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Polymer Bulletin

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Open Access 17.08.2023 | ORIGINAL PAPER

Customized poly (aniline-co-o-aminobenzoic acid) by functionalizing with n/p dopants and its application in symmetrical redox supercapacitor

verfasst von: G. Manikandan, Y. N. Sudhakar, M. Selvakumar, S. Pitchumani, N. G. Renganathan

Erschienen in: Polymer Bulletin | Ausgabe 6/2024

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Abstract

The chemically synthesized poly (aniline-co-o-aminobenzoic acid) copolymer was functionalized electrochemically by cationic and anionic doping and tailored its property for suitable redox behavior. The mechanism during this process has been proposed using cyclic voltammetry studies, and the doping was confirmed in FTIR and UV studies. In the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, undoped and doped behavior revealed the possibility of fine-tuning of conditions that are required for redox supercapacitor. A symmetrical supercapacitor was fabricated with an optimized doped co-polymer-based electrode and the specific capacitance values were 107 Fg⁻¹ for n-doped polymer and 140 Fg⁻¹ for p-doped polymer. The electrochemical characterization of n/p 1 cm² cells in terms of specific power, specific energy, specific capacitance, columbic efficiency, IR drop, and ESR was calculated from charge/discharge studies. Data were analyzed in terms of complex power versus complex capacitance, and hence, active region of n/p supercapacitor was obtained. This concept paves way for future tailoring of dopants during the synthesis of conducting polymer and its copolymers.

Graphical abstract

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Introduction

Conducting polymers has enormous applications in cathode materials for lithium batteries, polymer light-emitting diodes, molecular electronic devices, conducting fibers, and electrochemical capacitors [1‐5]. Among conducting polymers like polythiophene, polypyrrole, and poly (aniline) (PANI), PANI has better environmental stability and redox properties associated with chain nitrogen. Furthermore, p-doping and n-doping of PANI are well-documented both theoretically and chemically [6, 7]. During p and n doping of the electroactive polymers such as PANI and its derivatives, the pH value must always be greater than 4 to achieve better conductivity. Notably, maintaining this pH in the non-aqueous electrolyte is easy during p doping, while in n doping the conductivity reduces as pH decreases to less than 4. Hence, to maintain higher conductivity and resistance to pH the carboxylic group was substituted to ortho-position of PANI [8] to get poly (aniline-co-o-aminobenzoic acid) copolymer. Moreover, the electron-donating groups from alkyl, alkoxy [9, 10] electron-withdrawing groups like chloro- and nitro groups [11, 12] can be varied during synthesis. Even we try to prove that the redox transformation can be done during the p and n doping process and improve the conductivity in this work. Additionally, the copolymer has mixed with microporous carbon in the ratio [1:1] to exhibit a combined double layer and pseudocapacitance mechanism of charge storage. The combination showed higher specific capacitance than pure PANI [13]. Reports toward characterization of n and p-type electrode through FTIR, UV, complex power versus complex capacitance and classical electrochemical techniques for supercapacitor application are well known [14]. The challenges of n and p doping in poly (3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) was the first reported by our team [15], and in current paper, we synthesize n- and p-doped poly (aniline-co-o-aminobenzoic acid) for a symmetric redox supercapacitor application.

Methodology

Preparation of poly (aniline-co-o-aminobenzoic acid)

Aniline (GR-Merck) (distilled before use), HBF₄ (GR-Merck), o-aminobenzoic acid (GR-Merck), and ammonium persulfate (GR-Merck) were used as received. All the experimental preparation was performed using millipore water (Millie-Q water purification system). The monomer solution was prepared by dissolving 0.25 g of o-amino benzoic acid in 150 mL of 1 M HBF₄. 10 mL of aniline was added to this solution and kept in an ice bath (0 °C to 4 °C) for up to 4 h. 11.15 g of (NH₄)₂ S₂O₈ dissolved in 100 mL of water was added to the prepared monomer solution and again kept in the ice bath (0 °C to 4 °C) for 4 h. The resultant-colored precipitate was filtered, washed in triple distilled water, and dried.

