nach oben

The Annals of Regional Science

Erschienen in:

17.10.2022 | Special Issue Paper

Digital entrepreneurship indicator (DEI): an analysis of the case of the greater Paris metropolitan area

verfasst von: Dorine Cornet, Jean Bonnet, Sébastien Bourdin

Erschienen in: The Annals of Regional Science | Ausgabe 3/2023

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

The digital entrepreneurship indicator (DEI), which combines individual and institutional data, is designed to chart the vitality of metropolitan areas in terms of digital entrepreneurship on a suburban scale. In this study, we apply it to the case of the Greater Paris Metropolitan area. Using geographically weighted regression, we explore the spatial heterogeneity of the effect of digital entrepreneurial ecosystems on the location quotient of information and communication technology firms with fewer than 10 employees. The results highlight a positive link between the DEI and the location quotient of small ICT firms. In particular, the aspects of both ATTitudes and CAPacities (i.e., urbanization economies, Human Development Index, density of incubators, accounting and financial services, and fiber optic coverage) appear to have a significant effect on a suburban scale.

Vorheriger Artikel The relationship between R&D knowledge spillovers and employment entry

Nächster Artikel Correction to: Digital entrepreneurship indicator (DEI): an analysis of the case of the greater Paris metropolitan area

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich

The entrepreneurial ecosystem is an interconnected set of actors, organizations, institutions, and processes that combine in multiple ways within a local entrepreneurial environment (Isenberg 2010).

Sussan and Ács (2017) defining DEEs as the combination of elements in a given region the objective of which is to support the development and growth of innovative startups seeking new opportunities offered by the digital world.

In 1998, Maillat reported that urban areas are the most conducive to the development of innovative activities because they cover an over-representation of crucial resources to entrepreneurship. Cities effectively concentrate a critical mass of business-oriented tertiary activities, which are essential for the operation and development of an innovative system (research and development, technology, expertise, communication, training, finance, legal and managerial assistance, etc.).

It includes issues related to funding, skills, civil society, collaboration, infrastructure and diversity and inclusion. For more information: https://www.nesta.org.uk/report/european-digital-social-innovation-index-methodology/.

This index was developed as part of a doctoral thesis thanks to a “Convention Industrielle de Formation par la Recherche” (CIFRE) between the Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne, Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne and the City of Paris. This doctoral thesis "Entrepreneurial ecosystems in metropolitan territories" was defended by Dorine Cornet on January 18, 2021.

The “capital region” accounts for about 18% of the total population and more than 30% of France’s gross domestic product. It employs over 40% of researchers in France (public and private research) (Aubry et al. 2015).

The “Atelier Parisien d'URbanisme” (APUR) identifies the 110 places that support entrepreneurial and innovative activities (incubators, nurseries, accelerators) established in the GPM. https://www.apur.org/fr/nos-travaux/observatoire-jeunes-entreprises-innovantes-metropole-grand-paris.

Representative of the first TPE of the GPM.

A plethora of institutions of higher education, such as the université Paris Nanterre, Ecole d'Ingénieurs Paris-La Défense, IIM Paris–Grande École du Digital, Ascencia Business School, École de Finance & Management, ESAM, ESSEC, etc.

Created in 2006 as a non-profit organization, Cap Digital is currently recognized as the biggest cluster in Europe and one of the largest innovators’ collectives in the digital ecosystem.

This place is trendy, close to the big names of art and luxury, such as the Thaddaeus Ropac Gallery, Chanel and its lab, and BETC (newly installed in the old general stores in Pantin). Fashion collections, including Soukmachines, are present and have taken over Hall Papin.

Xavier Niel, a French entrepreneur that founded Free, which is the fourth French operator in mobile smartphones, established “school 42” for ICT students. The programs concerned are computer programming, algorithms and artificial intelligence, graphics, innovation, web, technology integration, infrastructures, cyber security, big data and data, and parallel computing, which are based on peer-learning, a participatory pedagogy with no classes or teachers. The fist school created in Paris (17th district) was extended to Lyon, Angoulême, and Nice in 2021.

An index provided by the IdF region in 2013, derived from a combination the three sub-indices of education, health, and standard of living.

We refer to the French “Pôle de Competitivité” policy: Six clusters plus Paris (cf. part 1).

Note that the explanatory variables are lagged in time (2 years) from the dependent variable to avoid endogeneity problems.

