1 Introduction
2 Materials and methods
2.1 Materials
2.2 Soaking pretreatment
2.3 Heat treatment
Sample (Chinese fir) | Al2SO3 concentration (%) | Heat treatment temperature (°C)/2 h |
---|---|---|
120 °C–0% | 0 (un-soaked) | 120 |
120 °C–5% | 5 | 120 |
120 °C–10% | 10 | 120 |
120 °C–15% | 15 | 120 |
140 °C–0% | 0 (un-soaked) | 140 |
140 °C–5% | 5 | 140 |
140 °C–10% | 10 | 140 |
140 °C–15% | 15 | 140 |
160 °C–0% | 0 (un-soaked) | 160 |
160 °C–5% | 5 | 160 |
160 °C–-10% | 10 | 160 |
160 °C–15% | 15 | 160 |
2.4 Mass changes
2.5 Dimensional stability measurements
2.6 Characterization by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
2.7 X-ray diffraction (XRD)
2.8 Analysis of thermal characteristics
2.9 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
3 Results and discussion
3.1 Mass changes
3.1.1 Weight percentage gain
3.1.2 Weight percentage loss
3.2 Dimensional stability
3.3 Chemical structure analysis using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
3.4 X-ray diffraction
3.5 Thermogravimetric analysis
Sample | TGFPT (%) | TM−DTG (°C) | M-DTG (% °C−1) |
---|---|---|---|
120 °C–0% | 26.81 | 366.98 | 1.06 |
120 °C–5% | 38.74 | 246.32 | 0.33 |
120 °C–10% | 43.91 | 234.70 | 0.38 |
120 °C–15% | 47.18 | 230.28 | 0.38 |
140 °C–0% | 26.05 | 363.36 | 1.04 |
140 °C–5% | 42.73 | 246.31 | 0.37 |
140 °C–10% | 48.84 | 237.13 | 0.38 |
140 °C–15% | 51.50 | 228.70 | 0.38 |
160 °C–0% | 26.81 | 363.79 | 1.05 |
160 °C–5% | 42.07 | 255.92 | 0.35 |
160 °C–10% | 48.93 | 243.50 | 0.34 |
160 °C–15% | 55.12 | 232.69 | 0.33 |