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2017 | Buch

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Catalysis for Green Energy and Technology

verfasst von: Samira Bagheri

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Buchreihe : Green Energy and Technology

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik"

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Über dieses Buch

This book describes the importance of catalysis for the sustainable production of biofuels and biochemicals, focusing primarily on the state-of-the-art catalysts and catalytic processes expected to play a decisive role in the "green" production of fuels and chemicals from biomass. The book also includes general sections exploring the entire chain of biomass production, conversion, environment, economy, and life-cycle assessment.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Chapter 1. Design of Catalysts, Characterization, Kinetics and Mechanisms of Reactions, Deactivation/Regeneration

Abstract

Catalysis is described as the acceleration of chemical reactions through the participation of unknown substances, known as catalysts. Catalysts usually exist as liquids or solids, but some may appear as gases. The appropriation amount of catalyst aids in prompting the thermodynamic rate of a reaction more attainable, but does not alter the composition of the thermodynamic equilibrium.

Samira Bagheri

Chapter 2. Design of Fuel Cells and Reactors, Estimation of Process Parameters, Their Modelling and Optimization

Abstract

Fuel cell systems are a promising alternative power source based technologies that are vastly used in today’s industrial applications. Fuel cells are clean, quiet, and feasible devices that transformed chemical changes into electricity to be utilized. They are operational and can generate fuel as long as it is supplied with oxygen and hydrocarbons.

Samira Bagheri

Chapter 3. Catalysis in Fuel Cells (PEMC, SOFC)

Abstract

Energy is the basis of economic development, there is no modern civilization without the development of the energy industry. Humans have been conducting efforts to improve the high efficiency use of energy resources. There has been a number of revolutionary changes in the way to use energy during the history, from the original steam engine to internal combustion engines. Fuel cells are energy devices which transfer chemical energy stored in the fuel and oxidant directly into electrical energy. When fuel cells are continuously supplied fuel and oxidant, electricity can be made constantly. According to the different electrolytes, fuel cells can be divided into several types, such as alkaline fuel cell (AFC), phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC), molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC), solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), and proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), etc.

Samira Bagheri

Chapter 4. Hydrogen Energy in General

Abstract

Presently, finding a friendly, clean and efficient energy in generating fuel cells and hydrogen from various primary energy source has been the main solution. Skyscraper buildings and industrial sites, mostly generate heat, which accounts for more than one per-two in consumption of energy and one-third carbon dioxide and other pollutant gases.

Samira Bagheri

Chapter 5. Catalysis in Production of Syngas, Hydrogen and Biofuels

Abstract

Efficient, economical, and environmental friendly chemical production usually needs the utilization of catalysis to run at rates that are acceptable. Most of the western standard of living is based on the ability of the chemical industry to convert available raw materials effectively into fuels, chemicals and applicable energy. It is crucial to know the definition of catalysis. Catalyst is defined as a substance that takes part and speed up the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed by the reaction.

Samira Bagheri

Chapter 6. Biodiesel and Green Diesel Production, Upgrading of Fats and Oils from Renewable Sources

Abstract

The alternative to conventional diesel or fossil diesel is biodiesel. It can be produced from either fats and oils (vegetable oils, used cooking oils). Production of biodiesel can be carried out chemically by esterification or transesterification reactions. These reactions take place between the fats or oil with short chain or low molecular weight alcohol such as ethanol and methanol. Commonly, ethanol is being used due to its low cost. However, when methanol is used in the reactions, greater conversion of fats and oils into biodiesel can be reached.

Samira Bagheri

Chapter 7. Catalytic Upgrading of Glycerol, Conversion of Biomass Derived Carbohydrates to Fuels and Catalysis in Depolymerization of Lignin

Abstract

Over the past decades, petroleum resources have been used dominantly in production of petrochemicals and also fuels for transportation results in the depletion of petroleum resources.

Samira Bagheri

Chapter 8. Catalytic Pyrolysis of Biomass

Abstract

A process which involved thermochemical conversion for the in situ upgrading the quality of the bio-oil (pyrolysis oil) in the pyrolysis reactor with the used of heterogeneous catalyst as a heat carrier is called as catalytic pyrolysis of biomass. The upgrading of bio-oil was carried out to minimize the undesirable properties such as high viscosity, high oxygen and water content, instability, corrosivity and low heating value of the bio-oil. In the industry of petrochemical that was utilised to convert heavy oil fractions into chemicals and also lighter fuels, heterogeneous catalysis is used widely.

Samira Bagheri

Chapter 9. Catalytic Upgrading of Bio-oil: Biomass Gasification in the Presence of Catalysts

Abstract

Because of general fact the population of the world is increasing and our ways of living, the consumption of energy was never been higher than it is today (Plouffe and Kalache in 87(5):733–739, 2010; Outlook in Energy information administration. Department of Energy, 2010).

Samira Bagheri

Chapter 10. Production of Renewable Hydrogen; Liquid Transportation Fuels (BTL)

Abstract

The main challenges in transportation sector at United States are the volatility of the global oil market, the prices of energy highly increasing and consistent pressure to reduce the emissions of the lifecycle greenhouse gas. Due to the concern on the “peak-oil” domestic for production of crude oil, the nations of OPEC are remains unrest (Wang et al. 2013; Nashawi et al. 2010), and efforts to develop liquid fuels which can be produced from domestic feedstocks based on carbon have been motivated in order to provide a significant means for increasing security of nation by enhanced the independence of energy. Therefore, it is expected that the demand for additional fuel using “non-petroleum” based feedstocks will be largely satisfied for the country. To process the alternative feedstocks, investigation on several technologies have been carried out. The main supply of the liquid fuels come from the biomass sources.

Samira Bagheri

Chapter 11. Catalytic Transformation of CO2 to Fuels

Abstract

By the year 2050, the European Commission are committed to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gas to 80–95% through the “Energy Roadmap 2050” that was adopted on December 15, 2011 (Schleicher-Tappeser 2012). The routes on system of energy for decarbonization was explored by this Energy Roadmap 2050, and in order to achieve this objective, many relevant contributions have been done, which has effects not only at the European but also worldwide level.

Samira Bagheri

Titel: Catalysis for Green Energy and Technology
verfasst von: Samira Bagheri
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-43104-8
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-43103-1
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43104-8