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Erschienen in:
Eogenetic Karst in Florida Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

2019 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

5. Hydrogeochemistry of Florida Karst Waters

verfasst von : Sam Upchurch, Thomas M. Scott, Michael C. Alfieri, Beth Fratesi, Thomas L. Dobecki

Erschienen in: The Karst Systems of Florida

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

The hydrogeochemistry of Florida’s limestone aquifers is complex, dominated by carbonate equilibrium reactions and the influence of seawater.
Florida rainfall contains dilute Na+ and Cl− from marine aerosols. Quartz-rich parts of the surficial aquifer system (SAS) contain Na-Cl water overprinted by human activity, whereas limestone and shell aquifers contain Ca-HCO3 or Ca-Mg-HCO3 water. The Floridan Aquifer System (FAS) also contains Na-Cl-rich residual marine waters from past sea-level fluctuations; Na-Cl-rich connate water; and SO4 2−-rich waters from sulfide oxidation and dissolution of sulfate minerals.
Potential for dissolution of carbonate-rich strata is enhanced by mixing of groundwater such as at freshwater/saline-water interfaces, as well as chemical complexing, ion pairing, common ion effects, and high levels of dissolved organics.
Metastable minerals aragonite and high-magnesium calcite are present in Florida’s youngest carbonate aquifers and sediments. These minerals are likely to be dissolved during early diagenesis and speleogenesis. High surface area relative to particle volume in fine-grained sediments causes water to equilibrate rapidly with carbonate constituents, resulting in preservation of shell and carbonate mud at depth.
There have been at least two episodes of diagenetic alteration of calcite and/or aragonitic sediments in the FAS. Dolomitization has occurred in Florida’s aquifers, but the degree of subsequent involvement of the dolomite in diagenesis is unclear.
Groundwater-quality issues include arsenic released by aquifer storage and recovery, and H2S derived from reduction of SO4 2− and degradation of organics. Water quality is also impacted by evaporation and transpiration, biotic activity in soils and sediments, reduction/oxidation reactions, and generation of humic substances by plant decay. Nitrate from fertilizers and animal and human waste is a major contributor to eutrophication of Florida springs.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Hydrogeology of Florida
Nächstes Kapitel Controls on Karst Landforms in Florida
Fußnoten
1
When discussing hydrochemical facies (chemical characteristics of specific water masses), chemical symbols are utilized rather than spelling out chemical components. For example, calcium-bicarbonate water is noted as Ca-HCO3 water and sodium-chloride water is noted as Na-Cl water.
 
2
The reactions also apply to equilibrium reactions with aragonite and are similar for dolomite.
 
3
Carbon-12 (12C) has 6 protons and 6 neutrons while carbon-13 (13C) has 6 protons and 7 neutrons. Therefore, 13C is the “heavier” isotope since it has a higher mass.
 
4
The term sorb is used because both adsorption (uptake on outer surfaces) and absorption (uptake between the interlayers of the clay) are known to occur.
 
5
Connate water is the water remaining from the time of sediment deposition. Residual seawater is water remaining in a sediment body after a high, post-depositional sea stand. If these water masses with somewhat different origins have similar chemical compositions, they cannot be differentiated.
 
6
NWFWMD = Northwest Florida Water Management District, SRWMD = Suwannee River Water Management District, SJRWMD = St. Johns River Water Management District, SWFWMD = Southwest Florida Water Management District, and SFWMD = South Florida Water Management District.
 
7
There was a 232 meq/L imbalance in Peek’s (1958) water analysis with equivalent concentrations of Cl− and SO4 2− higher than the corresponding cation milliequivalent concentrations. Therefore, one wonders if the analysis reported by Peek was in error.
 
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Metadaten
Titel
Hydrogeochemistry of Florida Karst Waters
verfasst von
Sam Upchurch
Thomas M. Scott
Michael C. Alfieri
Beth Fratesi
Thomas L. Dobecki
Copyright-Jahr
2019
Buch
The Karst Systems of Florida

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-69634-8

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-69635-5

Copyright-Jahr: 2019

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69635-5_5