Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery 3/2013

01.09.2013 | Review Article

Lignin: untapped biopolymers in biomass conversion technologies

verfasst von: Manimaran Ayyachamy, Finola E. Cliffe, Jessica M. Coyne, John Collier, Maria G. Tuohy

Erschienen in: Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery | Ausgabe 3/2013

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Lignin is the second most abundant natural aromatic polymer after cellulose in terrestrial ecosystems. Lignins differ in structure, depending on the method of isolation and plant source. However, such differences are not considered to be limiting factors for potential industrial applications. Owing to the lack of toxicity and versatility, several potentially attractive industrial routes exist for the more effective and diverse utilization of lignin. Lignins have been proven to elicit a number of health benefits, viz., anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, antimicrobial, prebiotic and antioxidant. In addition, lignins have been widely utilised in polymeric materials, carbon fibres, fuels, construction and agriculture. Lignin by-products may be attractive also for developing a range of commercially viable products.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Boudet AM, Kajita S, Grima-Pettenati J, Goffner D (2003) Lignins and lignocellulosics: a better control of synthesis for new and improved uses. Trends Plant Sci 8(12):576–581CrossRef Boudet AM, Kajita S, Grima-Pettenati J, Goffner D (2003) Lignins and lignocellulosics: a better control of synthesis for new and improved uses. Trends Plant Sci 8(12):576–581CrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Austin AT, Ballare CL (2010) Dual role of lignin in plant litter decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107(10):4618–4622CrossRef Austin AT, Ballare CL (2010) Dual role of lignin in plant litter decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107(10):4618–4622CrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Foster CE, Martin TM, Pauly M (2010) Comprehensive compositional analysis of plant cell walls (lignocellulosic biomass) part I: lignin. J Vis Exp 37:e1745 Foster CE, Martin TM, Pauly M (2010) Comprehensive compositional analysis of plant cell walls (lignocellulosic biomass) part I: lignin. J Vis Exp 37:e1745
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Karkonen A, Koutaniemi S (2010) Lignin biosynthesis studies in plant tissue cultures. J Integr Plant Biol 52(2):176–185CrossRef Karkonen A, Koutaniemi S (2010) Lignin biosynthesis studies in plant tissue cultures. J Integr Plant Biol 52(2):176–185CrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Broda P, Birch PRJ, Brooks PR, Sims PFG (1996) Lignocellulose degradation by Phanerochaete chrysosporium: gene families and gene expression for a complex process. Mol Microbiol 19(5):923–932CrossRef Broda P, Birch PRJ, Brooks PR, Sims PFG (1996) Lignocellulose degradation by Phanerochaete chrysosporium: gene families and gene expression for a complex process. Mol Microbiol 19(5):923–932CrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Vicuna R (2000) Ligninolysis—a very peculiar microbial process. Mol Biotechnol 14(2):173–176CrossRef Vicuna R (2000) Ligninolysis—a very peculiar microbial process. Mol Biotechnol 14(2):173–176CrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Tuomela M, Vikman M, Hatakka A, Itavaara M (2000) Biodegradation of lignin in a compost environment: a review. Bioresour Technol 72(2):169–183CrossRef Tuomela M, Vikman M, Hatakka A, Itavaara M (2000) Biodegradation of lignin in a compost environment: a review. Bioresour Technol 72(2):169–183CrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Grote M, Klinnert S, Bechmann W (2000) Comparison of degradation state and stability of different humic acids by means of chemolysis with tetramethylammonium hydroxide. J Environ Monit 2(2):165–169CrossRef Grote M, Klinnert S, Bechmann W (2000) Comparison of degradation state and stability of different humic acids by means of chemolysis with tetramethylammonium hydroxide. J Environ Monit 2(2):165–169CrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Harayama S (1997) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon bioremediation design. Curr Opin Biotechnol 8(3):268–273CrossRef Harayama S (1997) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon bioremediation design. Curr Opin Biotechnol 8(3):268–273CrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Regalado V, Rodriguez A, Perestelo F, Carnicero A, dela Fuente G, Falcon MA (1997) Lignin degradation and modification by the soil-inhabiting fungus Fusarium proliferatum. Appl Environ Microbiol 63(9):3716–3718 Regalado V, Rodriguez A, Perestelo F, Carnicero A, dela Fuente G, Falcon MA (1997) Lignin degradation and modification by the soil-inhabiting fungus Fusarium proliferatum. Appl Environ Microbiol 63(9):3716–3718
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Blaschke L, Forstreuter M, Sheppard LJ, Leith IK, Murray MB, Polle A (2002) Lignification in beech (Fagus sylvatica) grown at elevated CO2 concentrations: interaction with nutrient availability and leaf maturation. Tree Physiol 22(7):469–477CrossRef Blaschke L, Forstreuter M, Sheppard LJ, Leith IK, Murray MB, Polle A (2002) Lignification in beech (Fagus sylvatica) grown at elevated CO2 concentrations: interaction with nutrient availability and leaf maturation. Tree Physiol 22(7):469–477CrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Neutelings G (2011) Lignin variability in plant cell walls: contribution of new models. Plant Sci 181(4):379–386CrossRef Neutelings G (2011) Lignin variability in plant cell walls: contribution of new models. Plant Sci 181(4):379–386CrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Novaes E, Kirst M, Chiang V, Winter-Sederoff H, Sederoff R (2010) Lignin and biomass: a negative correlation for wood formation and lignin content in trees. Plant Physiol 154(2):555–561CrossRef Novaes E, Kirst M, Chiang V, Winter-Sederoff H, Sederoff R (2010) Lignin and biomass: a negative correlation for wood formation and lignin content in trees. Plant Physiol 154(2):555–561CrossRef
14.