Fabrication of supercapacitor electrodes

Polyvinylidene fluoride (Aldrich), N-methyl pyrrolidone (Aldrich), Tetraethyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate (Aldrich), carbon fiber of resistivity 1375 μΩ cm from Sigma-Aldrich (Goodfellow) were used as received. The working electrode was fabricated by taking the weight ratio of carbon fiber/poly (aniline-co-o-aminobenzoic acid) (1:1). This electrode material, binder poly (vinylidene fluoride) dissolved in N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) in the ratio of 80:15:5 was taken and then mixed well to form a paste, which is then coated onto stainless steel (304 quality, area 1 cm × cm, thickness 0.2 mm) electrode. The mass loading was maintained between 2 and 5 mg cm⁻². The n/p-doped symmetric supercapacitor was assembled using n-doped and p-doped electrodes, respectively, and is separated by a polypropylene separator. All the measurements were carried using 0.1 M [C₂H₅]₄ N⁺BF₄⁻electrolyte at room temperature.

Characterization

FTIR studies were performed using NEX versus 670 FTIR spectrometer with a DTGS detector. The spectrum was taken in the mid-IR region of 400–4000 cm⁻¹ with 16-scan speed. UV measurements were conducted using Cary 500 UV spectrophotometer. All cyclic voltammetry experiments were conducted using a Bio-Analytical System. A three-electrode system was employed with a reference electrode as saturated calomel electrode for p doping and Ag/AgCl electrode for n doping. The counter electrode was Pt foil and coated SS electrode as a working electrode was used. The impedance studies were done using a computer-controlled EG&G system model M6310 with software M398. An AC signal of 5 mV amplitude was superimposed on a D.C. potential of 50 mV, and impedance values were measured over frequencies ranging from 100 MHz to 100 kHz.

Results and discussion

Cyclic voltammetry (CV) study was performed for carbon fiber/poly (aniline-co-o-aminobenzoic acid) (1:1) electrode in 0.1 M HBF₄ as the supporting electrolyte [16].

Anionic doping (p doping = oxidation)

The optimization of CV for synthesizing p-doped electrodes was done in the potential range of –0.2 V to + 0.8 V at scan rates of 50 mV s⁻¹ for 500 cycles to ensure successful p doping. The oxidation of copolymer occurs by the formation of a positively charged particle on conducting copolymer and an associated anion.

$$ {\text{Poly}}\; \left( {{\text{aniline-co-}}o{\text{-aminobenzoic acid}}} \right) + n{\text{HBF}}_{4 } \to {\text{Poly}}\; \left( {{\text{aniline-co-}}o{\text{-aminobenzoic acid}}} \right) ^{n + } ({\text{BF}}_{4}^{ - } )_{n}^{n - } + n{\text{H}}^{ + } $$

(1)

Figure 1 illustrates the dependence of the polymer redox process on the scan rate (2, 5, and 10 mV s⁻¹). Table 1 shows the specific capacitance values (C_s) which were measured using the following equation

$$ C_{{\text{s}}} = \frac{{\int {I{\text{d}}V} }}{{2mk\left( {\Delta V} \right)}} $$

(2)

where numerator is the area under the CV curve, ΔV is the operation voltage window, and m is the mass of material at each electrode, and k is the scan rate. The proton and the anion uptake/expulsion peaks are observed, the current value increases with increasing sweep rate, and it is resolved at a higher scan rate. However, the uptake/expulsion peaks are not well defined at lower scan rates because the proton expulsion peak overlaps with the anion uptake peaks. Hence, simultaneous association reactions occur to form BF₄⁻ and HBF_4. Doping of anion and proton plays important role in determining the oxidation state of the polymer resulting in the uptake or expulsion of ions. The doping of the polymer with acid was governed by the condition of charge neutrality, which yields to insertion of positive (proton), and negative (anion) charge, as the redox state of the polymer is changed. The polymer showed two anodic peaks at 0.29 V and 0.79 V, which agrees with the observation made by David et al. [17].

