nach oben

Erschienen in:

2012 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

15. Bt Crops: Past and Future

verfasst von : Dr. Anais S. Castagnola, Dr. Juan Luis Jurat-Fuentes

Erschienen in: Bacillus thuringiensis Biotechnology

Verlag: Springer Netherlands

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

The development and commercialization of transgenic plants expressing insecticidal toxin genes from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) has revolutionized agriculture in the past two decades. Development of this revolutionary insect pest control technology was facilitated by the identification and characterization of insecticidal Bt proteins and advancements in plant transformation and genetic engineering. While commercialization of this technology is currently limited to a number of countries, these transgenic “Bt crops” are replacing in most cases conventional crop varieties due to their insect resistance, lower spraying requirements, and higher yields. However, concerns related to the increasing adoption of this technology include gene flow to wild relatives, evolution of resistance in target pests, and unintended effects on the environment. In this chapter, we discuss key events in the history of Bt crop development and summarize current regulations aimed at reducing the risks associated with increased adoption of this technology. By analyzing the history of Bt transgenic crops and the current marketplace trends and issues, we aim to examine the outlook of current and impending Bt crops as well as potential issues that may emerge during their future use.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel Bacillus thuringiensis Recombinant Insecticidal Protein Production

Nächstes Kapitel A Review of the Food Safety of Bt Crops

Aarssen R, Soetaert P, Stam M, Dockx J, Gosselé V, Seurinck J, Reynaerts A, Cornelissen M (1995) cryIA(b) transcript formation in tobacco is inefficient. Plant Mol Biol 28:513–524CrossRef

Adamczyk JJ Jr, Sumerford DV (2001) Potential factors impacting season-long expression of Cry1Ac in 13 commercial varieties of Bollgard cotton. J Insect Sci 1:13

Adamczyk JJ Jr, Adams LC, Hardee DD (2001) Field efficacy and seasonal expression profiles for terminal leaves of single and double Bacillus thuringiensis toxin cotton genotypes. J Econ Entomol 94:1589–1593CrossRef

Adamczyk JJ Jr, Perera O, Meredith WR (2009) Production of mRNA from the cry1Ac transgene differs among Bollgard lines which correlates to the level of subsequent protein. Transgenic Res 18:143–149CrossRef

Agaisse H, Lereclus D (1995) How does Bacillus thuringiensis produce so much insecticidal crystal protein? J Bacteriol 177:6027–6032

Andrews RE, Faust RM, Wabiko H, Raymond KC, Bulla LA (1987) The biotechnology of Bacillus thuringiensis. Crit Rev Biotechnol 6:163–232CrossRef

Barton KA, Whiteley HR, Yang NS (1987) Bacillus thuringienis delta-endotoxin expressed in transgenic Nicotiana tabacum provides resistance to lepidopteran insects. Plant Physiol 85:1103–1109CrossRef

Baum JA, Bogaert T, Clinton W, Heck GR, Feldmann P, Ilagan O, Johnson S, Plaetinck G, Munyikwa T, Pleau M, Vaughn T, Roberts J (2007) Control of coleopteran insect pests through RNA interference. Nat Biotechnol 25:1322–1326CrossRef

Benbrook C (2009) Impacts of genetically engineered crops on pesticide use: the first thirteen years. The Organic Center (http://www.organic-center.org), Critical Issue Report: The First Thirteen years, Boulder, CO

Betz FS, Hammond BG, Fuchs RL (2000) Safety and advantages of Bacillus thuringiensis-protected plants to control insect pests. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 32:156–173CrossRef

Bourguet D, Desquilbet M, Lemarie S (2005) Regulating insect resistance management: the case of non-Bt corn refuges in the US. J Environ Manag 76:210–220CrossRef

Brookes G, Barfoot P (2009) Global impact of biotech crops: Income and production effects 1996–2007. AgBioForum 12:184–208

Bulla LA, Kramer KJ, Davidson LI (1977) Characterization of entomocidal parasporal crystal of Bacillus thuringiensis. J Bacteriol 130:375–383

Cantamutto M, Poverene M (2007) Genetically modified sunflower release: opportunities and risks. Field Crops Res 101:133–144CrossRef