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Boerjan W, Ralph J, Baucher M (2003) Lignin biosynthesis. Annu Rev Plant Biol 54:519–546CrossRef Boerjan W, Ralph J, Baucher M (2003) Lignin biosynthesis. Annu Rev Plant Biol 54:519–546CrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Grabber JH, Lu FC (2007) Formation of syringyl-rich lignins in maize as influenced by feruloylated xylans and p-coumaroylated monolignols. Planta 226(3):741–751CrossRef Grabber JH, Lu FC (2007) Formation of syringyl-rich lignins in maize as influenced by feruloylated xylans and p-coumaroylated monolignols. Planta 226(3):741–751CrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Huttermann A, Mai C, Kharazipour A (2001) Modification of lignin for the production of new compounded materials. Appl Microbiol Biot 55(4):387–394CrossRef Huttermann A, Mai C, Kharazipour A (2001) Modification of lignin for the production of new compounded materials. Appl Microbiol Biot 55(4):387–394CrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Hatfield RD, Chaptman AK (2009) Comparing-corn types for differences in cell wall characteristics and p-coumaroylation of lignin. J Agric Food Chem 57(10):4243–4249CrossRef Hatfield RD, Chaptman AK (2009) Comparing-corn types for differences in cell wall characteristics and p-coumaroylation of lignin. J Agric Food Chem 57(10):4243–4249CrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Martone PT, Estevez JM, Lu FC, Ruel K, Denny MW, Somerville C, Ralph J (2009) Discovery of lignin in seaweed reveals convergent evolution of cell-wall architecture. Curr Biol 19(2):169–175CrossRef Martone PT, Estevez JM, Lu FC, Ruel K, Denny MW, Somerville C, Ralph J (2009) Discovery of lignin in seaweed reveals convergent evolution of cell-wall architecture. Curr Biol 19(2):169–175CrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Uzal EN, Ros LVG, Pomar F, Bernal MA, Paradela A, Albar JP, Barcelo AR (2009) The presence of sinapyl lignin in Ginkgo biloba cell cultures changes our views of the evolution of lignin biosynthesis. Physiol Plant 135(2):196–213CrossRef Uzal EN, Ros LVG, Pomar F, Bernal MA, Paradela A, Albar JP, Barcelo AR (2009) The presence of sinapyl lignin in Ginkgo biloba cell cultures changes our views of the evolution of lignin biosynthesis. Physiol Plant 135(2):196–213CrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Vanholme R, Demedts B, Morreel K, Ralph J, Boerjan W (2010) Lignin biosynthesis and structure. Plant Physiol 153(3):895–905CrossRef Vanholme R, Demedts B, Morreel K, Ralph J, Boerjan W (2010) Lignin biosynthesis and structure. Plant Physiol 153(3):895–905CrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Weng JK, Li X, Stout J, Chapple C (2008) Independent origins of syringyl lignin in vascular plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105(22):7887–7892CrossRef Weng JK, Li X, Stout J, Chapple C (2008) Independent origins of syringyl lignin in vascular plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105(22):7887–7892CrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Bose SK, Francis RC, Govender M, Bush T, Spark A (2009) Lignin content versus syringyl to guaiacyl ratio amongst poplars. Bioresour Technol 100(4):1628–1633CrossRef Bose SK, Francis RC, Govender M, Bush T, Spark A (2009) Lignin content versus syringyl to guaiacyl ratio amongst poplars. Bioresour Technol 100(4):1628–1633CrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Lam TBT, Kadoya K, Iiyama K (2001) Bonding of hydroxycinnamic acids to lignin: ferulic and p-coumaric acids are predominantly linked at the benzyl position of lignin, not the beta-position, in grass cell walls. Phytochemistry 57(6):987–992CrossRef Lam TBT, Kadoya K, Iiyama K (2001) Bonding of hydroxycinnamic acids to lignin: ferulic and p-coumaric acids are predominantly linked at the benzyl position of lignin, not the beta-position, in grass cell walls. Phytochemistry 57(6):987–992CrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Boyce CK, Zwieniecki MA, Cody GD, Jacobsen C, Wirick S, Knoll AH, Holbrook NM (2004) Evolution of xylem lignification and hydrogel transport regulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101(50):17555–17558CrossRef Boyce CK, Zwieniecki MA, Cody GD, Jacobsen C, Wirick S, Knoll AH, Holbrook NM (2004) Evolution of xylem lignification and hydrogel transport regulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101(50):17555–17558CrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Peter G, Neale D (2004) Molecular basis for the evolution of xylem lignification. Curr Opin Plant Biol 7(6):737–742CrossRef Peter G, Neale D (2004) Molecular basis for the evolution of xylem lignification. Curr Opin Plant Biol 7(6):737–742CrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Sanchez C (2009) Lignocellulosic residues: biodegradation and bioconversion by fungi. Biotechnol Adv 27(2):185–194CrossRef Sanchez C (2009) Lignocellulosic residues: biodegradation and bioconversion by fungi. Biotechnol Adv 27(2):185–194CrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Jeffries TW (1994) Biodegradation of lignin and hemicelluloses. In: Ratledge C (ed) Biochemistry of microbial degradation. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, pp 233–277CrossRef Jeffries TW (1994) Biodegradation of lignin and hemicelluloses. In: Ratledge C (ed) Biochemistry of microbial degradation. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, pp 233–277CrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Bugg TDH, Ahmad M, Hardiman EM, Rahmanpour R (2011) Pathways for degradation of lignin in bacteria and fungi. Nat Prod Rep 28(12):1883–1896CrossRef Bugg TDH, Ahmad M, Hardiman EM, Rahmanpour R (2011) Pathways for degradation of lignin in bacteria and fungi. Nat Prod Rep 28(12):1883–1896CrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Thevenot M, Dignac MF, Rumpel C (2010) Fate of lignins in soils: a review. Soil Biol Biochem 42(8):1200–1211CrossRef Thevenot M, Dignac MF, Rumpel C (2010) Fate of lignins in soils: a review. Soil Biol Biochem 42(8):1200–1211CrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Cameron MD, Aust SD (2001) Cellobiose dehydrogenase—an extracellular fungal flavocytochrome. Enzym Microb Technol 28(2–3):129–138CrossRef Cameron MD, Aust SD (2001) Cellobiose dehydrogenase—an extracellular fungal flavocytochrome. Enzym Microb Technol 28(2–3):129–138CrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Henriksson G, Johansson G, Pettersson G (2000) A critical review of cellobiose dehydrogenases. J Biotechnol 78(2):93–113CrossRef Henriksson G, Johansson G, Pettersson G (2000) A critical review of cellobiose dehydrogenases. J Biotechnol 78(2):93–113CrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Kersten P, Cullen