Table 1

n/p supercapacitor data from cyclic voltammogram

Type of doping	Polymer	Active material (g)	Scan rate mV s⁻¹	C_s (Fg⁻¹)
p-doped	Poly (aniline-co-o-aminobenzoic acid)	0.0030	2	181
			5	173
			10	140
n-doped	Poly (aniline-co-o-aminobenzoic acid)	0.0028	2	214
			5	165
			10	107
n/p supercapacitor	Poly (aniline-co-o-aminobenzoic acid)	0.0058	2	69
			5	54
			50	34

Cationic doping [n-doping = reduction]

In all the electrochemical studies, voltammetry scans were terminated at the negative potential limit to ensure that the films were doped with the cation. The n-doping was performed from 0.0 V to − 2.0 V at scan rates of 50 mV s⁻¹ for 500 cycles in 0.1 M Tetraethyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate (TEATFB) (dissolved in a mixture of acetonitrile and water (4:1)).

$$\begin{gathered} {\text{Poly}}\; \left( {{\text{aniline-co-}}o{\text{-aminobenzoic acid}}} \right) + \left( {{\text{C}}_{2} {\text{H}}_{5} } \right)_{n} {\text{N}}^{ + } {\text{BF}}_{4}^{ - } \hfill \\ \to \left( {{\text{C}}_{2} H_{5} } \right)_{n} {\text{N}}^{{n + }} {\text{poly}}\; \left( {{\text{aniline-co-}}o{\text{-aminobenzoic acid}}} \right)^{{n - }} + {\text{BF}}_{4}^{ - } \hfill \\ \end{gathered}$$

(3)

The reduction caused by a chemical species generates a negatively charged conducting polymer and an associated cation, but in negative potential, the copolymer is reduced to a leucoemeraldine state.

Figure 2 shows the CV behavior of the reduced state and specific capacitance was calculated for 2, 5, and 10 mV s⁻¹ scan rates and tabulated in Table 1. The n-doping peak was observed at –1.2 V, which deviates from the reported n-doping value of − 1.5 V [18]. The difference is attributed to the presence of the –CO₂H group in this work. The –CO₂H is an electron withdrawing group which attracts anions (BF₄⁻) readily than nitrogen containing conducting polymer like polyaniline. Moreover, changes in C–N stretching band after n-doping in FTIR studies imply that shift in n-doping peak more toward positive potential is due to dual contribution from –CO₂H and C=N group in the co-polymer. In Table 1, p and n-doped electrodes have high specific capacitance values, which indicates the suitability of these materials for supercapacitor application. Thus, an n/p supercapacitor was fabricated using the doped electrodes, and a cyclic voltammogram was recorded in 0.1 M [C₂H₅]₄ N⁺ BF₄⁻ medium in the potential range of –1.0 V to + 1.0 V at scan rates of 2, 5, and 50 mV s⁻¹. To ensure full p- and n- doping, the voltammetry scans were initiated and terminated at positive and negative potentials, respectively. The supporting electrolyte [C₂H₅]₄N⁺BF₄⁻ offered the p- and n-doping by providing cations (Et₄N⁺) and anions (BF₄⁻), respectively.

$$\begin{gathered} \left( {{\text{C}}_{2} {\text{H}}_{5} } \right)_{n} {\text{N}}^{{n + }} {\text{poly}}\; \left( {{\text{aniline-co-}}o{\text{-aminobenzoic acid}}} \right)^{{n - }} \hfill \\ \leftrightarrow {\text{poly}}\; \left( {{\text{aniline-co-}}o{\text{-aminobenzoic}}} \right)\left( {{\text{BF}}_{4}^{ - } } \right)_{n}^{{n - }} + 2{\text{H}}^{ + } + 2e^{ - } \hfill \\ \end{gathered}$$

(4)

Figure 3 shows the cyclic voltammogram of the n/p supercapacitor at a scan rate of 50 mV s⁻¹. The redox reaction involved in conducting polymer similar to the redox couple Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ is observed and is the most preferable choice to fabricate the n/p supercapacitor.

FTIR spectra of un-doped, p-doped, and n-doped poly (aniline-co-o-aminobenzoic acid) are shown in Fig. 4. Strong absorption peaks are observed between 680 and 882 cm⁻¹ due to the out-of-plane bending of the C–H bond and the substituted pattern of an aromatic ring. This substitution in polyaniline rings indicates successful co-polymerization. The peak at 3435 cm⁻¹ is ascribed to N–H bond stretching in aminobenzoic acid copolymers. A band between 3000 and 2500 cm⁻¹ is characteristic of the acid group (–CO₂H). Absorption bands at 1560 and 1493 cm⁻¹ suggest the presence of a secondary amine group monomer. The absorption bands due to C–H, C=N, C–N, CO₂H are given in Table 2, and the changes in band position before and after doping are also indicated. Notable changes in C–N stretching band due to the C=N group before and after n-doping are observed in Fig. 4.

