Impact of dysprosium (Dy³⁺) doping on size, optical and dielectric properties of titanium dioxide nanoparticles grown by low temperature hydrothermal method

In the present work, hydrothermal method was followed to synthesize Undoped and Dy³⁺ doped TiO₂ nanoparticles. The as-prepared pure and doped nanoparticles were investigated by the characterization techniques, as such X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Dielectric Spectroscopy. The crystallography and grain size have been studied using XRD and TEM Analysis. X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy results showed that the as prepared nanoparticles were without any impurity. With the doping of Dysprosium ion, the grain size increases. UV–Visible Spectra reveals the optical properties and the optical band gap calculated using Kubelka- Munk plot was found to be 3.45 eV for pure TiO₂ and decreases to 3.39 eV due to doping. The results indicate that the size of the nanoparticles increases with decreasing bandgap when dopant added. The development of the anatase phase TiO₂ is affirmed by XRD and FT-IR. The Dielectric properties and A.C Conductivity measurements along with frequency were done for synthesized samples.