nach oben

Erschienen in:

2023 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

2. Fluoride Pollution in Subsurface Water: Challenges and Opportunities

verfasst von : Sonam Gupta, Nivedita Mishra, Ankit Kumar, Akhilesh Kumar Yadav

Erschienen in: Advanced Treatment Technologies for Fluoride Removal in Water

Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

Fluoride contamination in groundwater is one of the drinking water crisis globally. Although its presence is necessary in small quantities, it is harmful to humans with intakes of more than 1.5 mg L⁻¹ through contaminated drinking water due to geological factors and geochemical processes. A high fluoride content in drinking water results in skeletal fluorosis, as well as long-term liver, kidney, and brain damage. One of the most crucial challenges for drinking water safety is the management of fluoride pollution and fluorosis. To reduce the probability of fluorosis, it is essential to have a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the presence of fluoride in the chemistry of subsurface water and the ability to identify high-risk locations using geographic data and remote sensing. The utilization of other sources of water or mixing should be prioritized. The development of stable technologies and integrated devices that are efficient, affordable, and manageable, as well as fundamental research on defluoridation reagents and novel materials, should receive significant amount of focus. To achieve stable gains, the design, construction, operation, and monitoring of defluoridation facilities should be thoroughly evaluated and improved. This chapter highlights the extent of fluoride contamination, the effect of fluoride contamination on human health, and the available defluoridation methods.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel Effect of Fluoride Contamination on Living Beings: Global Perspective with Prominence of India Scenario

Nächstes Kapitel Fluoride Pollution Control Techniques and Principles

Ahmad, S., Singh, R., Arfin, T., & Neeti, K. (2022). Fluoride contamination, consequences and removal techniques in water: A review. Environmental Science: Advances.

Alabdulaaly, A. I., Al-Zarah, A. I., & Khan, M. A. (2013). Occurrence of fluoride in ground waters of Saudi Arabia. Applied Water Science, 3, 589–595.ADSCrossRef

Ali, S., Shekhar, S., Bhattacharya, P., Verma, G., Chandrasekhar, T., & Chandrashekhar, A. K. (2018). Elevated fluoride in groundwater of Siwani Block, Western Haryana, India: A potential concern for sustainable water supplies for drinking and irrigation. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 7, 410–420.CrossRef

Ali, S., Thakur, S. K., Sarkar, A., & Shekhar, S. (2016). Worldwide contamination of water by fluoride. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 14, 291–315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-016-0563-5CrossRef

Anazawa, K. (2006). Fluorine and coexisting volatiles in the geosphere: The role in Japanese volcanic rocks. Fluorine and the Environment: Atmospheric Chemistry, Emissions & Lithosphere, 187.

Arlappa, N., Qureshi, A. A. T. I. F., & Srinivas, R. (2013). Fluorosis in India: An overview. International Journal of Research and Development Health, 1(2), 97–102.

Assefa, B. (2006). Defluoridation of Ethiopian rift valley region water using reverse osmosis membranes. Zede Journal, 23, 1–6.

Bacquart, T., Frisbie, S., Mitchell, E., Grigg, L., Cole, C., Small, C., & Sarkar, B. (2015). Multiple inorganic toxic substances contaminating the groundwater of Myingyan Township, Myanmar: Arsenic, manganese, fluoride, iron, and uranium. Science of the Total Environment, 517, 232–245.ADSPubMedCrossRef

Bhatnagar, A., Kumar, E., & Sillanpää, M. (2011). Fluoride removal from water by adsorption—A review. Chemical Engineering Journal, 171(3), 811–840.CrossRef

Bibi, S., Kamran, M. A., Sultana, J., & Farooqi, A. (2017). Occurrence and methods to remove arsenic and fluoride contamination in water. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 15, 125–149.CrossRef

Brindha, K., & Elango, L. (2011). Fluoride in groundwater: Causes, implications and mitigation measures. Fluoride Properties, Applications and Environmental Management, 1, 111–136.