Carozzi NB, Warren GW, Desai N, Jayne SM, Lotstein R, Rice DA, Evola S, Koziel MG (1992) Expression of a chimeric CaMV 35S Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein gene in transgenic tobacco. Plant Mol Biol 20:539–548CrossRef

Carriere Y, Dennehy TJ, Pedersen B, Haller S, Ellers-Kirk C, Antilla L, Liu YB, Willott E, Tabashnik BE (2001) Large-scale management of insect resistance to transgenic cotton in Arizona: can transgenic insecticidal crops be sustained? J Econ Entomol 94:315–325CrossRef

Center for Environmental Risk Assessment (2009) GM Crop Database, International Life Sciences Institute Research Foundation. http://cera-gmc.org/index.php?action = gm_crop_database. Accessed 7 Sept 2011

Chen J, Hua G, Jurat-Fuentes JL, Abdullah MA, Adang MJ (2007) Synergism of Bacillus thuringiensis toxins by a fragment of a toxin-binding cadherin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:13901–13906CrossRef

Chen Y, Tian JC, Wang W, Fang Q, Akhtar ZR, Peng YF, Cui H, Guo YY, Song QS, Ye GY (2011) Bt rice expressing Cry1Ab does not stimulate an outbreak of its non-target herbivore, Nilaparvata lugens. Transgenic Res. doi:10.1007/s11248-011-9530-x

Chitkowski RL, Turnipseed SG, Sullivan MJ, Bridges WC (2003) Field and laboratory evaluations of transgenic cottons expressing one or two Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki Berliner proteins for management of noctuid (Lepidoptera) pests. J Econ Entomol 96:755–762CrossRef

Christensen AH, Sharrock RA, Quail PH (1992) Maize polyubiquitin genes: structure, thermal perturbation of expression and transcript splicing, and promoter activity following transfer to protoplasts by electroporation. Plant Mol Biol 18:675–689CrossRef

Christou P (2002) No credible scientific evidence is presented to support claims that transgenic DNA was introgressed into traditional maize landraces in Oaxaca, Mexico. Transgenic Res 11:III–V

Crickmore N, Bone EJ, Williams JA, Ellar DJ (1995) Contribution of the individual components of the d-endotoxin crystal to the mosquitocidal activity of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 131:249–254

Crickmore N, Zeigler DR, Schnepf E, Van Rie J, Lereclus D, Baum J, Bravo A, Dean DH (2011) Bacillus thuringiensis toxin nomenclature. http://www.lifesci.sussex.ac.uk/Home/Neil_Crickmore/Bt/. Accessed 23 Sept 2011

Cui J, Luo J, Werf WVD, Ma Y, Xia J (2011) Effect of Pyramiding Bt and CpTI Genes on resistance of cotton to Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) under laboratory and field conditions. J Econ Entomol 104:673–684CrossRef

Daniell H (2002) Molecular strategies for gene containment in transgenic crops. Nat Biotechnol 20:581–586CrossRef

de Barjac H, Bonnefoi A (1968) A classification of strains of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner with a key to their differentiation. J Invertebr Pathol 11:335–347CrossRef

Dhurua S, Gujar GT (2011) Field-evolved resistance to Bt toxin Cry1Ac in the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), from India. Pest Manag Sci 67:898–903CrossRef

Dogan EB, Berry RE, Reed GL, Rossignol PA (1996) Biological parameters of convergent lady beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) feeding on aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) on transgenic potato. J Econ Entomol 89:1105–1108

Dowd PF (2000) Indirect reduction of ear molds and associated mycotoxins in Bacillus thuringiensis corn under controlled and open field conditions: utility and limitations. J Econ Entomol 93:1669–1679CrossRef

Earl C (1983) Biotechnology regulation- rules for freed organisms planned. Nature 306:5

Economic Research Service-USDA (2011) Adoption of genetically engineered crops in the U.S. http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/BiotechCrops/. Accessed 23 Sept 2011. Accessed 23 Sept 2011

Estruch JJ, Warren GW, Mullins MA, Nye GJ, Craig JA, Koziel MG (1996) Vip3A, a novel Bacillus thuringiensis vegetative insecticidal protein with a wide spectrum of activities against lepidopteran insects. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:5389–5394CrossRef