D (2007) Extracellular oxidative systems of the lignin-degrading Basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Fungal Genet Biol 44(2):77–87CrossRef Kersten P, Cullen D (2007) Extracellular oxidative systems of the lignin-degrading Basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Fungal Genet Biol 44(2):77–87CrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Guillen F, Martinez MJ, Munoz C, Martinez AT (1997) Quinone redox cycling in the ligninolytic fungus Pleurotus eryngii leading to extracellular production of superoxide anion radical. Arch Biochem Biophys 339(1):190–199CrossRef Guillen F, Martinez MJ, Munoz C, Martinez AT (1997) Quinone redox cycling in the ligninolytic fungus Pleurotus eryngii leading to extracellular production of superoxide anion radical. Arch Biochem Biophys 339(1):190–199CrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Dignac MF, Kogel-Knabner I, Michel K, Matzner E, Knicker H (2002) Chemistry of soil organic matter as related to C:N in Norway spruce forest (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) floors and mineral soils. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 165(3):281–289CrossRef Dignac MF, Kogel-Knabner I, Michel K, Matzner E, Knicker H (2002) Chemistry of soil organic matter as related to C:N in Norway spruce forest (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) floors and mineral soils. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 165(3):281–289CrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Osono T, Takeda H (2001) Effects of organic chemical quality and mineral nitrogen addition on lignin and holocellulose decomposition of beech leaf litter by Xylaria sp. Eur J Soil Biol 37(1):17–23CrossRef Osono T, Takeda H (2001) Effects of organic chemical quality and mineral nitrogen addition on lignin and holocellulose decomposition of beech leaf litter by Xylaria sp. Eur J Soil Biol 37(1):17–23CrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Li D, Alic M, Gold MH (1994) Nitrogen regulation of lignin peroxidase gene-transcription. Appl Environ Microbiol 60(9):3447–3449 Li D, Alic M, Gold MH (1994) Nitrogen regulation of lignin peroxidase gene-transcription. Appl Environ Microbiol 60(9):3447–3449
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Miltner A, Zech W (1998) Beech leaf litter lignin degradation and transformation as influenced by mineral phases. Org Geochem 28(7–8):457–463CrossRef Miltner A, Zech W (1998) Beech leaf litter lignin degradation and transformation as influenced by mineral phases. Org Geochem 28(7–8):457–463CrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Bajpai P (2004) Biological bleaching of chemical pulps. Crit Rev Biotechnol 24(1):1–58CrossRef Bajpai P (2004) Biological bleaching of chemical pulps. Crit Rev Biotechnol 24(1):1–58CrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Kleinert M, Barth T (2008) Towards a lignincellulosic biorefinery: direct one-step conversion of lignin to hydrogen-enriched biofuel. Energy Fuel 22(2):1371–1379CrossRef Kleinert M, Barth T (2008) Towards a lignincellulosic biorefinery: direct one-step conversion of lignin to hydrogen-enriched biofuel. Energy Fuel 22(2):1371–1379CrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Baurhoo B, Letellier A, Zhao X, Ruiz-Feria CA (2007) Cecal populations of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria and Escherichia coli populations after in vivo Escherichia coli challenge in birds fed diets with purified lignin or mannanoligosaccharides. Poult Sci 86(12):2509–2516CrossRef Baurhoo B, Letellier A, Zhao X, Ruiz-Feria CA (2007) Cecal populations of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria and Escherichia coli populations after in vivo Escherichia coli challenge in birds fed diets with purified lignin or mannanoligosaccharides. Poult Sci 86(12):2509–2516CrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Baurhoo B, Phillip L, Ruiz-Feria CA (2007) Effects of purified lignin and mannan oligosaccharides on intestinal integrity and microbial populations in the ceca and litter of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 86(6):1070–1078 Baurhoo B, Phillip L, Ruiz-Feria CA (2007) Effects of purified lignin and mannan oligosaccharides on intestinal integrity and microbial populations in the ceca and litter of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 86(6):1070–1078
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Nadif A, Hunkeler D, Kauper P (2002) Sulfur-free lignins from alkaline pulping tested in mortar for use as mortar additives. Bioresour Technol 84(1):49–55CrossRef Nadif A, Hunkeler D, Kauper P (2002) Sulfur-free lignins from alkaline pulping tested in mortar for use as mortar additives. Bioresour Technol 84(1):49–55CrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhao J, Wilkins RM (2000) Controlled release of a herbicide from matrix granules based on solvent-fractionated organosolv lignins. J Agric Food Chem 48(8):3651–3661CrossRef Zhao J, Wilkins RM (2000) Controlled release of a herbicide from matrix granules based on solvent-fractionated organosolv lignins. J Agric Food Chem 48(8):3651–3661CrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Bujanovic BM, Goundalkar MJ, Amidon TE (2012) Increasing the value of a biorefinery based on hot-water extraction: lignin products. TAPPI J 11(1):19–26 Bujanovic BM, Goundalkar MJ, Amidon TE (2012) Increasing the value of a biorefinery based on hot-water extraction: lignin products. TAPPI J 11(1):19–26
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Amidon TE, Wood CD, Shupe AM, Wang Y, Graves M, Liu SJ (2008) Biorefinery: conversion of woody biomass to chemicals, energy and materials. J Biobased Mater Biol 2(2):100–120CrossRef Amidon TE, Wood CD, Shupe AM, Wang Y, Graves M, Liu SJ (2008) Biorefinery: conversion of woody biomass to chemicals, energy and materials. J Biobased Mater Biol 2(2):100–120CrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu S, Amidon TE, Francis RC, Ramarao BV, Lai Y-Z, Scott GM (2006) From forest biomass to chemicals and energy. Ind Biotechnol 2:113–120CrossRef Liu S, Amidon TE, Francis RC, Ramarao BV, Lai Y-Z, Scott GM (2006) From forest biomass to chemicals and energy. Ind Biotechnol 2:113–120CrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Alvira P, Tomas-Pejo E, Ballesteros M, Negro MJ (2010) Pretreatment technologies for an efficient bioethanol production process based on enzymatic hydrolysis: a review. Bioresour Technol 101(13):4851–4861CrossRef Alvira P, Tomas-Pejo E, Ballesteros M, Negro MJ (2010) Pretreatment technologies for an efficient bioethanol production process based on enzymatic hydrolysis: a review. Bioresour Technol 101(13):4851–4861CrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Pan