Camargo, J. A. (2003). Fluoride toxicity to aquatic organisms: A review. Chemosphere, 50(3), 251–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00498-8

Cape, J. N., Fowler, D., & Davison, A. (2003). Ecological effects of sulfur dioxide, fluorides, and minor air pollutants: Recent trends and research needs. Environment International, 29(2–3), 201–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(02)00180-0CrossRefPubMed

Central Ground Water Board (CGWB). (2014). Ground water year book 2012–13 Rajasthan State. Government of India, Ministry of Water Resources, Regional Office Data Centre Western Region Rajasthan.

CGWB. (2010). Groundwater quality in shallow aquifers of India. Ministry of Water Resource, Faridabad. http://cgwb.gov.in/

Chandrajith, R., Padmasiri, J. P., Dissanayake, C. B., & Prematilaka, K. M. (2012). Spatial distribution of fluoride in groundwater of Sri Lanka. Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka, 40, 4.CrossRef

Chouhan, S., & Flora, S. J. (2010). Arsenic and fluoride: Two major ground water pollutants. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 48(7), 666–678.PubMed

Dey, R. K., Swain, S. K., Mishra, S., Sharma, P., Patnaik, T., Singh, V. K., Dehury, B. N., Jha, U., & Patel, R. K. (2012). Hydrogeochemical processes controlling the high fluoride concentration in groundwater: A case study at the Boden block area, Orissa, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184, 3279–3291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-2188-2

Dharmaratne, R. W. (2015). Fluoride in drinking water and diet: The causative factor of chronic kidney diseases in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 20(4), 237–242.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Diawara, C. K., Diop, S. N., Diallo, M. A., Farcy, M., & Deratani, A. (2011). Performance of nanofiltration (NF) and low pressure reverse osmosis (LPRO) membranes in the removal of fluorine and salinity from brackish drinking water. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 3(12), 912.CrossRef

Dubey, S., Agarwal, M., & Gupta, A. B. (2021). Fluoride removal using Alum & PACl in batch & continuous mode with subsequent microfiltration. Membrane and Water Treatment, 12(2), 83–93.

Farooqi, A., & Farooqi, A. (2015). Status of As and F⁻ groundwater and soil pollution in Pakistan. Arsenic and Fluoride Contamination: A Pakistan Perspective, 21–33.

Garcia, M. G., & Borgnino, L. (2015). Fluoride in the context of the environment. In V. R. Preedy (Ed.), Fluorine: Chemistry, analysis, function and effects (pp. 3–18). The Royal Society of Chemistry.CrossRef

Ghorai, S., & Pant, K. K. (2004). Investigations on the column performance of fluoride adsorption by activated alumina in a fixed-bed. Chemical Engineering Journal, 98(1–2), 165–173.CrossRef

Ghosh, A., Mukherjee, K., Ghosh, S. K., & Saha, B. (2013). Sources and toxicity of fluoride in the environment. Research on Chemical Intermediates, 39, 2881–2915. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11164-012-0841-1

Gupta, S. K., Deshpande, R. D., Agarwal, M., & Raval, B. R. (2005). Origin of high fluoride in groundwater in the North Gujarat-Cambay region, India. Hydrogeology Journal, 13, 596–605. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-004-0389-2CrossRef

Hayat, E., & Baba, A. (2017). Quality of groundwater resources in Afghanistan. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 189, 1–16.