Estruch JJ, Carozzi NB, Desai N, Duck NB, Warren GW, Koziel MG (1997) Transgenic plants: an emerging approach to pest control. Nat Biotechnol 15:137–141CrossRef

Fernandez-Cornejo J (2004) The seed industry in U.S. agriculture—an exploration of data and information on crop seed markets, regulation, industry structure, and research and development. Agriculture Information Bulletin, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Washington

Fernandez-Cornejo J, McBride WD (2002) Adoption of bioengineered crops. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Washington

Ferré J, Van Rie J (2002) Biochemistry and genetics of insect resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis. Annu Rev Entomol 47:501–533CrossRef

Ferré J, Real MD, Van Rie J, Jansens S, Peferoen M (1991) Resistance to the Bacillus thuringiensis bioinsecticide in a field population of Plutella xylostella is due to a change in a midgut membrane receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:5119–5123CrossRef

Fischhoff DA, Bowdish KS, Perlak FJ, Marrone PG, McCormick SM, Niedermeyer JG, Dean DA, Kusano-Kretzmer K, Mayer EJ, Rochester DE, Rogers SG, Fraley RT (1987) Insect tolerant transgenic tomato plants. Nat Biotechnol 5:807–813CrossRef

Fraley RT (1996) Bollgard cotton performance. Science 274:1994CrossRef

Franco-Rivera A, Benintende G, Cozzi J, Baizabal-Aguirre VM, Valdez-Alarcón JJ, López-Meza JE (2004) Molecular characterization of Bacillus thuringiensis strains from Argentina. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 86:87–92CrossRef

Gaertner FH, Quick TC, Thompson MA (1993) CellCap: an encapsulation system for insecticidal biotoxin proteins. In: Kim L (ed) Advanced engineered pesticides. Marcel Dekker, Inc., NY

Gao Y, Schafer BW, Collins RA, Herman RA, Xu XP, Gilbert JR, Ni WT, Langer VL, Tagliani LA (2004) Characterization of Cry34Ab1 and Cry35Ab1 insecticidal crystal proteins expressed in transgenic corn plants and Pseudomonas fluorescens. J Agric Food Chem 52:8057–8065CrossRef

Gao Y, Jurat-Fuentes JL, Oppert B, Fabrick JA, Liu C, Gao J, Lei Z (2011) Increased toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry3Aa against Crioceris quatuordecimpunctata, Phaedon brassicae and Colaphellus bowringi by a Tenebrio molitor cadherin fragment. Pest Manag Sci 67:1076–1081

Gatehouse AMR, Ferry N, Raemaekers RJM (2002) The case of the monarch butterfly: a verdict is returned. Trends Genet 18:249–251CrossRef

Gatehouse AMR, Ferry N, Edwards MG, Bell HA (2011) Insect-resistant biotech crops and their impacts on beneficial arthropods. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 366:1438–1452CrossRef

Gordon-Kamm WJ, Spencer TM, Mangano ML, Adams TR, Daines RJ, Start WG, O’Brien JV, Chambers SA, Adams WR Jr, Willetts NG, Rice TB, Mackey CJ, Krueger RW, Kausch AP, Lemaux PG (1990) Transformation of maize cells and regeneration of fertile transgenic plants. Plant Cell Online 2:603–618

Gould F (1988) Evolutionary biology and genetically engineered crops: consideration of evolutionary theory can aid in crop design. Bioscience 38:26–33CrossRef

Gould F (1998) Sustainability of transgenic insecticidal cultivars: integrating pest genetics and ecology. Annu Rev Entomol 43:701–726CrossRef

Gray ME (2010) Relevance of traditional integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for commercial corn producers in a transgenic agroecosystem: a bygone era? J Agric Food Chem 59:5852–5858CrossRef

Hammond BG, Campbell KW, Pilcher CD, Degooyer TA, Robinson AE, McMillen BL, Spangler SM, Riordan SG, Rice LG, Richard JL (2004) Lower fumonisin mycotoxin levels in the grain of Bt corn grown in the United States in 2000–2002. J Agric Food Chem 52:1390–1397CrossRef