XJ, Xie D, Yu RW, Saddler JN (2008) The bioconversion of mountain pine beetle-killed lodgepole pine to fuel ethanol using the organosolv process. Biotechnol Bioeng 101(1):39–48CrossRef Pan XJ, Xie D, Yu RW, Saddler JN (2008) The bioconversion of mountain pine beetle-killed lodgepole pine to fuel ethanol using the organosolv process. Biotechnol Bioeng 101(1):39–48CrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Huijgen WJJ, Smit AT, de Wild PJ, den Uil H (2012) Fractionation of wheat straw by prehydrolysis, organosolv delignification and enzymatic hydrolysis for production of sugars and lignin. Bioresour Technol 114:389–398CrossRef Huijgen WJJ, Smit AT, de Wild PJ, den Uil H (2012) Fractionation of wheat straw by prehydrolysis, organosolv delignification and enzymatic hydrolysis for production of sugars and lignin. Bioresour Technol 114:389–398CrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Lora JH, Glasser WG (2002) Recent industrial applications of lignin: a sustainable alternative to nonrenewable materials. J Polym Environ 10(1–2):39–48CrossRef Lora JH, Glasser WG (2002) Recent industrial applications of lignin: a sustainable alternative to nonrenewable materials. J Polym Environ 10(1–2):39–48CrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Setzer WN (2011) Lignin-derived oak phenolics: a theoretical examination of additional potential health benefits of red wine. J Mol Model 17(8):1841–1845CrossRef Setzer WN (2011) Lignin-derived oak phenolics: a theoretical examination of additional potential health benefits of red wine. J Mol Model 17(8):1841–1845CrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Khitrin KS, Fuks SL, Khitrin SV, Kazienkov SA, Meteleva DS (2012) Lignin utilization options and methods. Russ J Gen Chem 82(5):977–984CrossRef Khitrin KS, Fuks SL, Khitrin SV, Kazienkov SA, Meteleva DS (2012) Lignin utilization options and methods. Russ J Gen Chem 82(5):977–984CrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Ugartondo V, Mitjans M, Vinardell MP (2008) Comparative antioxidant and cytotoxic effects of lignins from different sources. Bioresour Technol 99(14):6683–6687CrossRef Ugartondo V, Mitjans M, Vinardell MP (2008) Comparative antioxidant and cytotoxic effects of lignins from different sources. Bioresour Technol 99(14):6683–6687CrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Catignani GL, Carter ME (1982) Antioxidant properties of lignin. J Food Sci 47(5):1745CrossRef Catignani GL, Carter ME (1982) Antioxidant properties of lignin. J Food Sci 47(5):1745CrossRef
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Lu FJ, Chu LH, Gau RJ (1998) Free radical-scavenging properties of lignin. Nutr Cancer 30(1):31–38CrossRef Lu FJ, Chu LH, Gau RJ (1998) Free radical-scavenging properties of lignin. Nutr Cancer 30(1):31–38CrossRef
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Dizhbite T, Telysheva G, Jurkjane V, Viesturs U (2004) Characterization of the radical scavenging activity of lignins—natural antioxidants. Bioresour Technol 95(3):309–317CrossRef Dizhbite T, Telysheva G, Jurkjane V, Viesturs U (2004) Characterization of the radical scavenging activity of lignins—natural antioxidants. Bioresour Technol 95(3):309–317CrossRef
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Ugartondo V, Mitjans M, Vinardell MP (2009) Applicability of lignins from different sources as antioxidants based on the protective effects on lipid peroxidation induced by oxygen radicals. Ind Crop Prod 30(2):184–187CrossRef Ugartondo V, Mitjans M, Vinardell MP (2009) Applicability of lignins from different sources as antioxidants based on the protective effects on lipid peroxidation induced by oxygen radicals. Ind Crop Prod 30(2):184–187CrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Vinardell MP, Ugartondo V, Mitjans M (2008) Potential applications of antioxidant lignins from different sources. Ind Crop Prod 27(2):220–223CrossRef Vinardell MP, Ugartondo V, Mitjans M (2008) Potential applications of antioxidant lignins from different sources. Ind Crop Prod 27(2):220–223CrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Garcia A, Toledano A, Andres MA, Labidi J (2010) Study of the antioxidant capacity of Miscanthus sinensis lignins. Process Biochem 45(6):935–940CrossRef Garcia A, Toledano A, Andres MA, Labidi J (2010) Study of the antioxidant capacity of Miscanthus sinensis lignins. Process Biochem 45(6):935–940CrossRef
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Dong X, Dong MD, Lu YJ, Turley A, Lin T, Wu CQ (2011) Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of lignin from residue of corn stover to ethanol production. Ind Crop Prod 34(3):1629–1634CrossRef Dong X, Dong MD, Lu YJ, Turley A, Lin T, Wu CQ (2011) Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of lignin from residue of corn stover to ethanol production. Ind Crop Prod 34(3):1629–1634CrossRef
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Pouteau C, Dole P, Cathala B, Averous L, Boquillon N (2003) Antioxidant properties of lignin in polypropylene. Polym Degrad Stab 81(1):9–18CrossRef Pouteau C, Dole P, Cathala B, Averous L, Boquillon N (2003) Antioxidant properties of lignin in polypropylene. Polym Degrad Stab 81(1):9–18CrossRef
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Li MF, Sun SN, Xu F, Sun RC (2012) Microwave-assisted organic acid extraction of lignin from bamboo: structure and antioxidant activity investigation. Food Chem 134(3):1392–1398CrossRef Li MF, Sun SN, Xu F, Sun RC (2012) Microwave-assisted organic acid extraction of lignin from bamboo: structure and antioxidant activity investigation. Food Chem 134(3):1392–1398CrossRef
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Lu Q, Liu W, Yang L, Zu Y, Zu B, Zhu M, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Zhang R, Sun Z, Huang J, Zhang X, Li W (2012) Investigation of the effects of different organosolv pulping methods on antioxidant capacity and extraction efficiency of lignin. Food Chem 131(1):313–317CrossRef Lu Q, Liu W, Yang L, Zu Y, Zu B, Zhu M, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Zhang R, Sun Z, Huang J, Zhang X, Li W (2012) Investigation of the effects of different organosolv pulping methods on antioxidant capacity and extraction efficiency of lignin. Food Chem 131(1):313–317CrossRef
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhou S, Liu L, Wang B, Xu F, Sun R (2012) Microwave-enhanced extraction of lignin from birch in formic acid: structural characterization and antioxidant activity study. Process Biochem 47:1799–1806 Zhou S, Liu L, Wang B, Xu F, Sun R (2012) Microwave-enhanced extraction of lignin from birch in formic acid: structural characterization and antioxidant activity study. Process Biochem 47:1799–1806
66.
Zurück zum Zitat García A, González Alriols M, Spigno G, Labidi J (2012) Lignin as natural radical scavenger. Effect of the obtaining and purification processes on the antioxidant behaviour of lignin. Biochem Eng J 67:173–185CrossRef García A, González Alriols M, Spigno G, Labidi J (2012) Lignin as natural radical scavenger. Effect of the obtaining and purification processes on the antioxidant behaviour of lignin. Biochem Eng J 67:173–185CrossRef
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Matsushita Y, Jo E-K, Inakoshi R, Yagami S, Takamoto N, Fukushima K, Lee S-C (2013) Hydrothermal reaction of sulfuric acid lignin generated as a by-product during bioethanol production using lignocellulosic materials to convert bioactive agents. Ind Crop Prod 42:181–188CrossRef Matsushita Y, Jo E-K, Inakoshi R, Yagami S, Takamoto N, Fukushima K, Lee S-C (2013) Hydrothermal reaction of sulfuric acid lignin generated as a by-product during bioethanol production using lignocellulosic materials to convert bioactive agents. Ind Crop Prod 42:181–188CrossRef
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Núñez-Flores R, Giménez B, Fernández-Martín F, López-Caballero ME, Montero MP, Gómez-Guillén MC (2013) Physical and functional characterization of active fish gelatin films incorporated with lignin. Food Hydrocolloids 30(1):163–172CrossRef Núñez-Flores R, Giménez B, Fernández-Martín F, López-Caballero ME, Montero MP, Gómez-Guillén MC (2013) Physical and functional characterization of active fish gelatin films incorporated with lignin. Food Hydrocolloids 30(1):163–172CrossRef
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Sakagami H, Hashimoto K, Suzuki F, Ogiwara T, Satoh K, Ito H, Hatano T, Takashi Y, Fujisawa SI (2005) Molecular requirements of lignin–carbohydrate complexes for expression of unique biological activities. Phytochemistry 66(17):2108–2120CrossRef Sakagami H, Hashimoto K, Suzuki F, Ogiwara T, Satoh K, Ito H, Hatano T, Takashi Y, Fujisawa SI (2005) Molecular requirements of lignin–carbohydrate complexes for expression of unique biological activities. Phytochemistry 66(17):2108–2120CrossRef
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Nakashima H, Murakami T, Yamamoto N, Sakagami H, Tanuma S, Hatano T, Yoshida T, Okuda T (1992) Inhibition of human immunodeficiency viral replication by tannins and related compounds. Antivir Res 18(1):91–103CrossRef Nakashima H, Murakami T, Yamamoto N, Sakagami H, Tanuma S, Hatano T, Yoshida T, Okuda T (1992) Inhibition of human immunodeficiency viral replication by tannins and related compounds. Antivir Res 18(1):91–103CrossRef
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Nagata K, Sakagami H, Harada H, Nonoyama M, Ishihama A, Konno K (1990) Inhibition of influenza-virus infection by pine cone antitumor substances. Antivir Res 13(1):11–22CrossRef Nagata K, Sakagami H, Harada H, Nonoyama M, Ishihama A, Konno K (1990) Inhibition of influenza-virus infection by pine cone antitumor substances. Antivir Res 13(1):11–22CrossRef
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Harada H, Sakagami H, Nagata K, Ohhara T, Kawazoe Y, Ishihama A, Hata N, Misawa Y, Terada H, Konno K (1991) Possible involvement of lignin structure in anti-influenza virus activity. Antivir Res 15(1):41–50CrossRef Harada H, Sakagami H, Nagata K, Ohhara T, Kawazoe Y, Ishihama A, Hata N, Misawa Y, Terada H, Konno K (1991) Possible involvement of lignin structure in anti-influenza virus activity. Antivir Res 15(1):41–50CrossRef
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Sakagami H, Kushida T, Oizumi T, Nakashima H, Makino T (2010) Distribution of lignin–carbohydrate complex in plant kingdom and its functionality as alternative medicine. Pharmacol Ther 128(1):91–105CrossRef Sakagami H, Kushida T, Oizumi T, Nakashima H, Makino T (2010) Distribution of lignin–carbohydrate complex in plant kingdom and its functionality as alternative medicine. Pharmacol Ther 128(1):91–105CrossRef
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Fukuchi K, Sakagami H, Okuda T, Hatano T, Tanuma S, Kitajima K, Inoue Y, Inoue S, Ichikawa S, Nonoyama M, Konno K (1989) Inhibition of herpes simplex virus infection by tannins and related compounds. Antivir Res 11(5–6):285–297CrossRef Fukuchi K, Sakagami H, Okuda T, Hatano T, Tanuma S, Kitajima K, Inoue Y, Inoue S, Ichikawa S, Nonoyama M, Konno K (1989) Inhibition of herpes simplex virus infection by tannins and related compounds. Antivir Res 11(5–6):285–297CrossRef
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Mukoyama A, Ushijima H, Unten S, Nishimura S, Yoshihara M, Sakagami H (1991) Effect of pine seed shell extract on rotavirus and enterovirus infections. Lett Appl Microbiol 13(3):109–111CrossRef Mukoyama A, Ushijima H, Unten S, Nishimura S, Yoshihara M, Sakagami H (1991) Effect of pine seed shell extract on rotavirus and enterovirus infections. Lett Appl Microbiol 13(3):109–111CrossRef
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Mitsuhashi S, Kishimoto T, Uraki Y, Okamoto T, Ubukata M (2008) Low molecular weight lignin suppresses activation of NF-kappa B and HIV-1 promoter. Bioorg Med Chem 16(5):2645–2650CrossRef Mitsuhashi S, Kishimoto T, Uraki Y, Okamoto T, Ubukata M (2008) Low molecular weight lignin suppresses activation of NF-kappa B and HIV-1 promoter. Bioorg Med Chem 16(5):2645–2650CrossRef
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Davidson PM, Branden AL (1981) Antimicrobial activity of non-halogenated phenolic compounds. J Food Prot 44(8):623 Davidson PM, Branden AL (1981) Antimicrobial activity of non-halogenated phenolic compounds. J Food Prot 44(8):623
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Zemek J, Kosikova B, Augustin J, Joniak D (1979) Antibiotic properties of lignin components. Folia Microbiol 24(6):483–486CrossRef Zemek J, Kosikova B, Augustin J, Joniak D (1979) Antibiotic properties of lignin components. Folia Microbiol 24(6):483–486CrossRef
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Harada H, Sakagami H, Konno K, Sato T, Osawa N, Fujimaki M, Komatsu N (1988) Induction of antimicrobial activity by antitumor substances from pine cone extract of Pinus parviflora Sieb. et Zucc. Anticancer Res 8(4):581–588 Harada H, Sakagami H, Konno K, Sato T, Osawa N, Fujimaki M, Komatsu N (1988) Induction of antimicrobial activity by antitumor substances from pine cone extract of Pinus parviflora Sieb. et Zucc. Anticancer Res 8(4):581–588
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Oh-Hara T, Sakagami H, Kawazoe Y, Kaiya T, Komatsu N, Ohsawa N, Fujimaki M, Tanuma S, Konno K (1990) Antimicrobial spectrum of lignin-related pine cone extracts of Pinus parviflora Sieb. et Zucc. In Vivo 4(1):7–12 Oh-Hara T, Sakagami H, Kawazoe Y, Kaiya T, Komatsu N, Ohsawa N, Fujimaki M, Tanuma S, Konno K (1990) Antimicrobial spectrum of lignin-related pine cone extracts of Pinus parviflora Sieb. et Zucc. In Vivo 4(1):7–12
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Nelson JL, Alexander JW, Gianotti L, Chalk CL, Pyles T (1994) Influence of dietary fiber on microbial growth in vitro and bacterial translocation after burn injury in mice. Nutrition 10(1):32–36 Nelson JL, Alexander JW, Gianotti L, Chalk CL, Pyles T (1994) Influence of dietary fiber on microbial growth in vitro and bacterial translocation after burn injury in mice. Nutrition 10(1):32–36