Table 2

FTIR- absorption bands of poly (aniline-co-o-aminobenzoic acid)

Poly (aniline-co-o-aminobenzoic acid)	C–H cm⁻¹	C=N cm⁻¹	C–N cm⁻¹	C–N cm⁻¹	C=N cm⁻¹	o-substituent cm⁻¹
Before doping	882	1123	1301	1493	1560	743
After p-doping	881	1120	1384	1481	1552	789
After n-doping	879	1121	1385	1488	1549	669

Finally, a characteristic electronic absorption band at 3435 cm⁻¹ is observed for p and n-doped co-polymer. The redox state of poly (aniline-co-o-aminobenzoic acid) has been estimated through IR data by evaluating the quinoid and benzenoid forms as reported by David et al. [19]. It is usually determined by the corresponding ratios of units which are represented by R as shown below,

https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00289-023-04941-z/MediaObjects/289_2023_4941_Equ5_HTML.png

(5)

The value of R for p-doped poly (aniline-co-o-aminobenzoic acid) is 0.565. In oxidation caused by a chemical, species generates a positively charged conducting polymer and an associated anion. At potential values negative to 0.0 V, the poly (aniline-co-o-aminobenzoic acid) is in a completely reduced state, which is known as leucoemeraldine [23]. Oxidation and reduction structures are shown in Fig. 5a and b, respectively.

UV spectroscopy data for the synthesized copolymer are shown in Fig. 6. The peak at 320 nm is attributed to π–π^* transition in benzenoid units which refer to a polaron. The second peak at 560 nm is attributed to an exciton transition, and it refers to a bipolaron [18]. The quinoid form of diamino units, which is in conducting form, is responsible for the conductivity in copolymers.

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy has the advantage of studying the individual p and n-type electrodes in the high, middle, and low-frequency range. In the high-frequency region, the relaxation process of the electrode was studied. In the middle to low-frequency region, diffusion kinetics of the electrode was studied. For that reason, we split the frequency region and study the behavior of p and n-type electrodes. In the present analysis, the capacitance and resistance values are split into a high-frequency semicircle (HFS = 100 kHz–100 Hz), medium-frequency semicircle (MPS = 100 Hz–10 Hz), and low-frequency semicircle (LFS = 10 Hz to 100 MHz) [20]. The HFS relates to the film's bulk resistance (R_b), and the film's bulk capacitance (C_b). The HF intercept on the real axis gives the solution resistance (Rs) and the film's bulk resistance (R_b). In Figs. 7 and 8, the values of solution resistance for both un-doped and doped films were compared and are tabulated in Table 3. It shows that doping either 1 M HBF₄ or 0.1 M [C₂H₅]₄N⁺BF₄⁻as no change in solution resistance which is a good sign of an electrolyte.

Table 3

AC impedance data of undoped, p and n-doped, and n/p electrodes

Types of material	Charge transfer resistance (Ω)	Double layer capacitance (μF)	Solution resistance (Ω)	Redox capacitance (mF)
Cell in 0.1 M TEATFB in CH₃CN	24.0	109.7	0.4	113.1
Undoped Poly (aniline-co-o-aminobenzoic acid) in 0.1 M H₂SO₄	24.5	273.1	1.5	91.0
p-doped Poly (aniline-co-o-aminobenzoic acid)	53.2	263.6	1.4	206.7
Undoped Poly (aniline-co-o-aminobenzoic acid) in 0.1 M TEATFB in CH₃CN	19.2	417.0	1.0	34.9
n-doped Poly (aniline-co-o-aminobenzoic acid)	180	254.5	1.0	124.9

In the low-frequency region and medium frequency region, a semicircle is seen due to charge transfer resistance (Ω), and the double-layer capacitance (μF) of the electrode was calculated from this region and is tabulated in Table 3. For un-doped and p-doped films, the charge transfer resistance value increases from 24.5 Ω to 53.2 Ω, and in the case of un-doped and n-doped, the charge transfer resistance value increases from 19.2 to 180 Ω. While comparing with p-doped and n-doped films, the charge transfer resistance increases, which is due to the mobility of ions in supporting electrolytes. In the case of un-doped and p-doped films, the double-layer capacitance values slightly change from 203.1 to 263.6 μF. But in the case of un-doped and n-doped films, the double-layer capacitance value decreased from 417.0 μF to 254.5 μF. As inferred, the double-layer capacitance value is increased for p-doping and decreased in the case of n-doping. In conducting polymer, the decrease in double-layer capacitance is a clear indication of the reduction process. This is due to the incorporation of the biggest cation into the carbon fiber and thereby reducing the double-layer capacitance of the composite electrode.