Heikens, A., Sumarti, S., Van Bergen, M., Widianarko, B., Fokkert, L., Van Leeuwen, K., & Seinen, W. (2005). The impact of the hyperacid Ijen Crater Lake: Risks of excess fluoride to human health. Science of the Total Environment, 346(1–3), 56–69.ADSPubMedCrossRef

Hoinkis, J., Valero-Freitag, S., Caporgno, M. P., & Pätzold, C. (2011). Removal of nitrate and fluoride by nanofiltration—A comparative study. Desalination and Water Treatment, 30(1–3), 278–288.CrossRef

Hu, K., & Dickson, J. M. (2006). Nanofiltration membrane performance on fluoride removal from water. Journal of Membrane Science, 279(1–2), 529–538.CrossRef

Hu, S., Luo, T., & Jing, C. (2013). Principal component analysis of fluoride geochemistry of groundwater in Shanxi and Inner Mongolia, China. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 135, 124–129.CrossRef

Itai, K., Onoda, T., Nohara, M., et al. (2010). Serum ionic fluoride concentrations are related to renal function and menopause status but not to age in a Japanese general population. Clinica Chimica Acta, 411(3–4), 263–266.CrossRef

Jabal, M. S. A., Abustan, I., Rozaimy, M. R., & Al-Najar, H. (2014). Fluoride enrichment in groundwater of semi-arid urban area: Khan Younis City, southern Gaza Strip (Palestine). Journal of African Earth Sciences, 100, 259–266.ADSCrossRef

Jadhav, S. V., Bringas, E., Yadav, G. D., Rathod, V. K., Ortiz, I., & Marathe, K. V. (2015). Arsenic and fluoride contaminated groundwaters: A review of current technologies for contaminants removal. Journal of Environmental Management, 162, 306–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.07.020CrossRefPubMed

Kabir, H., Gupta, A. K., & Tripathy, S. (2020). Fluoride and human health: Systematic appraisal of sources, exposures, metabolism, and toxicity. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 50(11), 1116–1193.CrossRef

Karthikeyan, K., Nanthakumar, K., Velmurugan, P., Tamilarasi, S., & Lakshmanaperumalsamy, P. (2010). Prevalence of certain inorganic constituents in groundwater samples of Erode district, Tamilnadu, India, with special emphasis on fluoride, fluorosis and its remedial measures. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 160, 141–155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0664-0

Keshavarzi, B., Moore, F., Esmaeili, A., & Rastmanesh, F. (2010). The source of fluoride toxicity in Muteh area, Isfahan, Iran. Environmental Earth Sciences, 61, 777–786.ADSCrossRef

Khatri, N., & Tyagi, S. (2015). Influences of natural and anthropogenic factors on surface and groundwater quality in rural and urban areas. Frontiers in Life Science, 8(1), 23–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/21553769.2014.933716

Khursheed, D. A., Abdulateeef, D. S., Fatah, A. O., & Rauf, A. M. (2015). Fluoride concentration of well water in different areas of Sulaimani province. Sulaimani Dental Journal, 2, 67–71.CrossRef

Kimambo, V., Bhattacharya, P., Mtalo, F., Mtamba, J., & Ahmad, A. (2019). Fluoride occurrence in groundwater systems at global scale and status of defluoridation–state of the art. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 9, 100223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2019.100223CrossRef

Kumar, M., Das, A., Das, N., Goswami, R., & Singh, U. K. (2016). Co-occurrence perspective of arsenic and fluoride in the groundwater of Diphu, Assam, Northeastern India. Chemosphere, 150, 227–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.02.019ADSCrossRefPubMed

Kumari, S., & Kumar, A. (2011). Fluoride toxicity enhances phagocytic activity of macrophages in spleen of rats. Asian Journal of Experimental Biological Sciences, 2(2), 283–287.

Kundu, M. C., & Mandal, B. (2009). Assessment of potential hazards of fluoride contamination in drinking groundwater of an intensively cultivated district in West Bengal, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 152, 97–103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0299-1CrossRefPubMed

Li, C., Gao, X., & Wang, Y. (2015). Hydrogeochemistry of high-fluoride groundwater at Yuncheng Basin, northern China. Science of the Total Environment, 508, 155–165.ADSPubMedCrossRef

Long, H., Jin, Y., Lin, M., Sun, Y., Zhang, L., & Clinch, C. (2009). Fluoride toxicity in the male reproductive system. Fluoride, 42(4), 260–276.