The determination of the bandwidth aims to minimize the residual spatial dependence of the GWR. We also implemented a robustness test using a variable bandwidth with a fixed distance and a variable number of nearest neighbors and obtained corroborating results.

Link to the Seine-Saint-Denis website: https://nouveau.seinesaintdenis.fr/Le-soutien-du-Conseil.html.

The map is available upon request.

When implemented alone in a GWR, the ASP axis is strongly significant.

Cities are most endowed with this crucial resource: Six cities in the United States rank first: San Francisco, San José, Boston, New York, Los Angeles, and San Diego, followed by London at seventh place and Paris only at 16^th place (Adler et al. 2019). Not all districts of the same metropolis can host capital-backed startups: “Indeed, ten of the top twenty zip codes for digital venture capital startups are urban neighborhoods, with six mainly in around downtown San Francisco, and three in neighborhoods in New York City's Lower Manhattan” (Adler et al. 2019, p. 126).

Thanks to access to digital fabrication tools such as 3D printers, laser cutters, CAD software and computer numerical control (CNC) milling machines.

These new technologies include biotech, nanotech, neuro-technologies, green and renewables, information and communication technology (ICT) and mobile communications, 3D, artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, sensoring, space technology, and drones.

In France, following the health crisis, the confinements and curfews that marked it, as well as the trivialization of telecommuting, the desire of GPM inhabitants to locate has shifted towards medium-sized cities that has become more attractive.

The extracted values are those whose initial eigenvalue is under 1.

Acemoglu D, Johnson S (2005) Unbundling institutions. J Polit Econ 113(5):949–995. https://doi.org/10.1086/432166CrossRef

Ács ZJ, Szerb L, Autio E (2017) The global entrepreneurship index. In: Global entrepreneurship and development index 2016. Springer, pp 19–38

Adler P, Florida R, King K, Mellander C (2019) The city and high-tech startups: the spatial organization of Schumpeterian entrepreneurship. Cities 87:121–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2018.12.013CrossRef

Aghion P, Bolton P (1992) An incomplete contracts approach to financial contracting. Rev Econ Stud 59(3):473–494CrossRef

Aghion P, Antonin C, Bunel S (2020) Le Pouvoir de la destruction créatrice. Odile Jacob

Andersson M, Larsson JP (2014) Local entrepreneurship clusters in cities. J Econ Geogr 1(28):39–66. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbu049CrossRef

Aubry M, Bonnet J, Renou-Maissant P (2015) Entrepreneurship and the business cycle: the ‘Schumpeter’ effect versus the ‘refugee’” effect. A French appraisal based on regional data. Ann Reg Sci 54(1):23–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-014-0645-xCrossRef

Audretsch DB, Belitski M (2017) Entrepreneurial ecosystems in cities: establishing the framework conditions. J Technol Transf 42(5):1030–1051. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-016-9473-8CrossRef

Audretsch DB, Keilbach MC, Lehmann EE (2006) Entrepreneurship and economic growth. Oxford University Press, New YorkCrossRef

Autio E, Fu K (2015) Economic and political institutions and entry into formal and informal entrepreneurship. Asia Pacific J Manag 32(1):67–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-014-9381-0CrossRef

Autio E, Kenney M, Mustar P, Siegel D, Wright M (2014) Entrepreneurial innovation: the importance of context. Res Policy 43(7):1097–1108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2014.01.015CrossRef

Autio E, Nambisan S, Thomas LD, Wright M (2018a) Digital affordances, spatial affordances, and the genesis of entrepreneurial ecosystems. Strateg Entrep J 12(1):72–95. https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.1266CrossRef

Autio E, Szerb L, Komlosi E, Tiszberger M (2018a) The European index of digital entrepreneurship systems. JRC Working Papers JRC112439, Joint Research Centre (Seville site)

Autor DH (2001) Wiring the labor market. J Econ Perspect 15(1):25–40. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.15.1.25CrossRef

Bannerjee S, Bone J, Finger Y, Haley C (2016) European digital city index-methodology report. Nesta report

Behrens K, Duranton G, Robert-Nicoud F (2014) Productive cities: sorting, selection, and agglomeration. J Polit Econ 122(3):507–553. https://doi.org/10.1086/675534CrossRef

Belitski M, Grigore AM, Bratu A (2021) Political entrepreneurship: entrepreneurship ecosystem perspective. Int Entrep Manag J 17(4):1973–2004CrossRef