Hannay CL, Fitz-James P (1955) The protein crystals of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner. Can J Microbiol 1:694–710CrossRef

He SC, Abad AR, Gelvin SB, Mackenzie SA (1996) A cytoplasmic male sterility-associated mitochondrial protein causes pollen disruption in transgenic tobacco. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:11763–11768CrossRef

Heuberger S, Crowder DW, Brevault T, Tabashnik BE, Carriere Y (2011) Modeling the effects of plant-to-plant gene flow, larval behavior, and refuge size on pest resistance to Bt cotton. Environ Entomol 40:484–495CrossRef

Horsch RB (1993) Commercialization of genetically engineered crops. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 342:287–291CrossRef

Hutchison WD, Burkness EC, Mitchell PD, Moon RD, Leslie TW, Fleischer SJ, Abrahamson M, Hamilton KL, Steffey KL, Gray ME, Hellmich RL, Kaster LV, Hunt TE, Wright RJ, Pecinovsky K, Rabaey TL, Flood BR, Raun ES (2010) Areawide suppression of European corn borer with Bt maize reaps savings to non-Bt maize growers. Science 330:222–225CrossRef

Ives AR, Glaum PR, Ziebarth NL, Andow DA (2011) The evolution of resistance to two-toxin pyramid transgenic crops. Ecol Appl 21:503–515CrossRef

Jackson RE, Bradley JR Jr, Van Duyn JW, Gould F (2004) Comparative production of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from transgenic cotton expressing either one or two Bacillus thuringiensis proteins with and without insecticide oversprays. J Econ Entomol 97:1719–1725CrossRef

Jansens S, Vliet A van, Dickburt C, Buysse L, Piens C, Saey B, DeWulf A, Gossele V, Paez A, Gobel E, Peferoen M (1997) Transgenic corn expressing a Cry9C insecticidal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis protected from European corn borer damage. Crop Sci 37:1616–1624CrossRef

Jayaraman KS (2001) Illegal Bt cotton in India haunts regulators. Nat Biotechnol 19:1090CrossRef

Jayaraman KS (2002) Poor crop management plagues Bt cotton experiment in India. Nat Biotechnol 20:1069CrossRef

Kaur S (2006) Molecular approaches for identification and construction of novel insecticidal genes for crop protection. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 22:233–253CrossRef

Kausch AP, Hague J, Oliver M, Li Y, Daniell H, Mascia P, Watrud LS, Stewart CN (2010) Transgenic perennial biofuel feedstocks and strategies for bioconfinement. Biofuels 1:163–176CrossRef

Kay R, Chan A, Daly M, McPherson J (1987) Duplication of CaMV 35S promoter sequences creates a strong enhancer for plant genes. Science 236:1299–1302CrossRef

Kershen DL (2006) Health and food safety: the benefits of Bt-corn. Food Drug Law J 61:197–235

Kim E, Suh S, Park B, Shin K, Kweon S, Han E, Park S-H, Kim Y, Kim J-K (2009) Chloroplast-targeted expression of synthetic cry1Ac in transgenic rice as an alternative strategy for increased pest protection. Planta 230:397–405CrossRef

Kota M, Daniell H, Varma S, Garczynski SF, Gould F, Moar WJ (1999) Overexpression of the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry2Aa2 protein in chloroplasts confers resistance to plants against susceptible and Bt-resistant insects. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:1840–1845CrossRef

Koziel MG, Beland GL, Bowman C, Carozzi NB, Crenshaw R, Crossland L, Dawson J, Desai N, Hill M, Kadwell S, Launis K, Lewis K, Maddox D, McPherson K, Meghji MR, Merlin E, Rhodes R, Warren GW, Wright M, Evola SV (1993) Field performance of elite transgenic maize plants expressing an insecticidal protein derived from Bacillus thuringiensis. Nat Biotechnol 11:194–200CrossRef

Koziel MG, Carozzi NB, Desai N, Warren GW, Dawson J, Dunder E, Launis K, Evola SV (1996) Transgenic maize for the control of european corn corer and other maize insect pests. Ann N Y Acad Sci 792:164–171CrossRef

