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Open Access 2021 | Open Access | Buch

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Female Employment and Gender Gaps in China

verfasst von: Prof. Xinxin Ma

Verlag: Springer Nature Singapore

Buchreihe : Hitotsubashi University IER Economic Research Series

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This open access book investigates female employment and the gender gap in the labor market and households during China’s economic transition period. It provides the reader with academic evidence for understanding the mechanism of female labor force participation, the determinants of the gender gap in the labor market, and the impact of policy transformation on women’s wages and employment in China from an economics perspective. The main content of this book includes three parts―women’s family responsibilities and women’s labor supply (child care, parent care, and women’s employment), the gender gap in the labor market and society (gender gaps in wages, Communist Party membership, and participation in social activity), and the impacts of policy transformation on women’s wages and employment (the social security system and the educational expansion policy on women’s wages and employment) in China. This book provides academic evidence about these issues based on economics theories and econometric analysis methods using many kinds of long-term Chinese national survey data. This book is highly recommended to readers who are interested in up-to-date and in-depth empirical studies of the gender gap and women’s employment in China during the economic transition period. This book is of interest to various groups such as readers who are interested in the Chinese economy, policymakers, and scholars with econometric analysis backgrounds.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Open Access

Chapter 1. Introduction
Abstract
The level of economic development, economic policies and systems have been transformed since 1949 when the People’s Republic of China was established. Economic historians usually divide the Chinese economy into the planned economy period (1949–1977), and the market-oriented economy reform period (post-1978) (also be called as “transition period”).
Xinxin Ma

Open Access

8. Correction to: Female Employment and Gender Gaps in China
Xinxin Ma

Women’s Family Responsibilities and Employment in China

Frontmatter

Open Access

Chapter 2. Market Wage, Child Care and the Employment of Married Women
Abstract
This study analyzes the market wage, reservation wage, and unearned income on the probability of work participation of married women by using the longitudinal data of China Health and Nutrition Survey from 1989 to 2015 and a random effects probit model to address the heterogeneity problem. It is found the market wage positively affects the probability of work participation of married women; the reservation wage negatively affects the probability of work participation of married women; but the effect of unearned income is not statistically significant, which contrasts with most studies of developed countries. These effects differ by age and hukou (urban and rural) groups.
Xinxin Ma

Open Access

Chapter 3. Parent Care and Middle-Aged Women’s Employment
Abstract
Does parent care influence Chinese women’s participation in work? Using the longitudinal data of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey (CHARLS) from 2011 to 2015, this study investigates the influence of parent care giving on probability of work participation of women aged 45–69 in China. The random-effects model and the instrumental variables (IV) method are used to address the unobserved heterogeneity and other endogeneity problems. Although the results in previous studies that used younger and middle-aged women (i.e., women aged 18–52) indicate that parent care negatively affects women’s labor supply, the results indicate that the probability of work participation is higher for the care-giving group. This can be explained by the fact that the positive effect (obtaining income effect) is higher than the negative effect (time-constraint effect). We also found that the influences of caring for parents on women’s work participation differ by age and education group.
Xinxin Ma

The Gender Gap in China’s Labor Market and Society

Frontmatter

Open Access

Chapter 4. Ownership Sector and the Gender Wage Gap
Abstract
Using data of the Chinese Household Income Project surveys (CHIP), this study explores the determinants of the gender wage gap by five kinds of ownership sectors from 2002 to 2013 in urban China. A decomposition analysis of the gender wage gap based on the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition model is employed. The results show that the gender difference in human capital and discrimination against female workers contribute to the gender wage gap; the influence of the unexplained component including the discrimination against female workers increased in each ownership sector from 2002 to 2013. The range of the increase in the influence of the unexplained component is greater for firms in the public sector than for those in the private sector; and the influence of factors on the gender wage gap differs by ownership sector.
Xinxin Ma

Open Access

Chapter 5. Gender Gap of Communist Party of China Membership
Abstract
Using data of the Chinese Household Income Project survey (CHIPs), this study investigates the determinations for becoming a CPC member, and decomposes the wage gap between CPC and non-CPC members based on the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition model. It is found that the probability of becoming a CPC member is 7.3–7.7% points lower for female workers than for male workers; the wage premium of CPC membership is higher for female workers (around 34.7%) than for male workers (4.8–30.8%); the endowment differentials such as the difference in years of schooling, distributions of occupations, and industry sectors are the main factors affecting the wage gap for both female and male workers, and the contributions of endowment differentials are greater for female workers than for male workers.
Xinxin Ma

Open Access

Chapter 6. Gender Gap in Volunteer Activity Participation
Abstract
Using the longitudinal data of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey (CHARLS) from 2011 to 2015, this study investigates the determinants of participation in volunteer activity of individuals aged 45–69 in China; it also compares differences in the determinants by gender. The random effects model and instrumental variables method are used to address unobserved heterogeneity and other endogeneity problems. The results indicate that when other factors are held constant, the gender gap in the probability of participating in volunteer activity is smaller. Second, to compare differences in the mechanisms for participating in volunteer activity by gender, we found that six factors (market work, education, income, family care, age, health status) are broadly supported for women and men, but the influence of determinant factors is different by gender.
Xinxin Ma

Impact of Policy on Women’s Labour Market Outcomes in China

Frontmatter

Open Access

Chapter 7. The Impact of Higher Education Expansion Policy on the Wages of Female and Male College Graduates
Abstract
Based on the quasi-natural experiment methods (DID method and DDD method), using six waves longitudinal survey data of the China Health and Nutrition Survey, this study investigates the influence of the Higher Education Expansion Policy (HEEP) on the wage levels of young college graduates and compare the different policy influences by gender. The results indicate that the HEEP does not affect the wage levels of young college graduates significantly; the HEEP decreased the wage level of new college graduates in the short term, whereas the negative effect disappears in the long term for both female and male younger workers; the gender differences in the impacts of the policy on the wage levels of new college graduates are smaller.
Xinxin Ma
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Female Employment and Gender Gaps in China
verfasst von
Prof. Xinxin Ma
Copyright-Jahr
2021
Verlag
Springer Nature Singapore
Electronic ISBN
978-981-336-904-7
Print ISBN
978-981-336-903-0
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6904-7

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