulation of Fluoride Toxicity in Plants and Its Effects on Plants and Techniques for Its Removal

Fluorine is an element that can be discovered in water, soil, rocks, minerals, and other natural surroundings. It is a naturally occurring substance. Fluoride’s effects on plant health may be both beneficial and detrimental depending on how it’s used. Gaseous hydrogen fluorides (HF) are the most phytotoxic air pollutants because they accumulate in the leaves of fragile plants against a concentration gradient and harm them at very low concentrations. This is because they harm plants even at extremely low concentrations. The most damaging effect that HF has on plants is caused when it enters their systems in the form of gas and disrupts many physiological processes. As HF accumulates in plant leaves, it has the potential to negatively impact human and animal health as it moves up the food chain. Fluoride is transferred from the fluoridated water used for irrigation to the crops, vegetables, and fruits that are being grown. Because additional fluoride is added to the food chain in addition to entering the body through drinking water, the risk of fluoride poisoning to the population already at risk from fluoride poisoning increases as a result of bioaccumulation. The condition known as fluorosis should be brought to people's attention, and it should be prevented from using fluoridated irrigation water. The purpose of this review, in its entirety, is to bring attention to the following points: