nach oben

Erschienen in:

2020 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

3. Biogas: An Effective and Common Energy Tool – Part I

verfasst von : Seethalaksmi Elangovan, Sathish Babu Soundra Pandian, Geetha S. J., Sanket J. Joshi

Erschienen in: Biofuel Production Technologies: Critical Analysis for Sustainability

Verlag: Springer Singapore

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

Energy is a much crucial necessity for daily errands, either household or industrial. We use it as fuel (transportation or industrial commodity), to provide power, heat, electricity, etc., and we can’t imagine life without it. Several kinds of fuels are available in the market, mainly non-renewables – fossil based (coal, crude oil, etc.). However, due to awareness about long-term issues related to use of fossil fuels, several other types of renewable fuels are gaining much attention. Biogas, biofuels (bioethanol, biodiesel), and biohydrogen are some of the examples for such renewables with very high future potential. However, even with those recent developments, rural areas in some of the developing countries are still using agricultural remains, cow dung, etc., for cooking and heating purposes. This kind of crude practice significantly raises environmental, economic, and public health-related worries. To achieve a worldwide sustainable progress in both developed and developing countries, clean and affordable energy could be offered by using the existing biomass resources (crop residues, agro-industrial, animal, and other type of wastes) to produce a cleaner, more efficient, and reliable energy, such as biogas. Unlike other types of renewable biofuels, biogas production is a natural non-energy intensive process, and the raw materials are mostly renewable resource and wastes – thus serving both purposes, bioremediation and energy generation. Biogas is a blend of gases, mainly methane and carbon dioxide. Over the years, several biogas plant designs are available, which are compiled in present chapter along with its advantages and disadvantages. At present several countries are already utilizing biogas for various household and industrial applications. The main applications are generating electricity, cooking, heating, and using as a fuel for transportation. The ease of operation, maintenance, and easy availability of substrate – waste materials – are some of the key selling points for biogas to be an effective and common energy tool in the near future.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel Biofuels Generation Based on Technical Process and Biomass Quality

Nächstes Kapitel Biogas: An Effective and Common Energy Tool – Part II

Al-Sadi M (2010) Design and building of biogas digester for organic materials gained from solid waste. M. Sc. thesis, Faculty of Graduate Studies, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine

Alves MM, Pereira MA, Sousa DZ, Cavaleiro AJ, Picavet M, Smidt H, Stams AJM (2009) Waste lipids to energy: how to optimize methane production from long-chain fatty acids (LCFA). Microbial Biotechnol 2:538–550CrossRef

Alwis AD (2002) Biogas – a review of Sri Lanka’s performance with a renewable energy technology. Energy Sustain Dev 6(1):30–37CrossRef

Angelidaki I, Sanders W (2004) Assessment of the anaerobic biodegradability of macropollutants. Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol 3(2):117–129CrossRef

Apte A, Cheernam V, Kamat M, Kamat S, Kashikar P, Jeswani H (2013) Potential of using kitchen waste in a biogas plant. Int J Environ Sci Dev 4:370CrossRef

Armaha EK, Tetteha EK, Boamah BB (2017) Overview of biogas production from different feedstocks. Int J Sci Res Publ 7(12):158

Attwood GT, Kelly WJ, Altermann EH, Leahy SC (2007) Analysis of the Methanobrevibacter ruminantium draft genome: understanding methanogen biology to inhibit their action in the rumen. Aust J Exp Agric 48:83–88CrossRef

Balk M, Weijma J, Stams AJM (2002) Thermotogalettingae sp. nov., a novel thermophilic, methanol-degrading bacterium isolated from a thermophilic anaerobic reactor. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 52:1361–1368

Batstone DJ, Keller J, Angelidaki I, Kalyuzhnyi SV, Pavlostathis SG, Rozzi A, Sanders WTM, Siegrist HA, Vavilin VA (2002) Anaerobic digestion model no. 1 (ADM1), task group for mathematical modelling of anaerobic digestion processes. IWA Publishing, London

Bhardwaj S, Das P (2017) A review: advantages and disadvantages of biogas. Int Res J Eng Technol 04(10)

Bischofsberger W, Dichtl N, Rosnwinkel KH, Bohnke CFSB (2005) Anaerob technik. 2. Auflage. Heidelberg. Germany. ISBN:978-3-540-06850-1

Blumer SSE, Kataeva I, Westpheling J, Adams MWW, Kelly RM (2008) Extremely thermophilic microorganisms for biomass conversion: status and prospects. Curr Opin Biotechnol 19:210–217CrossRef

Bond T, Templeton MR (2011) History and future of domestic biogas plants in the developing world. Energy Sustain Dev 15:347–354CrossRef

Brown VJ (2006) Biogas: a bright idea for Africa. Environ Health Perspect 114(5):A301–A303CrossRef

Brune A (2010) Methanogenesis in the digestive tracts of insects. In: Timmis KW (ed) Handbook of hydrocarbon and lipid microbiology. Springer, Berlin/Herdelberg, pp 707–728CrossRef

Burrell PC, O’Sullivan C, Song H, Clarke WP, Black-all LL (2004) The identification, detection and spatial resolution of Clostridium populations responsible for cellulose degradation in a methanogenic landfill leachate bioreactor. Appl Environ Microbiol 70:2414–2419CrossRef

Castellucci S, Cocchi S, Allegrini E, Vecchione L (2013) Anaerobic digestion and co-digestion of slaughterhouse wastes. J Agric Eng Res 44(s2)

Cha GC, Chung HK, Kim DJ (2001) Characteristics of temperature change on the substrate degradation and bacterial population in one-phase and two-phase anaerobic digestion. Environ Eng Res 6:99–108

Chambers AK, Potter I (2002) Gas utilization from sewage waste. Alberta Research Council, Alberta, pp 1–13

Chandra R, Takeuchi H, Hasegawa T, Kumar R (2012) Improving biodegradability and biogas production of wheat straw substrates using sodium hydroxide and hydrothermal pretreatments. Energy 43(1):273–282CrossRef

Chen Y, Cheng JJ, Creamer KS (2008) Inhibition of anaerobic digestion process: a review. Bioresour Technol 99(10):4044–4064CrossRef

Chen Y, Yang G, Sweeney S, Feng Y (2010) Household biogas use in rural China: a study of opportunities and constraints. Renew Sust Energ Rev 14(1):545–549CrossRef

Chen JL, Ortiz R, Steele TWJ, Stuckey DC (2014) Toxicants inhibiting anaerobic digestion: a review. Biotechnol Adv 32(8):1523–1534CrossRef

Dana B (2009) Build manual: ARTI floating dome biodigester, Appropriate Infrastructure Development Group (AIDG)

De Clercq D, Zongguo W, Fei F, Luis C (2016) Biomethane production potential from restaurant food waste in megacities and project level-bottlenecks: a case study in Beijing. Renew Sust Energ Rev 59:1676–1685CrossRef

De Mes TZD, Stams AJM, Reith JH, Zeeman G (2003) Methane production by anaerobic digestion of wastewater and solid wastes. In: Reith JH, Wijffels RH, Barten H (eds) Bio-methane and bio-hydrogen: status and perspectives of biological methane and hydrogen production. Dutch Biological Hydrogen Foundation, Petten, pp 58–102

Demirel B, Scherer P (2008) The roles of acetotrophic and hydrogenotrophic methanogens during anaerobic conversion of biomass to methane: a review. Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol 7(2):173–190CrossRef

Deublein D, Steinhauser A (2008) Biogas from waste and renewable resources. Wiley. ISBN:978-3-527-31841-4

Everson TM, Smith MT (2016) Improving rural livelihoods through biogas generation using livestock manure and rainwater harvesting. Volume 2: guideline report. Report to the water research commission

Florentino H (2003) Mathematical tool to size rural digesters. Sci Agric 60(1):185–190. ISSN:0103-9016CrossRef

Forster-Carneiro T, Pérez M, Romero LI (2008) Influence of total solid and inoculum contents on performance of anaerobic reactors treating food waste. Bioresour Technol 99(15):6994–7002CrossRef

Fry LJ (1974) Practical building of methane power plants for rural energy independence. The EPA National Library Catalog, Andover. ISBN:10: 0960098410

Fulford D (1988) Running a biogas programme: a handbook. Intermediate Technology Publications, LondonCrossRef

Gao R, Yuan X, Zhu W, Wang X, Chen S, Cheng X, Cui Z (2012) Methane yield through anaerobic digestion for various maize varieties in China. Bioresour Technol 118:611–614CrossRef

Gerardi MH (2003) The microbiology of anaerobic digester. Wiley. ISBN:978-0-471-20693-4

Guendouz AA, Brockmann D, Trably E, Dumas C, Delgenès JP, Steyer JP, Escudie R (2012) Total solids content drives high solid anaerobic digestion via mass transfer limitation. Bioresour Technol 111:55–61CrossRef

Haftu G, Solomon M, Giday G (2018) Qualitative and quantitative feasibility of biogas production from kitchen waste. Am J Energy Eng 6(1):1–5CrossRef

Hamilton DW (2012) Organic matter content of wastewater and manure. BAE 1760, Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service, Stillwater, Oklahoma

Hattori S, Galushko AS, Kamagata Y, Schink B (2005) Operation of the CO dehydrogenase/acetyl coenzyme A pathway in both acetate oxidation and formation by the syntrophically acetate oxidizing bacterium Thermacetogeniumphaeum. J Bacteriol 187:3471–3476CrossRef

Heffels T, McKenna R, Fichtner W (2012) Direct marketing of electricity from biogas and biomethane: an economic analysis of several business models in Germany. J Manag Control 23:53–70CrossRef

Hori T, Sasaki D, Haruta S, Shigematsu T, Ueno Y, Ishii M, Igarashi Y (2011) Detection of active, potentially acetate-oxidizing syntrophs in an anaerobic digester by flux measurement and formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase expression profiling. Microbiology 157:1980–1989CrossRef

Igoni AH, Ayotamuno MJ, Eze CL, Ogaji SOT, Probert SD (2007) Designs of anaerobic digesters for producing biogas from municipal solid waste. Appl Energy 85:430–438CrossRef

Ingale S, Joshi SJ, Gupte A (2014) Production of bioethanol using agricultural waste: banana pseudo stem. Braz J Microbiol 45(3):885–892CrossRef

Ingale S, Parnandi VA, Joshi SJ (2019) Bioethanol production using Saccharomyces cerevisiae immobilized in calcium alginate–magnetite beads and application of response surface methodology to optimize bioethanol yield. In: Srivastava N, Srivastava M, Mishra P, Upadhyay S, Ramteke P, Gupta V (eds) Sustainable approaches for biofuels production technologies, Biofuel and biorefinery technologies, vol 7. Springer, Cham, pp 147–181CrossRef

Ion VI, Popescu F (2016) Efficiency improvement of a biogas engine-driven CHP plant. Sci Work Univ Food Technol 63(1)

Itodo IN, Agyo GE, Yusuf P (2007) Performance evaluation of a biogas stove for cooking in Nigeria. J Energy S Afr 18(4):14–18CrossRef

Jian L (2009) Socioeconomic barriers to biogas development in rural Southwest China: an ethnographic case study. Hum Organ 68(4):415–430CrossRef

Karki AB (2005) Biogas, as renewable source of energy in Nepal theory and Development, BSP-Nepal

Karki AB, Gautam KM, Karki A (1994) Biogas installation from elephant dung at Machan Wildlife Resort, Chitwan, Nepal. Biogas Newsletter, Issue No 45

Kayhanian M (1999) Ammonia inhibition in high-solids biogasification: an overview and practical solutions. Environ Technol 20:355–265CrossRef