The most interesting feature is involved in the lower frequency side because it focuses on the redox behavior of p and n-doped electrodes. In the case of un-doped and p-doped the value of redox capacitance increases from 91 mF to 206.7 mF, but in the case of undoped and n-doped the values increase from 34.9 mF to 124.9 mF. Figure 9 shows the impedance behavior of the n/p supercapacitor cell of the poly (aniline-co-o-aminobenzoic acid) copolymer. The redox capacitance and double layer capacitance values were calculated and are tabulated in Table 3. The phase angle of the n/p supercapacitor cell is 66.9° which is slightly deviated from the ideal supercapacitor phase angle value of 90°. This is due to the composite nature of poly (aniline-co-o-aminobenzoic acid).

Normally, supercapacitors oscillate between two states, resistor at high-frequency region and capacitor at low-frequency region. At high frequency > 10 kHz, supercapacitors behave like a resistor R. At low frequency, the imaginary part of the impedance sharply increases, and then, the plot tends to be a vertical line which is the characteristic of capacitive behavior. In the middle-frequency range, the behavior is due to the double-layer capacitance, porosity, and thickness of the electrode material. Figure 10 shows the normalized imaginary part |Q|/|S| and real part |P|/|S| of the complex power versus frequency. From the plots, the real part of the complex power p dissipated in a pure capacitor is zero (Ф = 90°). The |P|/|S| decreases when frequency decreases. The normalized imaginary part of the power |Q|/|S| increases when the frequency is decreased. At the low-frequency region, the maximum of |Q|/|S| is then reached where the supercapacitor behaves like a pure capacitor. The crossing of the two plots appears when |P| =|Q|, when Ф = + 45° and |P|/|S| =|Q|/|S|= 1/√2, corresponding to the time constant τ₀ = 6.2 × 10^–2, defining the frontier between the resistive and the capacitive behavior. The modified version of the above calculation was reported by Sudhakar et al. [21]. These representations can be useful to characterize the supercapacitor cells from an electrical point of view.

In galvanostatic charge/discharge (GCD) studies, when the capacitor is charged, the positive electrode is fully doped with positive ions, and the negative electrode is fully doped with negative ions. The ionic sources come from the electrolyte, like cations (C₂H₅)₄N⁺ and anions BF₄⁻ and are released on discharge. When the capacitor was fully discharged, both electrodes ended up in their undoped state. Therefore, for pseudocapacitors with type III conducting polymer electrodes, the salt concentration in the electrolyte changes during the charge–discharge process.

Figure 11 depicts poly (aniline-co-o-aminobenzoic acid) charge–discharge behavior of the first and 5000th cycle, respectively. ESR, specific capacitance, specific power, specific energy, and columbic efficiency have been calculated from the equations [22], and these values are tabulated in Table 4. It seems that columbic efficiency of 100% has been achieved in the first cycle and this has been progressively reduced to 86% after 1000 cycles and 61.9% after 5000 cycles. This may be due to the reduction of specific capacitance during cycling.

Table 4

Charge–discharge data for 1, 1000 and 5000 cycles

Cycle	SC (Fg⁻¹)	SP (Wg⁻¹)	SE (Whg⁻¹)	N %	ESR (Ω)	IR drop(V)
1	47	0.34	47	90	22	0.04
1000	35	0.34	35	86	20	0.03
5000	19	0.34	17	61	20	0.04

Slow decreasing of specific capacitance from 47 Fg⁻¹ to 35 Fg⁻¹ up to 1000 cycles and a sharp decrease to 19 Fg⁻¹ in 5000 cycles indicates that there is a sluggish reaction. Recently, Sudhakar et.al. and Sangeetha et al. reported very high discharge specific capacitance values in activated carbon and metal sulfide, conducting polymer-coated electrodes [23, 24]. The values are comparable with poly(acrylonitrile-co-1-vinylimidazole-co-itaconic acid) and poly(ortho toluidine-co-aniline)/SiO₂-based supercapacitors, i.e., 136.7 Fg⁻¹ at 10 mV s⁻¹ and 87.79 Fg⁻¹ at 0.2 A, respectively [25, 26]. Table 5 shows a comparison of specific capacitance of various supercapacitors.