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Phillip L, Idziak E, Kubow S (2000) The potential use of lignin in animal nutrition, and in modifying microbial ecology of the gut. Paper presented at the Eastern Nutrition Conference, Animal Nutrition Association Canada, Montreal, Québec, Canada Phillip L, Idziak E, Kubow S (2000) The potential use of lignin in animal nutrition, and in modifying microbial ecology of the gut. Paper presented at the Eastern Nutrition Conference, Animal Nutrition Association Canada, Montreal, Québec, Canada
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Bourquin LD, Garleb KA, Merchen NR, Fahe GC (1990) Effects of intake and forage level on site and extent of digestion of plant cell wall monomeric components by sheep. J Anim Sci 68(8):2479–2495 Bourquin LD, Garleb KA, Merchen NR, Fahe GC (1990) Effects of intake and forage level on site and extent of digestion of plant cell wall monomeric components by sheep. J Anim Sci 68(8):2479–2495
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Bozin B, Mimica-Dukic N, Simin N, Anackov G (2006) Characterization of the volatile composition of essential oils of some lamiaceae spices and the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the entire oils. J Agric Food Chem 54(5):1822–1828CrossRef Bozin B, Mimica-Dukic N, Simin N, Anackov G (2006) Characterization of the volatile composition of essential oils of some lamiaceae spices and the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the entire oils. J Agric Food Chem 54(5):1822–1828CrossRef
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Helander IM, Alakomi HL, Latva-Kala K, Mattila-Sandholm T, Pol I, Smid EJ, Gorris LGM, von Wright A (1998) Characterization of the action of selected essential oil components on Gram-negative bacteria. J Agric Food Chem 46(9):3590–3595CrossRef Helander IM, Alakomi HL, Latva-Kala K, Mattila-Sandholm T, Pol I, Smid EJ, Gorris LGM, von Wright A (1998) Characterization of the action of selected essential oil components on Gram-negative bacteria. J Agric Food Chem 46(9):3590–3595CrossRef
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Oussalah M, Caillet S, Lacroix M (2006) Mechanism of action of Spanish oregano, Chinese cinnamon, and savory essential oils against cell membranes and walls of Escherichia coli O157: H7 and Listeria monocytogenes. J Food Protect 69(5):1046–1055 Oussalah M, Caillet S, Lacroix M (2006) Mechanism of action of Spanish oregano, Chinese cinnamon, and savory essential oils against cell membranes and walls of Escherichia coli O157: H7 and Listeria monocytogenes. J Food Protect 69(5):1046–1055
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Pessala P, Schultz E, Kukkola J, Nakari T, Knuutinen J, Herve S, Paasivirta J (2010) Biological effects of high molecular weight lignin derivatives. Ecotoxicol Environ Safe 73(7):1641–1645CrossRef Pessala P, Schultz E, Kukkola J, Nakari T, Knuutinen J, Herve S, Paasivirta J (2010) Biological effects of high molecular weight lignin derivatives. Ecotoxicol Environ Safe 73(7):1641–1645CrossRef
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Van Beneden S, Roobroeck D, Franca SC, De Neve S, Boeckx P, Hofte M (2010) Microbial populations involved in the suppression of Rhizoctonia solani AG1-1B by lignin incorporation in soil. Soil Biol Biochem 42(8):1268–1274CrossRef Van Beneden S, Roobroeck D, Franca SC, De Neve S, Boeckx P, Hofte M (2010) Microbial populations involved in the suppression of Rhizoctonia solani AG1-1B by lignin incorporation in soil. Soil Biol Biochem 42(8):1268–1274CrossRef
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Libralato G, Avezzu F, Ghirardini AV (2011) Lignin and tannin toxicity to Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Bohlin). J Hazard Mater 194:435–439CrossRef Libralato G, Avezzu F, Ghirardini AV (2011) Lignin and tannin toxicity to Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Bohlin). J Hazard Mater 194:435–439CrossRef
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Gibson GR, Roberfroid MB (1995) Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota—introducing the concept of prebiotics. J Nutr 125(6):1401–1412 Gibson GR, Roberfroid MB (1995) Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota—introducing the concept of prebiotics. J Nutr 125(6):1401–1412
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Yu B, Tsai CC, Hsu JC, Chiou PWS (1998) Effect of different sources of dietary fibre on growth performance, intestinal morphology and caecal carbohydrases of domestic geese. Brit Poult Sci 39(4):560–567CrossRef Yu B, Tsai CC, Hsu JC, Chiou PWS (1998) Effect of different sources of dietary fibre on growth performance, intestinal morphology and caecal carbohydrases of domestic geese. Brit Poult Sci 39(4):560–567CrossRef
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang Y, Marx T, Lora J, Phillip LE, McAllister TA (2009) Effects of purified lignin on in vitro ruminal fermentation and growth performance, carcass traits and fecal shedding of Escherichia coli by feedlot lambs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 151(1–2):21–31CrossRef Wang Y, Marx T, Lora J, Phillip LE, McAllister TA (2009) Effects of purified lignin on in vitro ruminal fermentation and growth performance, carcass traits and fecal shedding of Escherichia coli by feedlot lambs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 151(1–2):21–31CrossRef
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Valencia Z, Chavez ER (1997) Lignin as a purified dietary fiber supplement for piglets. Nutr Res 17(10):1517–1527CrossRef Valencia Z, Chavez ER (1997) Lignin as a purified dietary fiber supplement for piglets. Nutr Res 17(10):1517–1527CrossRef
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Alexy P, Kosikova B, Podstranska G (2000) The effect of blending lignin with polyethylene and polypropylene on physical properties. Polymer 41(13):4901–4908CrossRef Alexy P, Kosikova B, Podstranska G (2000) The effect of blending lignin with polyethylene and polypropylene on physical properties. Polymer 41(13):4901–4908CrossRef
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Banu D, El-Aghoury A, Feldman D (2006) Contributions to characterization of poly(vinyl chloride)–lignin blends. J Appl Polym Sci 101(5):2732–2748CrossRef Banu D, El-Aghoury A, Feldman D (2006) Contributions to characterization of poly(vinyl chloride)–lignin blends. J Appl Polym Sci 101(5):2732–2748CrossRef
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Calgeris I, Cakmakci E, Ogan A, Kahraman MV, Kayaman-Apohan N (2012) Preparation and drug release properties of lignin–starch biodegradable films. Starch-Starke 64(5):399–407CrossRef Calgeris I, Cakmakci E, Ogan A, Kahraman MV, Kayaman-Apohan N (2012) Preparation and drug release properties of lignin–starch biodegradable films. Starch-Starke 64(5):399–407CrossRef
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen P, Zhang LN, Peng SP, Liao B (2006) Effects of nanoscale hydroxypropyl lignin on properties of soy protein plastics. J Appl Polym Sci 101(1):334–341CrossRef Chen P, Zhang LN, Peng SP, Liao B (2006) Effects of nanoscale hydroxypropyl lignin on properties of soy protein plastics. J Appl Polym Sci 101(1):334–341CrossRef
98.