Khalid A, Arshad M, Anjum M, Mahmood T, Dawson L (2011) The anaerobic digestion of solid organic waste – review. Waste Manag 31(8):1737–1744CrossRef

Khan BH (2009) Non-conventional energy resources, Mechanical engineering series. Mc Graw Hill Education, New Delhi

Klocke M, Nettmann E, Bergmann I, Mundt K, Souidi K, Mumme J, Link B (2008) Characterization of the methanogenic archaea within two-phase biogas reactor systems operated with plant biomass. Syst Appl Microbiol 31:190–205CrossRef

Kossmann W, Pönitz U, Habermehl S, Hoerz T, Krämer P, Klingler B, Kellner C, Wittur T, von Klopotek F, Krieg A, Euler H (1999) Biogas digest volume I – IV. German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ), Eschborn

Kudaravelli K (2013) Biogas plant construction manual – fixed dome Deenbandhu model digester: 2 to 6 cubic meter size. Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency, Cairo

Kwietniewska E, Tys J (2014) Process characteristics, inhibition factors and methane yields of anaerobic digestion process, with particular focus on microalgal biomass fermentation. Renew Sust Energy Rev 34:491–500CrossRef

Li A, Chu Y, Wang X, Ren L, Yu J, Liu X, Yan J, Zhang L, Wu S, Li S (2013) A pyrosequencing-based metagenomic study of methane-producing microbial community in solid-state biogas reactor. Biotechnol Biofuels 6:3CrossRef

Lozano CJS, Mendoza MV, de Arango MC, Monroy EFC (2009) Microbiological characterization and specific methanogenic activity of anaerobe sludges used in urban solid waste treatment. Waste Manag 29:704–711CrossRef

Macario DEC (2008) Taxonomy of methanogens. In: Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology, 2nd edn. Springer, New York

Mata AJ (2003) Biomethanization of the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes. IWA Publishing, London

Mayer F, Gerin PA, Noo A, Foucart G, Flammang J, Lemaigre S, Sinnaeve G, Dardenne P, Delfosse P (2014) Assessment of factors influencing the biomethane yield of maize silages. Bioresour Technol 153:260–268CrossRef

McInerney MJ, Struchtemeyer CG, Sieber J, Mouttaki H, Stams AJM, Schnink B, Rohlin L, Gunsalus RP (2008) Physiology, ecology, phylogeny, and genomics of microorganisms capable of syntrophic metabolism. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1125:58–72CrossRef

Metcalf E (2004) Wastewater engineering: treatment and reuse. In: Franklin L, Burton H, Stensel D (eds) Revised by George tchobanoglous, 4th edn. McGraw-Hill, New York

Möller K (2015) Effects of anaerobic digestion on soil carbon and nitrogen turnover, N emissions, and soil biological activity. A review. Agron Sustain Dev 35:1021–1041CrossRef

Moody LR, Burns R, Wu-Haan W, Spajić R (2009) Use of biochemical methane potential (BMP) assays for predicting and enhancing anaerobic digester performance. In: Proceedings of the 4th international and 44th Croatian symposium of agriculture, Optija

Nealson KH (1997) Sediment bacteria: who’s there, what are they doing, and what’s new? Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci 25:403–434CrossRef

Nges IA, Escobar F, Fu X, Björnsson L (2012) Benefits of supplementing an industrial waste anaerobic digester with energy crops for increased biogas production. Waste Manag 32(1):53–59CrossRef

Nzila C, Dewulf J, Spanjers H, Tuigong D, Kiriamiti H, van Langenhove H (2012) Multi criteria sustainability assessment of biogas production in Kenya. Appl Energy 93:496–506CrossRef

Ogur EO, Mbatia S (2013) Conversion of kitchen waste into biogas. Int J Eng Sci 2(11):70–76

Ovueni UJ (2014) Comparative study of the heating capacity of biogas and conventional cooking gas. Int J Eng Sci 3(1):7–10

Patel J (1951) Digestion of waste organic matter and organic fertilizer and a new economic apparatus for small scale digestion. Poona Agri Coll Mag (India) 42(3):150–159