Malago, J., Makoba, E., & Muzuka, A. N. (2017). Fluoride levels in surface and groundwater in Africa: A review. American Journal of Water Science and Engineering, 3(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajwse.20170301.11

Marbaniang, D. G., Diengdoh, D. F., & Nongpiur, C. L. (2014). Preliminary investigation of the physico-chemical properties of a geothermal spring (hot spring) located at Jakrem, Meghalaya, India. Keanean Journal of Science, 3, 35–42.

Mollah, M. Y. A., Schennach, R., Parga, J. R., & Cocke, D. L. (2001). Electrocoagulation (EC)—Science and applications. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 84(1), 29–41.

Msonda, K. W. M., Masamba, W. R. L., & Fabiano, E. (2007). A study of fluoride groundwater occurrence in Nathenje, Lilongwe, Malawi. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 32(15–18), 1178–1184.ADSCrossRef

Mukherjee, A. (2018). Overview of the groundwater of South Asia (pp. 3–20). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3889-1_1

Mukherjee, I., & Singh, U. K. (2018). Groundwater fluoride contamination, probable release, and containment mechanisms: A review on Indian context. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 40(6), 2259–2301.PubMedCrossRef

Nakazawa, K., Nagafuchi, O., Okano, K., Osaka, K. I., Hamabata, E., Tsogtbaatar, J., & Choijil, J. (2016). Non-carcinogenic risk assessment of groundwater in South Gobi, Mongolia. Journal of Water and Health, 14(6), 1009–1018.PubMedCrossRef

Nandimandalam, J. R. (2012). Evaluation of hydrogeochemical processes in the Pleistocene aquifers of middle Ganga Plain, Uttar Pradesh, India. Environmental Earth Sciences, 65, 1291–1308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-011-1377-1

Ncube, E. J., & Schutte, C. F. (2005). The occurrence of fluoride in South African groundwater: A water quality and health problem. Water SA, 31(1), 35–40. https://doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v31i1.5118

Obulapuram, P. K., Arfin, T., Mohammad, F., Khiste, S. K., Chavali, M., Albalawi, A. N., & Al-Lohedan, H. A. (2021). Adsorption, equilibrium isotherm, and thermodynamic studies towards the removal of reactive orange 16 dye using Cu (I)-polyaninile composite. Polymers, 13(20), 3490.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Ojekunle, O. Z., Ojekunle, O. V., Adeyemi, A. A., et al. (2016). Evaluation of surface water quality indices and ecological risk assessment for heavy metals in scrap yard neighbourhood. Springerplus, 5(1), 1–16.CrossRef

Oruc, N. (2008). Occurrence and problems of high fluoride waters in Turkey: An overview. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 30(4), 315–323.PubMedCrossRef

Ozsvath, D. L. (2009). Fluoride and environmental health: A review. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/technology, 8, 59–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-008-9136-9CrossRef

Pettenati, M., Perrin, J., Pauwels, H., & Ahmed, S. (2013). Simulating fluoride evolution in groundwater using a reactive multicomponent transient transport model: Application to a crystalline aquifer of Southern India. Applied Geochemistry, 29, 102–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2012.11.001

Pini, N. I. P., Sundfeld-Neto, D., Aguiar, F. H. B., Sundfeld, R. H., Martins, L. R. M., Lovadino, J. R., & Lima, D. A. N. L. (2015). Enamel microabrasion: An overview of clinical and scientific considerations. World Journal of Clinical Cases: WJCC, 3(1), 34.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Raj, D., & Shaji, E. (2017). Fluoride contamination in groundwater resources of Alleppey, southern India. Geoscience Frontiers, 8(1), 117–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2016.01.002CrossRef

Rango, T., Bianchini, G., Beccaluva, L., & Tassinari, R. (2010). Geochemistry and water quality assessment of central Main Ethiopian Rift natural waters with emphasis on source and occurrence of fluoride and arsenic. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 57(5), 479–491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2009.12.005

Ranjan, R., & Ranjan, A. (2015). Fluoride toxicity in animals. SpringerBriefs in Animal Sciences (1st ed.). Springer.CrossRef

Rasool, A., Farooqi, A., Xiao, T., Ali, W., Noor, S., Abiola, O., Ali, S., & Nasim, W. (2018). A review of global outlook on fluoride contamination in groundwater with prominence on the Pakistan current situation. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 40, 1265–1281.

