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Erschienen in:

2019 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Bioethanol from Lignocellulosic Biomass

verfasst von : Charles E. Wyman, Charles M. Cai, Rajeev Kumar

Erschienen in: Energy from Organic Materials (Biomass)

Verlag: Springer New York

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Biomass

Plant matter of recent (nongeologic) origin.

Cellulase

One or more enzymes that catalyze the reaction of water with cellulose to release shorter glucose oligomers and ultimately monomeric glucose sugar.

Cellulose

A glucose polymer composed of up to about 15,000 glucose molecules covalently joined by β 1–4 linkages in long, straight chains that can hydrogen bond with parallel cellulose chains to form crystalline regions. About 35–50% of the structural portion of plants is cellulose.

Cellulosic biomass

Also known as lignocellulosic biomass, the structural part of plants that is not edible by humans and contains cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and lignin. Examples include grass, wood, and agricultural and forestry residues.

Cellulosic ethanol

Ethanol made from lignocellulosic biomass by biological, chemical, or chemo-biological processes.

Enzymes

Proteins produced by living cells or organisms that are able to catalyze chemical reactions in organic substances.

Ethanol

An alcohol with the formula C₂H₅OH that is a high octane (greater than 100 Motor Octane Number) transportation fuel and also used commercially in alcoholic beverages, solvents, cosmetics, and other products. Ethanol can be made by microbial fermentation of sugars derived from sugarcane, starch, or cellulosic biomass or made catalytically from synthesis gas. Ethanol is hygroscopic (attracts water molecules) and biodegradable.

Hemicellulose

An amorphous, noncrystalline polymer typically made up of some combination of arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, and/or xylose sugars but also containing less amounts of other compounds such as methoxyl, acetyl, and free carboxyl groups. Hemicellulose joins with lignin to glue long cellulose fibers into a very strong composite material. Although the proportions can vary widely, hemicellulose often makes up about 15–30% of the overall dry weight of cellulosic biomass.

Hydrolysis

The reaction of water with a sugar polymer or other compound to form other compounds.

Lignin

A complex phenylpropanoic acid polymer chemically linked with hemicellulose to bind cellulose chains together. Lignin often represents about 7–35% of the dry weight of cellulosic biomass. Lignin is more difficult to break down into its component molecules and is not fermentable at an appreciable rate.

Sugars

Ring-shaped compounds consisting of five to six carbon atoms along with hydrogen and oxygen at a ratio of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom to one carbon atom. Sugar is obtained from the juice of such plants as sugarcane and sugar beets and can be obtained by hydrolysis of starch in corn and other starch plants and by hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose in cellulosic biomass. Sugars typically contained in cellulosic biomass include arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, fructose, rhamnose, and xylose. Sugars are typically sweet.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Bioethanol from Starch: The US Experience

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Titel: Bioethanol from Lignocellulosic Biomass
verfasst von: Charles E. Wyman
Charles M. Cai
Rajeev Kumar
Verlag: Springer New York
Buch: Energy from Organic Materials (Biomass)
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-7812-0

Electronic ISBN: 978-1-4939-7813-7

Copyright-Jahr: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7813-7_521