Kronstad JW, Schnepf HE, Whiteley HR (1983) Diversity of locations for Bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein genes. J Bacteriol 154:419–428

Lampel JS, Canter GL, Dimock MB, Kelly JL, Anderson JJ, Uratani BB, Foulke JS, Turner JT (1994) Integrative cloning, expression, and stability of the cryIA(c) gene from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki in a recombinant strain of Clavibacter xyli subsp. cynodontis. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:501–508

Lang A, Otto M (2010) A synthesis of laboratory and field studies on the effects of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) maize on non-target Lepidoptera. Entomol Exp Appl 135:121–134CrossRef

Lawo NC, Wackers FL, Romeis J (2009) Indian Bt cotton varieties do not affect the performance of cotton aphids. PLoS One 4:e4804CrossRef

Lawson EC, Weiss JD, Thomas PE, Kaniewski WK (2001) NewLeaf Plus (R) Russet Burbank potatoes: replicase-mediated resistance to potato leafroll virus. Mol Breed 7:1–12CrossRef

Li Y, Meissle M, Romeis J (2008) Consumption of Bt maize pollen expressing Cry1Ab or Cry3Bb1 does not harm adult green lacewings, Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). PLoS One 3:e2909CrossRef

Liu W (2010) Do genetically modified plants impact arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi? Ecotoxicology 19:229–238CrossRef

Liu CW, Lin CC, Yiu JC, Chen JJW, Tseng MJ (2008) Expression of a Bacillus thuringiensis toxin (cry1Ab) gene in cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.) chloroplasts confers high insecticidal efficacy against Plutella xylostella. Theor Appl Genet 117:75–88CrossRef

Llewellyn DJ, Mares CL, Fitt GP (2007) Field performance and seasonal changes in the efficacy against Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) of transgenic cotton expressing the insecticidal protein Vip3A. Agric For Entomol 9:93–101CrossRef

Long N, Bottoms J, Meghji M, Hart H, Que Q, Pulliam D (2007) Corn Event MIR162. United States Patent US 20090300784 A1, 15 July 2009

Losey JE, Rayor LS, Carter ME (1999) Transgenic pollen harms monarch larvae. Nature 399:214CrossRef

Lovei GL, Andow DA, Arpaia S (2009) Transgenic insecticidal crops and natural enemies: a detailed review of laboratory studies. Environ Entomol 38:293–306CrossRef

Lu Y, Wu K, Jiang Y, Xia B, Li P, Feng H, Wyckhuys KA, Guo Y (2010) Mirid bug outbreaks in multiple crops correlated with wide-scale adoption of Bt cotton in China. Science 328:1151–1154CrossRef

Luo KM, Duan H, Zhao DG, Zheng XL, Deng W, Chen YQ, Stewart CN, McAvoy R, Jiang XN, Wu YH, He AG, Pei Y, Li Y (2007) ‘GM-gene-deletor’: fused loxP-FRT recognition sequences dramatically improve the efficiency of FLP or CRE recombinase on transgene excision from pollen and seed of tobacco plants. Plant Biotechnol J 5:263–274CrossRef

Martin MA, Hyde J (2001) Economic considerations for the adoption of transgenic crops: the case of Bt corn. J Nematol 33:173–177

Martinez-Ramirez AC, Gould F, Ferre J (1999) Histopathological effects and growth reduction in a susceptible and a resistant strain of Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) caused by sublethal doses of pure Cry1A crystal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis. Biocontrol Sci Technol 9:239–246CrossRef

Marvier M, McCreedy C, Regetz J, Kareiva P (2007) A meta-analysis of effects of Bt cotton and maize on nontarget invertebrates. Science 316:1475–1477CrossRef

Matten SR, Lewis PI, Tomimatsu G, Sutherland DWS, Anderson N, ColvinSnyder TL (1996) The US Environmental Protection Agency’s role in pesticide resistance management. In: Brown TM (ed) Molecular genetics and evolution of pesticide resistance. Amer Chemical Soc, Washington

McBride KE, Svab Z, Schaaf DJ, Hogan PS, Stalker DM, Maliga P (1995) Amplification of a Chimeric Bacillus gene in chloroplasts leads to an extraordinary level of an insecticidal protein in tobacco. Nat Biotechnol 13:362–365CrossRef