Pathak H, Jain N, Mohanty S, Gupta N (2009) Global warming mitigation potential of biogas plants in India. Environ Monit Assess 157:407–418CrossRef

Peter JJ (2009) Biogas –green energy. Digisource Danmark A/S. ISBN:978-87-992243-2-1

Pfeifer J, Obernberger I (2007) Technology evaluation of an agricultural biogas CHP plant as well as definition of guiding values for the improved design and operation. In: 15th European biomass conference & exhibition, 7–11 May 2007, Berlin, Germany, pp 1864–1868

Pourmovahed A, Opperman T, Lemke B (2011) Performance and efficiency of a biogas CHP system utilizing a stirling engine. In: Proceedings of international conference on renewable energies and power quality, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain (Vol. 1315)

Prakash O, Anil K, Pandey A, Kumara A, Laguria V (2015) A review on biogas plant. Int J New Technol Sci Eng 2(4). ISSN:2349-0780

Pruthviraj NB (2016) Introduction to biogas & applications. Int J Adv Res Mech Eng Technol (IJARMET) 2(4)

Reddy SN, Satyanarayana SV, Sudha G (2017) Bio gas generation from biodegradable kitchen waste. Int J Environ Agric Biotechnol 2(2):0689–0694CrossRef

Rutz D, Mergner R, Janssen R (2015) Sustainable heat use of biogas plants. A handbook, biogas heat. WIP Renewable Energies, Munich

Salminen E, Einola J, Rintala J (2003) The methane production of poultry slaughtering residues and effects of pre-treatments on the methane production of poultry feather. Environ Technol 24:1079–1086CrossRef

Samah E (2016) Measuring small-scale biogas capacity and production. International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), Abu Dhabi. ISBN:978-92-95111-12-7

Samer M (2012). Chapter 17: Biogas plant constructions, biogas. In: Kumar S (ed). ISBN:978-953-51-0204-5. InTech

Sasse L (1988) Biogas Plants by A Publication of the Deutsches Zentrum für Entwicklungstechnologien – GATE in: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH

Sasse L, Kellner C, Kimaro A (1991) Improved biogas unit for developing countries. Vieweg and Sohn, Eschborn

Schievano A, Scaglia B, D’Imporzano G, Malagutti L, Gozzi A, Adani F (2009) Prediction of biogas potentials using quick laboratory analyses: upgrading previous models for application to heterogeneous organic matrices. Bioresour Technol 100(23):5777–5782CrossRef

Sharma KR (2008) In: Khanal SK (ed) Kinetics and modeling in anaerobic processes in anaerobic technology for bioenergy production: principles and applications. Wiley-Blackwell, Ames

Sharma N, Giuseppe P (1991) Anaerobic biotechnology and developing countries – technical status. Energy Conversion 32:447–469CrossRef

Sibiya NT, Muzenda E, Mbohwa C (2017) Evaluation of potential substrates for biogas production via anaerobic digestion: a review. In: Proceedings of the world congress on engineering and computer science WCECS 2017, vol II, October 25–27, San Francisco, USA

Singh TS, Sankarlal P (2015) Production of biogas from kitchen waste using cow manure as co-substrate. In: Proceedings of the conference on “Energy conversion and conservation”, 27/03/2015

Singh JB, Myles R, Dhussa A (1987) Manual on Deenbandhu biogas plant. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi

Speece RE (1996) Anaerobic biotechnology for industrial wastewaters. Archae Press, Nashville

Stalin N (2007) Performance evaluation of partial mixing anaerobic digester. ARPN J Appl Sci 2:1–6

Stefan M (2004) Biogas fuel for internal combustion engines. Annals of the Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara – 2004 Tome II. Fascicole 3

Surendra KC, Takara D, Hashimoto AG, Khanal SK (2014) Biogas as a sustainable energy source for developing countries: opportunities and challenges. Renew Sust Energ Rev 31:846–859CrossRef