Bertaux F, Chevrot J, Khelladi I, Omont L, Wolber O (2021) La Seine-Saint-Denis: entre dynamisme économique et difficultés sociales persistantes-Une analyse territoriale en quatre thèmes. Insee, Dossiers Île-De-France n°6, janvier

Berthoud F (2017) Numérique et écologie. Annales Des Mines, Responsabilité Et Environnement 87:72–75CrossRef

Bonnet J, Bourdin S, Gazzah F (2017) The entrepreuneurial context, a factor of economic growth in the Europe Union? A GWR analysis on the EU Regions, WP du CREM, October, 09

Bosma N, Schutjens V (2011) Understanding regional variation in entrepreneurial activity and entrepreneurial attitude in Europe. Ann Reg Sci 47(3):711–742CrossRef

Bosma N, Sternberg R (2014) Entrepreneurship as an urban event? Empirical evidence from European cities. Reg Stud 48(6):1016–1033. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2014.904041CrossRef

Bourdin S (2019) Does the cohesion policy have the same influence on growth everywhere? A geographically weighted regression approach in Central and Eastern Europe. Econ Geogr 95(3):256–287. https://doi.org/10.1080/00130095.2018.1526074CrossRef

Boutillier S, Capdevila I, Dupont L, Morel L (2020) Collaborative spaces promoting creativity and innovation. J Innov Econ Manag 1:1–9. https://doi.org/10.3917/jie.031.0001CrossRef

Brander JA, Amit R, Antweiler W (2002) Venture-capital syndication: improved venture selection versus. The value-added hypothesis. J Econ Manag Strategy 11:423–452. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.2002.00423.xCrossRef

Breitenecker RJ, Harms R (2010) Dealing with spatial heterogeneity in entrepreneurship research. Organ Res Methods 13(1):176–191CrossRef

Camors C, Dezenaire F, Godonou C, Renouvel S, Roger S, Soulard O (2016) Économie numérique: 80 % des établissements franciliens concentrés en cœur d’agglomération, Apur

Chabaud D, Ehlinger V Perret S (2004) L’incubation d’entreprises: la nouvelle frontière européenne, 17es Journées Nationales des IAE, Lyon, p 23

Charlot S, Duranton G (2006) Cities and workplace communication: some quantitative french evidence. Urban Stud 43(8):1365–1394. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980600776459CrossRef

Chatterji A, Glaeser E, Kerr W (2014) Clusters of entrepreneurship and innovation. Innov Policy Econ 14:129–166. https://doi.org/10.1086/674023CrossRef

Chevrot J, Khelladi I, Omont L, Wolber O, Bikun Bi Nkott F, Fourré C, Oudin B (2020) La Seine-Saint-Denis: entre dynamisme économique et difficultés sociales persistantes. Insee Analyses, Île-de-France, n° 114

Cleveland W (1979) Robust locally weighted regression and smoothing scatterplots. J Am Stat Assoc 74:829–836CrossRef

Cohen WM, Levinthal DA (1990) Absorptive capacity: a new perspective on learning and innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, pp 128–152

Cohen WM, Levinthal DA (1989) Innovation and learning: the two faces of R&D. Econ J 99(397):569–596CrossRef

Coll-Martínez E, Moreno-Monroy AI, Arauzo-Carod JM (2019) Agglomeration of creative industries: an intra-metropolitan analysis for Barcelona. Pap Reg Sci 98(1):409–431CrossRef

Crescenzi R, Rodríguez-Pose A (2011) Innovation and regional growth in the European Union. SpringerCrossRef

Desruelle P, Stančík J (2014) Characterizing and comparing the evolution of the major global economies in information and communication technologies. Telecommun Policy 38(8–9):812–826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2014.04.010CrossRef

Du W, Pan SL, Zhou N, Ouyang T (2018) From a marketplace of electronics to a digital entrepreneurial ecosystem (DEE): the emergence of a meta-organization in Zhongguancun, China. Inf Syst J 28(6):1158–1175. https://doi.org/10.1111/isj.12176CrossRef

Duranton G, Venables AJ (2018) Place-based policies for development (No. w24562). National Bureau of Economic Research

Duranton G, Puga D (2000) Diversity and specialisation in cities: why, where and when does it matter? Urban Stud 37(3):533–555. https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098002104CrossRef

Duranton G, Puga D (2001) Nursery cities: urban diversity, process innovation, and the life cycle of products. Am Econ Rev 91(5):1454–1477. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.91.5.1454CrossRef