Mulder C, Wouterse M, Raubuch M, Roelofs W, Rutgers M (2006) Can transgenic maize affect soil microbial communities? PLoS Comput Biol 2:e128CrossRef

Murray EE, Stock C, Eberle M, Sekar V, Rocheleau TA, Adang MJ (1991) Analysis of unstable RNA transcripts of insecticidal crystal protein genes of Bacilus thuringiensis in transgenic plants and electroporated protoplasts. Plant Mol Biol 16:1035–1050CrossRef

Naranjo SE (2009) Impacts of Bt crops on non-target invertebrates and insecticide use patterns. In: CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources, CABI, Wallingford, UK

Obukowicz MG, Perlak FJ, Kusano-Kretzmer K, Mayer EJ, Watrud LS (1986) Integration of the delta-endotoxin gene of Bacillus thuringiensis into the chromosome of root-colonizing strains of pseudomonads using Tn5. Gene 45:327–331CrossRef

Oliveira AP, Pampulha ME, Bennett JP (2008) A two-year field study with transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis maize: effects on soil microorganisms. Sci Total Environ 405:351–357CrossRef

Oppert B, Kramer KJ, Beeman RW, Johnson D, McGaughey WH (1997) Proteinase-mediated insect resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins. J Biol Chem 272:23473–23476CrossRef

Pan ZQ, Onstad DW, Nowatzki TM, Stanley BH, Meinke LJ, Flexner JL (2011) Western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) dispersal and adaptation to single-toxin transgenic corn deployed with block or blended refuge. Environ Entomol 40:964–978CrossRef

Perlak FJ, Deaton RW, Armstrong TA, Fuchs RL, Sims SR, Greenplate JT, Fischhoff DA (1990) Insect resistant cotton plants. Nat Biotechnol 8:939–943CrossRef

Perlak FJ, Fuchs RL, Dean DA, McPherson SL, Fischhoff DA (1991) Modification of the coding sequence enhances plant expression of insect control protein genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:3324–3328CrossRef

Perlak FJ, Stone TB, Muskopf YM, Petersen LJ, Parker GB, McPherson SA, Wyman J, Love S, Reed G, Biever D et al (1993) Genetically improved potatoes: protection from damage by Colorado potato beetles. Plant Mol Biol 22:313–321CrossRef

Pitt G (2003) Implementation and impact of transgenic Bt cottons in Australia. ICAC Recorder 21:14–19

Pray CE, Huang J, Hu R, Rozelle S (2002) Five years of Bt cotton in China—the benefits continue. Plant J 31:423–430CrossRef

Qaim M, Zilberman D (2003) Yield effects of genetically modified crops in developing countries. Science 299:900–902CrossRef

Qiao F, Huang J, Rozelle S, Wilen J (2010) Natural refuge crops, buildup of resistance, and zero-refuge strategy for Bt cotton in China. Sci China Life Sci 53:1227–1238CrossRef

Quist D, Chapela IH (2001) Transgenic DNA introgressed into traditional maize landraces in Oaxaca, Mexico. Nature 414:541–543CrossRef

Rodrigo-Simon A, Maagd RA de, Avilla C, Bakker PL, Molthoff J, Gonzalez-Zamora JE, Ferre J (2006) Lack of detrimental effects of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry toxins on the insect predator Chrysoperla carnea: a toxicological, histopathological, and biochemical analysis. Appl Environ Microbiol 72:1595–1603CrossRef

Romeis J, Dutton A, Bigler F (2004) Bacillus thuringiensis toxin (Cry1Ab) has no direct effect on larvae of the green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). J Insect Physiol 50:175–183CrossRef

Rong J, Lu BR, Song Z, Su J, Snow AA, Zhang X, Sun S, Chen R, Wang F (2007) Dramatic reduction of crop-to-crop gene flow within a short distance from transgenic rice fields. New Phytol 173:346–353CrossRef

Roush RT (1998) Two-toxins strategies for management of insecticidal transgenic crops: can pyramiding succeed where pesticide mixtures have not? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 353:1777–1786CrossRef