Syamsuri S, Yustia WM (2015) Performance analysis of biogas stoves with variations of flame burner for the capacity of biogas 1 m³/day. ARPN J Eng Appl Sci 10:22

Takeno T, Sato K (1979) An excess enthalpy theory. Combust Sci Technol 23:73–84CrossRef

Tucker MF (2008) Farm digesters for small dairies in Vermont. Bio Cycle 49:44

Van DDL, Weber JA (1994) Biogas production from animal manures: what is the potential?’ Industrial uses of agricultural materials, USDA/ERS outlook report IUS–4

Vandevivere P, Baere LD, Verstraete W (2003) In: Mata-Alvarez J (ed) Types of anaerobic digesters for solid wastes, in biomethanization of the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes. IWA Publishing, Barcelona, pp 111–140

Vavilin VA, Qu X, Mazéas L, Lemunier M, Duquennoi C, He P, Bouchez T (2008) Methanosarcina as the dominant aceticlastic methanogens during mesophilic anaerobic digestion of putrescible waste. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 94:593–605CrossRef

Ver Eecke HC, Butterfield DA, Huber JA, Lilley MD, Olson EJ, Roe KK, Evans LJ, Merkel AY, Cantin HV, Holden JF (2012) Hydrogen-limited growth of hyperthermophilic methanogens at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Proc Natl Acad Sci 109(34):13674–13679CrossRef

Verma S (2002) Anaerobic digestion of biodegradable organics in municipal solid wastes. Department of Earth & Environmental Engineering Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, Columbia University

Vögeli Y, Lohri CR, Gallardo A, Diener S, Zurbrügg C (2014) Anaerobic digestion of biowaste in developing countries: practical information and case studies. Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Dübendorf. ISBN:978-3-906484-58-7

Wang X, Lu X, Li F, Yang G (2014) Effects of temperature and carbon-nitrogen (C/N) ratio on the performance of anaerobic co-digestion of dairy manure, chicken manure and rice straw: focusing on ammonia inhibition. PLoS One 9(5):e97265

Weiland P (2010) Biogas production: current state and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 85(4):849–860CrossRef

Werner U, Stöhr U, Hees N (1989) Biogas plants in animal husbandry. A publication of the Deutsches Zentrum für Entwicklungstechnologien – GATE, a division of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH

Westerholm M, Roos S, Schnürer A (2010) Syntrophaceticusschinkii gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic syntrophic acetate-oxidizing bacterium isolated from a mesophilic anaerobic filter. FEMS Microbiol Lett 309:100–104

Wijekoon KC, Visvanathan C, Abeynayaka A (2011) Effect of organic loading rate on VFA production, organic matter removal and microbial activity of a two stage thermophilic anaerobic membrane bioreactor. Bioresour Technol 102(9):5353–5360CrossRef

Wirth R, Kovács E, Maròti G, Bagi Z, Rakhely G, Kovács KL (2012) Characterization of a biogas—Producing microbial community by short-read next generation DNA sequencing. Biotechnol Biofuels 5:41CrossRef

Zhu W, Reich CI, Olsen GJ, Giometti CS, Yates JR (2004) Shotgun proteomics of Methanococcus jannaschii and insights into methanogenesis. J Proteome Res 3:538–548CrossRef

Ziana Z, Rajesh P (2015) Production and Analysis of Biogas from Kitchen Waste. Int Res J Eng Technol 02:04

Zupančič GD, Roš M (2003) Heat and energy requirements in thermophilic anaerobic sludge digestion. Renew Energy 28(14):2255–2267CrossRef

Titel: Biogas: An Effective and Common Energy Tool – Part I
verfasst von: Seethalaksmi Elangovan
Sathish Babu Soundra Pandian
Geetha S. J.
Sanket J. Joshi
Verlag: Springer Singapore
Buch: Biofuel Production Technologies: Critical Analysis for Sustainability
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-8636-7

Electronic ISBN: 978-981-13-8637-4

Copyright-Jahr: 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8637-4_3