Table 5

Comparison of specific capacitance of various supercapacitors

Material	Dopant	Electrolyte	Specific capacitance (F g⁻¹)	References
Poly (aniline-co-pyrrole)	Phytic acid	1 M H₂SO₄	639.0	[28]
Poly (aniline-co-o-methoxyaniline)	Graphite and multiwall carbon nanotube	1 M H₂SO₄	535.0	[29]
Poly(ortho toluidine-co-aniline)/SiO₂	–	1 M H₂SO₄	87.79	[25]
Poly (aniline-co-o-aminobenzoic acid)	n-doped	0.1 M [C₂H₅]₄ N⁺BF₄⁻	214.0	Present work

Due to n/p doping, the discharge-specific capacitance value is less, but this work has opened the door for synthesis and fabricating novel tuned n/p-doped supercapacitors. This may also be due to large contact impedance during the assembly of the cell as observed in higher ESR values. Initially, it was 22.5 ohms, which slowly settles down at 20 ohms. Despite high contact impedance, current efficiency is high. An increase in constant specific power while cycling indicates the good performance of the redox electroactive polymer, whereas a decrease in specific energy up to 1000 cycles and rapid decrease in specific energy up to 5000 cycles indicate the deterioration of electroactive species in the electrodes.

Figure 12 depicts the influence of cycle life on the impedance spectrum obtained for poly (aniline-co-o-aminobenzoic acid). It seems that the low and high-frequencies intercepted on the real impedance axis are basically because of two contributions; the electrolyte resistance, R_electronic (H₂SO₄ or TEATFB), and the film’s bulk resistance, R_ionic (PAABA) [27]. Hence, impedance increases with an increase in GCD cycling. In the first charge–discharge cycle of poly (aniline-co-o-aminobenzoic acid), the value ionic resistance was 22 ohms, while at the 1000th cycle electronic resistance value was 47.82 ohms and ionic resistance value was 68.90 ohms. Furthermore, in the 5000th cycle, the electronic resistance value was 59.51 ohms, and the ionic resistance value was 93.69 ohms. These values indicate that the efficiency of the process decreases with cycling.

Conclusion

Synthesis of p and n-doped poly (aniline-co-o-aminobenzoic acid) has been customized for characterization and fabrication of a new type of n/p supercapacitor cell. The constitution of n-type and p-type poly (aniline-co-o-aminobenzoic acid) has been confirmed by FTIR and UV spectral data. From cyclic voltammetry, the individual p-type and n-type polymer electrodes have shown specific capacitance of 140 and 107 Fg⁻¹, respectively. These values are further substantiated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The performance evaluation study for the supercapacitor cell assembled using the synthesized conducting polymer reveals that n/p-doped poly (aniline-co-o-aminobenzoic acid) electrode can be successfully used in supercapacitor application. Therefore, with the fine-tuning and suitable dopants, the scope for future redox-based hybrid supercapacitors which can withstand fluctuating voltage is of great challenge.

Acknowledgements

The first author acknowledges CECRI (CSIR) for providing the instrumentation facility for performing this M.Phil., project work.

Declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.

Not applicable.

Not applicable. The submitted work is original and has not been published elsewhere in any form or language.

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Titel: Customized poly (aniline-co-o-aminobenzoic acid) by functionalizing with n/p dopants and its application in symmetrical redox supercapacitor
verfasst von: G. Manikandan
Y. N. Sudhakar
M. Selvakumar
S. Pitchumani
N. G. Renganathan
Publikationsdatum: 17.08.2023
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in: Polymer Bulletin / Ausgabe 6/2024
Print ISSN: 0170-0839
Elektronische ISSN: 1436-2449
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-023-04941-z

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Abstract

Graphical abstract

Publisher's Note

Introduction

Methodology

Preparation of poly (aniline-co-o-aminobenzoic acid)

Fabrication of supercapacitor electrodes

Characterization

Results and discussion

Anionic doping (p doping = oxidation)

Cationic doping [n-doping = reduction]

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

Declarations

Conflict of interest

Ethical approval and consent to participate

Consent for publication

Publisher's Note

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