Salamitou S, Agaisse H, Bravo A, Lereclus D (1996) Genetic analysis of cryIIIA gene expression in Bacillus thuringiensis. Microbiology 142:2049–2055CrossRef

Sanahuja G, Banakar R, Twyman RM, Capell T, Christou P (2011) Bacillus thuringiensis: a century of research, development and commercial applications. Plant Biotechnol J 9:283–300CrossRef

Sanchis V (2010) From microbial sprays to insect-resistant transgenic plants: history of the biospesticide Bacillus thuringiensis. A review. Agron Sustain Dev. 31:217–231

Schnepf HE, Whiteley HR (1981) Cloning and expression of the Bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein gene in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78:2893–2897CrossRef

Sears MK, Hellmich RL, Stanley-Horn DE, Oberhauser KS, Pleasants JM, Mattila HR, Siegfried BD, Dively GP (2001) Impact of Bt corn pollen on monarch butterfly populations: a risk assessment. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:11937–11942CrossRef

Seetharam S (2010) Should the Bt brinjal controversy concern healthcare professionals and bioethicists? Indian J Med Ethics 7:9–12

Shelton A, Sears M (2001) The monarch butterfly controversy: scientific interpretations of a phenomenon. Plant J 27:483–488CrossRef

Shelton AM, Zhao J-Z, Roush RT (2002) Economic, ecological, food safety, and social consequences of the deployment of Bt transgenic plants. Annu Rev Entomol 47:845–881CrossRef

Sheridan C (2009) Report claims no yield advantage for Bt crops. Nat Biotechnol 27:588–589CrossRef

Shivakumar AG, Vanags RI, Wilcox DR, Katz L, Vary PS, Fox JL (1989) Gene dosage effect on the expression of the delta-endotoxin genes of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki in Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus megaterium. Gene 79:21–31CrossRef

Skøt L, Harrison SP, Nath A, Mytton LR, Clifford BC (1990) Expression of insecticidal activity in Rhizobium containing the d-endotoxin gene cloned from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis. Plant Soil 127:285–295CrossRef

Soberón M, Pardo-López L, López I, Gómez I, Tabashnik BE, Bravo A (2007) Engineering modified Bt toxins to counter insect resistance. Science 318:1640–1642CrossRef

Stark DM (1997) Risk assessment and criteria for commercial launch of transgenic plants. Proceedings of the 3rd Ifgene Workshop, Dornach, Switzerland

Stewart SD, Adamczyk JJ Jr, Knighten KS, Davis FM (2001) Impact of Bt cottons expressing one or two insecticidal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner on growth and survival of noctuid (Lepidoptera) larvae. J Econ Entomol 94:752–760CrossRef

Storer NP, Babcock JM, Schlenz M, Meade T, Thompson GD, Bing JW, Huckaba RM (2010) Discovery and characterization of field resistance to Bt maize: Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Puerto Rico. J Econ Entomol 103:1031–1038CrossRef

Tabashnik BE (1989) Managing resistance with multiple pesticide tactics: theory, evidence, and recommendations. J Econ Entomol 82:1263–1269

Tabashnik BE, Van Rensburg JB, Carrière Y (2009) Field-evolved insect resistance to Bt crops: definition, theory, and data. J Econ Entomol 102:2011–2025CrossRef

Tank JL, Rosi-Marshall EJ, Royer TV, Whiles MR, Griffiths NA, Frauendorf TC, Treering DJ (2010) Occurrence of maize detritus and a transgenic insecticidal protein (Cry1Ab) within the stream network of an agricultural landscape. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:17645–17650CrossRef

Vaeck M, Reynaerts A, Höfte H, Jansens S, De Beuckeleer M, Dean C, Zabeau M, Van Montagu M, Leemans J (1987) Transgenic plants protected from insect attack. Nature 328:33–37CrossRef

van Frankenhuyzen K (2009) Insecticidal activity of Bacillus thuringiensis crystal proteins. J Invertebr Pathol 101:1–16CrossRef

van Rensburg JBJ (2007) First report of field resistance by stem borer, Busseola fusca (Fuller) to Bt-transgenic maize. S Afr J Plant Soil 24:147–151