Raza, M., Farooqi, A., Niazi, N. K., & Ahmad, A. (2016). Geochemical control on spatial variability of fluoride concentrations in groundwater from rural areas of Gujrat in Punjab, Pakistan. Environmental Earth Sciences, 75, 1–16.CrossRef

Reddy, D. V., Nagabhushanam, P., & Ramesh, G. (2013). Turnover time of Tural and Rajvadi hot spring waters, Maharashtra, India. Current Science, 1419–1424.

Rukah, Y. A., & Alsokhny, K. (2004). Geochemical assessment of groundwater contamination with special emphasis on fluoride concentration, North Jordan. Geochemistry, 64(2), 171–181.CrossRef

Sahu, B. L., Banjare, G. R., Ramteke, S., Patel, K. S., & Matini, L. (2017). Fluoride contamination of groundwater and toxicities in dongargaon block, Chhattisgarh, India. Exposure and Health, 9, 143–156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-016-0229-3CrossRef

Sahu, P. (2019). Fluoride pollution in groundwater. In Groundwater development and management: Issues and challenges in South Asia (pp. 329–350).https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75115-3_14

Scaillet, B., & Macdonald, R. (2004). Fluorite stability in silicic magmas. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 147, 319–329. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-004-0559-1ADSCrossRef

Sehn, P. (2008). Fluoride removal with extra low energy reverse osmosis membranes: Three years of large scale field experience in Finland. Desalination, 223(1–3), 73–84.CrossRef

Shams, M., Nabizadeh Nodehi, R., Hadi Dehghani, M., Younesian, M., & Hossein Mahvia, A. (2010). Efficiency of granular ferric hydroxide (GFH) for removal of fluoride from water. Fluoride, 43(1), 61.

Shamsuddin, M. K. N., Suratman, S., Ramli, M. F., Sulaiman, W. N. A., & Sefie, A. (2016, July). Hydrochemical assessment of surfacewater and groundwater quality at bank infiltration site. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 136, No. 1, p. 012073). IOP Publishing.

Sharma, S., Jha, P. K., Ranjan, M. R., Singh, U. K., Kumar, M., & Jindal, T. (2017). Nutrient chemistry of River Yamuna, India. Asian Journal of Water, Environmental Pollution, 14, 61–70. https://doi.org/10.3233/AJW-170016CrossRef

Singh, A., Patel, A. K., & Kumar, M. (2020). Mitigating the risk of arsenic and fluoride contamination of groundwater through a multi-model framework of statistical assessment and natural remediation techniques. In Emerging issues in the water environment during Anthropocene: A South East Asian perspective (pp. 285–300). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9771-5_15

Subba Rao, N., Dinakar, A., Surya Rao, P., Rao, P. N., Madhnure, P., Prasad, K. M., & Sudarshan, G. (2016). Geochemical processes controlling fluoride-bearing groundwater in the granitic aquifer of a semi-arid region. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 88, 350–356. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-016-0497-3

Susheela, A. K. (2003). A treatise on fluorosis, revised second edition (pp. 13–14). Fluorosis Research and Rural Development Foundation.

Susheela, A. K., Mondal, N. K., & Singh, A. (2013). Exposure to fluoride in smelter workers in a primary aluminium industry in India. The International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 4(2), 61–72.PubMed

Tahaikt, M., El Habbani, R., Haddou, A. A., et al. (2007). Fluoride removal from groundwater by nanofiltration. Desalination, 212(1–3), 46–53.