Zurück zum Zitat El Raghi S, Zahran RR, Gebril BE (2000) Effect of weathering on some properties of polyvinyl chloride/lignin blends. Mater Lett 46(6):332–342CrossRef El Raghi S, Zahran RR, Gebril BE (2000) Effect of weathering on some properties of polyvinyl chloride/lignin blends. Mater Lett 46(6):332–342CrossRef
99.
Zurück zum Zitat Gregorova A, Cibulkova Z, Kosikova B, Simon P (2005) Stabilization effect of lignin in polypropylene and recycled polypropylene. Polym Degrad Stab 89(3):553–558CrossRef Gregorova A, Cibulkova Z, Kosikova B, Simon P (2005) Stabilization effect of lignin in polypropylene and recycled polypropylene. Polym Degrad Stab 89(3):553–558CrossRef
100.
Zurück zum Zitat Huang J, Zhang LN, Chen P (2003) Effects of lignin as a filler on properties of soy protein plastics. II. Alkaline lignin. J Appl Polym Sci 88(14):3291–3297CrossRef Huang J, Zhang LN, Chen P (2003) Effects of lignin as a filler on properties of soy protein plastics. II. Alkaline lignin. J Appl Polym Sci 88(14):3291–3297CrossRef
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Kai WH, He Y, Asakawa N, Inoue Y (2004) Effect of lignin particles as a nucleating agent on crystallization of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate). J Appl Polym Sci 94(6):2466–2474CrossRef Kai WH, He Y, Asakawa N, Inoue Y (2004) Effect of lignin particles as a nucleating agent on crystallization of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate). J Appl Polym Sci 94(6):2466–2474CrossRef
102.
Zurück zum Zitat Kramarova Z, Alexy P, Chodak I, Spirk E, Hudec I, Kosikova B, Gregorova A, Suri P, Feranc J, Bugaj P, Duracka M (2007) Biopolymers as fillers for rubber blends. Polym Adv Technol 18(2):135–140CrossRef Kramarova Z, Alexy P, Chodak I, Spirk E, Hudec I, Kosikova B, Gregorova A, Suri P, Feranc J, Bugaj P, Duracka M (2007) Biopolymers as fillers for rubber blends. Polym Adv Technol 18(2):135–140CrossRef
103.
Zurück zum Zitat Lepifre S, Froment M, Cazaux F, Houot S, Lourdin D, Coqueret X, Lapierre C, Baumberger S (2004) Lignin incorporation combined with electron-beam irradiation improves the surface water resistance of starch films. Biomacromolecules 5(5):1678–1686CrossRef Lepifre S, Froment M, Cazaux F, Houot S, Lourdin D, Coqueret X, Lapierre C, Baumberger S (2004) Lignin incorporation combined with electron-beam irradiation improves the surface water resistance of starch films. Biomacromolecules 5(5):1678–1686CrossRef
105.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu F, Xu K, Chen M, Cao D (2012) The rheological and mechanical properties of PVC–lignin blends. Int Polym Proc 27(1):121–127CrossRef Liu F, Xu K, Chen M, Cao D (2012) The rheological and mechanical properties of PVC–lignin blends. Int Polym Proc 27(1):121–127CrossRef
106.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu FY, Xu K, Chen MC, Cao DR (2011) The roles of polyacrylate in poly(vinyl chloride)–lignin composites. Polym Compos 32(9):1399–1407MATHCrossRef Liu FY, Xu K, Chen MC, Cao DR (2011) The roles of polyacrylate in poly(vinyl chloride)–lignin composites. Polym Compos 32(9):1399–1407MATHCrossRef
107.
Zurück zum Zitat Mishra SB, Mishra AK, Kaushik NK, Khan MA (2007) Study of performance properties of lignin-based polyblends with polyvinyl chloride. J Mater Proc Technol 183(2–3):273–276CrossRef Mishra SB, Mishra AK, Kaushik NK, Khan MA (2007) Study of performance properties of lignin-based polyblends with polyvinyl chloride. J Mater Proc Technol 183(2–3):273–276CrossRef
108.
Zurück zum Zitat Mousavioun P, George GA, Doherty WOS (2012) Environmental degradation of lignin/poly(hydroxybutyrate) blends. Polym Degrad Stab 97(7):1114–1122CrossRef Mousavioun P, George GA, Doherty WOS (2012) Environmental degradation of lignin/poly(hydroxybutyrate) blends. Polym Degrad Stab 97(7):1114–1122CrossRef
109.
Zurück zum Zitat Ouyang WZ, Huang Y, Luo HJ, Wang DS (2012) Preparation and properties of poly(lactic acid)/cellulolytic enzyme lignin/PGMA ternary blends. Chin Chem Lett 23(3):351–354CrossRef Ouyang WZ, Huang Y, Luo HJ, Wang DS (2012) Preparation and properties of poly(lactic acid)/cellulolytic enzyme lignin/PGMA ternary blends. Chin Chem Lett 23(3):351–354CrossRef
110.
Zurück zum Zitat Pucciariello R, Villani V, Bonini C, D'Auria M, Vetere T (2004) Physical properties of straw lignin-based polymer blends. Polymer 45(12):4159–4169CrossRef Pucciariello R, Villani V, Bonini C, D'Auria M, Vetere T (2004) Physical properties of straw lignin-based polymer blends. Polymer 45(12):4159–4169CrossRef
111.
Zurück zum Zitat Reti C, Casetta M, Duquesne S, Bourbigot S, Delobel R (2008) Flammability properties of intumescent PLA including starch and lignin. Polym Adv Technol 19(6):628–635CrossRef Reti C, Casetta M, Duquesne S, Bourbigot S, Delobel R (2008) Flammability properties of intumescent PLA including starch and lignin. Polym Adv Technol 19(6):628–635CrossRef
112.
Zurück zum Zitat Rosu L, Cascaval CN, Rosu D (2009) Effect of UV radiation on some polymeric networks based on vinyl ester resin and modified lignin. Polym Test 28(3):296–300CrossRef Rosu L, Cascaval CN, Rosu D (2009) Effect of UV radiation on some polymeric networks based on vinyl ester resin and modified lignin. Polym Test 28(3):296–300CrossRef
113.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang H, Easteal AJ, Edmonds N (2008) Prevulcanized natural rubber latex/modified lignin dispersion for water vapour barrier coatings on paperboard packaging. Adv Mater Res 47–50:93–96CrossRef Wang H, Easteal AJ, Edmonds N (2008) Prevulcanized natural rubber latex/modified lignin dispersion for water vapour barrier coatings on paperboard packaging. Adv Mater Res 47–50:93–96CrossRef
114.
Zurück zum Zitat Wood BM, Coles SR, Maggs S, Meredith J, Kirwan K (2011) Use of lignin as a compatibiliser in hemp/epoxy composites. Compos Sci Technol 71(16):1804–1810CrossRef Wood BM, Coles SR, Maggs S, Meredith J, Kirwan K (2011) Use of lignin as a compatibiliser in hemp/epoxy composites. Compos Sci Technol 71(16):1804–1810CrossRef
115.