Van Rie J, McGaughey WH, Johnson DE, Barnett BD, Van Mellaert H (1990) Mechanism of insect resistance to the microbial insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis. Science 247:72–74CrossRef

Vaughan H (2003) GM plants and protection against insects—Alternative strategies based on gene technology. Acta Agric Scand B 53:34–40

Viktorov AG (2011) Transfer of Bt corn byproducts from terrestrial to stream ecosystems. Russ J Plant Physiol 58:543–548CrossRef

Walters FS, Stacy CM, Lee MK, Palekar N, Chen JS (2008) An engineered chymotrypsin/cathepsin G site in domain I renders Bacillus thuringiensis Cry3A active against Western corn rootworm larvae. Appl Environ Microbiol 74:367–374CrossRef

Walters FS, de Fontes CM, Hart H, Warren GW, Chen JS (2010) Lepidopteran-active variable-region sequence imparts coleopteran activity in eCry3.1Ab, an engineered Bacillus thuringiensis hybrid insecticidal protein. Appl Environ Microbiol 76:3082–3088CrossRef

Waltz E (2009) Battlefield. Nature 461:27–32CrossRef

Warren GW, Carozzi NB, Desai N, Koziel MG (1992) Field evaluation of transgenic tobacco containing a Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein gene. J Econ Entomol 85:1651–1659

Whalon ME, Wingerd BA (2003) Bt: mode of action and use. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 54:200–211CrossRef

Wu F (2006) Mycotoxin reduction in Bt corn: potential economic, health, and regulatory impacts. Transgenic Res 15:277–289CrossRef

Wu ZL, Guo WY, Qiu JZ, Huang TP, Li XB, Guan X (2004) Cloning and localization of vip3A gene of Bacillus thuringiensis. Biotechnol Lett 26:1425–1428CrossRef

Wu KM, Lu YH, Feng HQ, Jiang YY, Zhao JZ (2008) Suppression of cotton bollworm in multiple crops in China in areas with Bt toxin-containing cotton. Science 321:1676–1678CrossRef

Xia H, Lu BR, Xu K, Wang W, Yang X, Yang C, Luo J, Lai FX, Ye WL, Fu Q (2011) Enhanced yield performance of Bt rice under target-insect attacks: implications for field insect management. Transgenic Res 20:655–664CrossRef

Yang Z, Chen H, Tang W, Hua H, Lin Y (2011) Development and characterisation of transgenic rice expressing two Bacillus thuringiensis genes. Pest Manag Sci 67:414–422CrossRef

Zambryski P, Joos H, Genetello C, Leemans J, Montagu MV, Schell J (1983) Ti plasmid vector for the introduction of DNA into plant cells without alteration of their normal regeneration capacity. EMBO J 2:2143–2150

Zhang H, Yin W, Zhao J, Jin L, Yang Y, Wu S, Tabashnik BE, Wu Y (2011) Early warning of cotton bollworm resistance associated with intensive planting of Bt cotton in China. PLoS One 6:e22874CrossRef

Zhao JZ, Cao J, Li Y, Collins HL, Roush RT, Earle ED, Shelton AM (2003) Transgenic plants expressing two Bacillus thuringiensis toxins delay insect resistance evolution. Nat Biotechnol 21:1493–1497CrossRef

Zhao JZ, Cao J, Collins HL, Bates SL, Roush RT, Earle ED, Shelton AM (2005) Concurrent use of transgenic plants expressing a single and two Bacillus thuringiensis genes speeds insect adaptation to pyramided plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:8426–8430CrossRef

Titel: Bt Crops: Past and Future
verfasst von: Dr. Anais S. Castagnola
Dr. Juan Luis Jurat-Fuentes
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Buch: Bacillus thuringiensis Biotechnology
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-3020-5

Electronic ISBN: 978-94-007-3021-2

Copyright-Jahr: 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-3021-2_15

Premium Partner

Marktübersichten

Die im Laufe eines Jahres in der „adhäsion“ veröffentlichten Marktübersichten helfen Anwendern verschiedenster Branchen, sich einen gezielten Überblick über Lieferantenangebote zu verschaffen.

Zur Marktübersicht

Springer Professional

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Premium Partner

Marktübersichten