Tavener, S. J., & Clark, J. H. (2006). Fluorine: Friend or Foe? A green chemist’s perspective. In A. Tressaud (Ed.), Fluorine and the environment: Agrochemicals, archaeology, green chemistry and water (Chapter 5) (pp. 177–202). Elsevier.

Velazquez-Jimenez, L. H., Vences-Alvarez, E., Flores-Arciniega, J. L., Flores-Zuniga, H., & Rangel-Mendez, J. R. (2015). Water defluoridation with special emphasis on adsorbents-containing metal oxides and/or hydroxides: A review. Separation and Purification Technology, 150, 292–307.CrossRef

Vike, E. (2005). Uptake, deposition and wash off of fluoride and aluminium in plant foliage in the vicinity of an aluminium smelter in Norway. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 160, 145–159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-005-3862-1

Vithanage, M., & Bhattacharya, P. (2015). Fluoride in the environment: Sources, distribution and defluoridation. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 13, 131–147.CrossRef

Waghmare, S. S., & Arfin, T. (2015a). Fluoride removal by clays, geomaterials, minerals, low cost materials and zeolites by adsorption: A review. International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research, 4(11), 3663–3676.

Waghmare, S. S., & Arfin, T. (2015b). Fluoride removal by industrial, agricultural, and biomass wastes as adsorbents. International Journal of Advance Research and Innovative Ideas in Education, 1, 628–653.

Wang, H., Yang, Z., Zhou, B., Gao, H., Yan, X., & Wang, J. (2009). Fluoride-induced thyroid dysfunction in rats: Roles of dietary protein and calcium level. Toxicology and Industrial Health, 25(1), 49–57.PubMedCrossRef

World Health Organization (WHO). (2002). Fluorides, I. P. C. S. International Programme on Chemical Safety (Environmental Health Criteria 227). Geneva.

Yadav, K. K., Kumar, S., Pham, Q. B., Gupta, N., Rezania, S., Kamyab, H., … Cho, J. (2019a). Fluoride contamination, health problems and remediation methods in Asian groundwater: A comprehensive review. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 182, 109362.

Yadav, K. K., Kumar, V., Gupta, N., Kumar, S., Rezania, S., & Singh, N. (2019b). Human health risk assessment: Study of a population exposed to fluoride through groundwater of Agra city, India. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 106, 68–80.PubMedCrossRef

Yadav, N., Rani, K., Yadav, S. S., Yadav, D. K., Yadav, V. K., & Yadav, N. (2018). Soil and water pollution with fluoride, geochemistry, food safety issues and reclamation—A review. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7, 1147–1162.CrossRef

Zhang, S., Zhang, X., Liu, H., Qu, W., Guan, Z., Zeng, Q., Jiang, C., Gao, H., Zhang, C., Lei, R., Xia, T., Wang, Z., Yang, L., Chen, Y., Wu, X., Cui, Y., Yu, L., & Wang, A. (2015). Modifying effect of COMT gene polymorphism and a predictive role for proteomics analysis in children’s intelligence in endemic fluorosis area in Tianjin, China. Toxicological Sciences, 144(2), 238–245.

Zhang, Y., Sun, X., Sun, G., Liu, S., & Wang, L. (2006). DNA damage induced by fluoride in rat osteoblasts. Fluoride, 39(3), 191–194.

Zuo, H., Chen, L., Kong, M., et al. (2018). Toxic effects of fluoride on organisms. Life Sciences, 198, 18–24.PubMedCrossRef

Titel: Fluoride Pollution in Subsurface Water: Challenges and Opportunities
verfasst von: Sonam Gupta
Nivedita Mishra
Ankit Kumar
Akhilesh Kumar Yadav
Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland
Buch: Advanced Treatment Technologies for Fluoride Removal in Water
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-38844-6

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-031-38845-3

Copyright-Jahr: 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38845-3_2