De Jong JP, Marsili O (2010) Schumpeter versus Kirzner: an empirical investigation of opportunity types. EIM research reports, pp 1–29

Duvivier C (2019) Broadband and firm location: some answers to relevant policy and research issues using a meta-analysis. Can J Reg Sci 42(1):25–45

Duvivier C, Polèse M (2018) The great urban techno shift: are central neighbourhoods the next silicon valleys? Evidence from three Canadian metropolitan areas. Papers Reg Sci 97(4):1083–1111. https://doi.org/10.1111/pirs.12284CrossRef

Duvivier C, Polèse M, Apparicio P (2018) The location of information technology-led new economy jobs in cities: office parks or cool neighbourhoods? Reg Stud 52(6):756–767. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2017.1322686CrossRef

Duvivier C, Cazou E, Truchet-Aznar S, Brunelle C, Dubé J (2021) When, where, and for what industries does broadband foster establishment births? Pap Reg Sci. https://doi.org/10.1111/pirs.12626CrossRef

European Commission (2015) Digital transformation of European industry and enterprises. A report of the strategic policy forum on digital entrepreneurship. Brussels, European Commission

Feldman MP, Audretsch DB (1999) Innovation in cities: science-based diversity, specialization and localized competition. Eur Econ Rev 43(2):409–429CrossRef

Fernández-Portillo A, Almodóvar-González M, Hernández-Mogollón R (2020) Impact of ICT development on economic growth. A study of OECD European union countries. Technol Soc 63:101420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101420CrossRef

Florida R (2002) The economic geography of talent. Ann Assoc Am Geogr 92:743–755. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8306.00314CrossRef

Fotheringham AS, Charlton ME, Brunsdon C (1998) Geographically weighted regression: a natural evolution of the expansion method for spatial data analysis. Environ Plan A 30(11):1905–1927. https://doi.org/10.1068/a301905CrossRef

Frenkel A (2012) High-tech firms’ location considerations within the metropolitan regions and the impact of their development stages. Eur Plan Stud 20(2):231–255. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2012.651799CrossRef

Fritsch M, Schroeter A (2011) Why does the effect of new business formation differ across regions? Small Bus Econ 36(4):383–400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-009-9256-9CrossRef

Fritsch M (2013) Handbook of research on entrepreneurship and regional development: national and regional perspectives. Edward Elgar Publishing

Geissinger A, Laurell C, Sandström C, Eriksson K, Nykvist R (2019) Digital entrepreneurship and field conditions for institutional change—investigating the enabling role of cities. Technol Forecast Soc Change 146:877–886CrossRef

Gill I (2010) Regional development policies: place-based or people-centred? VoxEU.org, 9 October

Glaeser EL, Kallal HD, Scheinkman JA, Shleifer A (1992) Growth in cities. J Polit Econ 100(6):1126–1152. https://doi.org/10.1086/261856CrossRef

Glaeser EL, Kerr WR, Ponzetto GA (2010) Clusters of entrepreneurship. J Urban Econ 67(1):150–168. https://doi.org/10.3386/w15377CrossRef

Glaeser EL, Ponzetto GA, Tobio K (2014) Cities, skills and regional change. Reg Stud 48(1):7–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2012.674637CrossRef

Isenberg DJ (2010) How to start an entrepreneurial revolution. Harv Bus Rev 88(6):40–50

Klette TJ, Kortum S (2004) Innovating firms and aggregate innovation. J Polit Econ 112(5):986–1018. https://doi.org/10.1086/422563CrossRef

Kraus S, Palmer C, Kailer N, Kallinger F. L, Spitzer J (2019) Digital entrepreneurship. Int J Entrep Behav Res

Mack E, Mayer H (2016) The evolutionary dynamics of entrepreneurial ecosystems. Urban Stud 53(10):2118–2133. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098015586547CrossRef

Maillat D (1998) Interactions between urban systems and localized productive systems: an approach to endogenous regional development in terms of innovative milieu. Eur Plan Stud 6(2):117–129. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654319808720450CrossRef

Malecki EJ (2018) Entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial ecosystems. Geogr Compass 12(3):e12359. https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12359CrossRef

Malecki EJ, Moriset B (2007) The digital economy: business organization, production processes and regional developments. RoutledgeCrossRef

Marshall A (1920) Principles of economics, 8th edn. London Macmillan

Marzano G (2020) Digital social innovation and labor market transformations. In: Society, integration, education, proceedings of the international scientific conference, vol 4, pp 301–308

McQuaid RW (2002) Entrepreneurship and ICT industries: support from regional and local policies. Reg Stud 36(8):909–919. https://doi.org/10.1080/0034340022000012333CrossRef

Minniti M, Lévesque M (2008) Recent developments in the economics of entrepreneurship. J Bus Ventur 23(6):603–612CrossRef

Moriset B (2003) The new economy in the city: emergence and location factors of internet-based companies in the metropolitan area of Lyon, France. Urban Stud 40(11):2165–2186. https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098032000123231CrossRef

Nikolaev BN, Boudreaux CJ, Palich L (2018) Cross-country determinants of early-stage necessity and opportunity-motivated entrepreneurship: accounting for model uncertainty. J Small Bus Manag 56:243–280CrossRef

Pereyra JAC (2019) Entrepreneurship and the city. Geogr Compass 13(12):e12471. https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12471CrossRef

Raynaud É (2020) Les individus qui grandissent en Seine-Saint-Denis, audition au Sénat. https://www.senat.fr/compte-rendu-commissions/20210301/mi_egalite_des_chances.html

Saltelli A (2007) Composite indicators between analysis and advocacy. Soc Indic Res 81(1):65–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-006-0024-9CrossRef

Sorenson O (2017) Regional ecologies of entrepreneurship. J Econ Geogr 17(5):959–974. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbx031CrossRef

Sorenson O (2018) Social networks and the geography of entrepreneurship. Small Bus Econ 51(3):527–537. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-018-0076-7CrossRef

Spigel B (2017) The relational organization of entrepreneurial ecosystems. Entrep Theory Pract 41(1):49–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12167CrossRef

Stam E (2015) Entrepreneurial ecosystems and regional policy: a sympathetic critique. Eur Plan Stud 23(9):1759–1769. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2015.1061484CrossRef

Stam E (2018) Measuring entrepreneurial ecosystems. In: Entrepreneurial ecosystems. Springer, Cham, pp 173–197

Suire R, Vicente J (2015) Récents enseignements de la théorie des réseaux en faveur de la politique et du management des clusters. Revue D’économie Industrielle. https://doi.org/10.4000/rei.6229CrossRef

Sussan F, Ács ZJ (2017) The digital entrepreneurial ecosystem. Small Bus Econ 49(1):55–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-017-9867-5CrossRef

Szerb L, Ortega-Argilés R, Acs ZJ, Komlósi É (2020) Optimizing entrepreneurial development processes for smart specialization in the European Union. Pap Reg Sci 99(5):1413–1457. https://doi.org/10.1111/pirs.12536CrossRef

Szerb L, Ács, Z, Autio E, Ortega-Argilés R, Komlósi É (2013) The regional entrepreneurship and development index-measuring regional entrepreneurship

Szerb L, Komlósi É, Páger B (2017) A multidimensional, comparative analysis of the regional entrepreneurship performance in the central and Eastern European EU Member Countries. Entrepreneurship in Transition Economies. Springer, pp 35–56

Teruel Carrizosa M, Coad A, Domnick C, Flachenecker F, Harasztosi P, Janiri ML, Pál R (2021) The birth of new high growth enterprises: Internationalisation through new digital technologies (No. 2021/02). EIB working papers

Welter F, Trettin L, Neumann U (2008) Fostering entrepreneurship in distressed urban neighbourhoods. Int Entrep Manag J 4(2):109–128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-007-0069-5CrossRef

Titel: Digital entrepreneurship indicator (DEI): an analysis of the case of the greater Paris metropolitan area
verfasst von: Dorine Cornet
Jean Bonnet
Sébastien Bourdin
Publikationsdatum: 17.10.2022
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in: The Annals of Regional Science / Ausgabe 3/2023
Print ISSN: 0570-1864
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-0592
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-022-01175-1

Springer Professional

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 3/2023

Promoting transportation policies in the context of compact city strategies: the case of Toyama City, Japan

Cities and social entrepreneurship

The geography of job automation in Ireland: what urban areas are most at risk?

The relationship between R&D knowledge spillovers and employment entry

Entrepreneurial territories: measures, determinants, and outcomes

Poor soil as a fertile breeding ground: the role of historical agricultural specialization for the persistence of regional differences in crafts