Zurück zum Zitat Wu RL, Wang XL, Li F, Li HZ, Wang YZ (2009) Green composite films prepared from cellulose, starch and lignin in room-temperature ionic liquid. Bioresour Technol 100(9):2569–2574CrossRef Wu RL, Wang XL, Li F, Li HZ, Wang YZ (2009) Green composite films prepared from cellulose, starch and lignin in room-temperature ionic liquid. Bioresour Technol 100(9):2569–2574CrossRef
116.
Zurück zum Zitat Doherty WOS, Mousavioun P, Fellows CM (2011) Value-adding to cellulosic ethanol: lignin polymers. Ind Crop Prod 33(2):259–276CrossRef Doherty WOS, Mousavioun P, Fellows CM (2011) Value-adding to cellulosic ethanol: lignin polymers. Ind Crop Prod 33(2):259–276CrossRef
117.
Zurück zum Zitat Laycock B, Halley P, Pratt S, Werker A, Lant P (2013) The chemomechanical properties of microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates. Prog Polym Sci 38:536–583 Laycock B, Halley P, Pratt S, Werker A, Lant P (2013) The chemomechanical properties of microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates. Prog Polym Sci 38:536–583
118.
Zurück zum Zitat Johnson DK, Chornet E, Zmierczak W, Shabtai J (2002) Conversion of lignin into a hydrocarbon product for blending with gasoline. Abstr Pap Am Chem Soc 223:U583–U584 Johnson DK, Chornet E, Zmierczak W, Shabtai J (2002) Conversion of lignin into a hydrocarbon product for blending with gasoline. Abstr Pap Am Chem Soc 223:U583–U584
119.
Zurück zum Zitat Larsen J, Petersen MO, Thirup L, Li HW, Iversen FK (2008) The IBUS process—lignocellulosic bioethanol close to a commercial reality. Chem Eng Technol 31(5):765–772CrossRef Larsen J, Petersen MO, Thirup L, Li HW, Iversen FK (2008) The IBUS process—lignocellulosic bioethanol close to a commercial reality. Chem Eng Technol 31(5):765–772CrossRef
120.
Zurück zum Zitat Lumadue MR, Cannon FS, Brown NR (2012) Lignin as both fuel and fusing binder in briquetted anthracite fines for foundry coke substitute. Fuel 97:869–875CrossRef Lumadue MR, Cannon FS, Brown NR (2012) Lignin as both fuel and fusing binder in briquetted anthracite fines for foundry coke substitute. Fuel 97:869–875CrossRef
121.
Zurück zum Zitat Zazo JA, Bedia J, Fierro CM, Pliego G, Casas JA, Rodriguez JJ (2012) Highly stable Fe on activated carbon catalysts for CWPO upon FeCl3 activation of lignin from black liquors. Catal Today 187(1):115–121CrossRef Zazo JA, Bedia J, Fierro CM, Pliego G, Casas JA, Rodriguez JJ (2012) Highly stable Fe on activated carbon catalysts for CWPO upon FeCl3 activation of lignin from black liquors. Catal Today 187(1):115–121CrossRef
122.
Zurück zum Zitat Mahmoudi K, Hamdi N, Kriaa A, Srasra E (2012) Adsorption of methyl orange using activated carbon prepared from lignin by ZnCl2 treatment. Russ J Phys Chem 86(8):1294–1300CrossRef Mahmoudi K, Hamdi N, Kriaa A, Srasra E (2012) Adsorption of methyl orange using activated carbon prepared from lignin by ZnCl2 treatment. Russ J Phys Chem 86(8):1294–1300CrossRef
123.
Zurück zum Zitat Maradur SP, Kim CH, Kim SY, Kim BH, Kim WC, Yang KS (2012) Preparation of carbon fibers from a lignin copolymer with polyacrylonitrile. Synth Met 162(5–6):453–459CrossRef Maradur SP, Kim CH, Kim SY, Kim BH, Kim WC, Yang KS (2012) Preparation of carbon fibers from a lignin copolymer with polyacrylonitrile. Synth Met 162(5–6):453–459CrossRef
124.
Zurück zum Zitat Baker DA, Gallego NC, Baker FS (2012) On the characterization and spinning of an organic-purified lignin toward the manufacture of low-cost carbon fiber. J Appl Polym Sci 124(1):227–234CrossRef Baker DA, Gallego NC, Baker FS (2012) On the characterization and spinning of an organic-purified lignin toward the manufacture of low-cost carbon fiber. J Appl Polym Sci 124(1):227–234CrossRef
125.
Zurück zum Zitat Qin W, Kadla JF (2011) Effect of organoclay reinforcement on lignin-based carbon fibers. Ind Eng Chem Res 50(22):12548–12555CrossRef Qin W, Kadla JF (2011) Effect of organoclay reinforcement on lignin-based carbon fibers. Ind Eng Chem Res 50(22):12548–12555CrossRef
126.
Zurück zum Zitat Balan V, Bals B, Chundawat SP, Marshall D, Dale BE (2009) Lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment using AFEX. In: Mielenz JR (ed) Biofuels: methods and protocols. Methods in molecular biology, vol. 581. Humana, New Jersey, pp 61–77 Balan V, Bals B, Chundawat SP, Marshall D, Dale BE (2009) Lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment using AFEX. In: Mielenz JR (ed) Biofuels: methods and protocols. Methods in molecular biology, vol. 581. Humana, New Jersey, pp 61–77
127.
Zurück zum Zitat Carioca JOB (2010) Biofuels: problems, challenges and perspectives. Biotechnol J 5(3):260–273CrossRef Carioca JOB (2010) Biofuels: problems, challenges and perspectives. Biotechnol J 5(3):260–273CrossRef
128.
Zurück zum Zitat Jegannathan KR, Chan ES, Ravindra P (2009) Harnessing biofuels: a global Renaissance in energy production? Renew Sust Energ Rev 13(8):2163–2168CrossRef Jegannathan KR, Chan ES, Ravindra P (2009) Harnessing biofuels: a global Renaissance in energy production? Renew Sust Energ Rev 13(8):2163–2168CrossRef
129.
Zurück zum Zitat Li X, Ximenes E, Kim Y, Slininger M, Meilan R, Ladisch M, Chapple C (2010) Lignin monomer composition affects Arabidopsis cell-wall degradability after liquid hot water pretreatment. Biotechnol Biofuels 3:27 Li X, Ximenes E, Kim Y, Slininger M, Meilan R, Ladisch M, Chapple C (2010) Lignin monomer composition affects Arabidopsis cell-wall degradability after liquid hot water pretreatment. Biotechnol Biofuels 3:27
130.
Zurück zum Zitat Vanholme R, Morreel K, Ralph J, Boerjan W (2008) Lignin engineering. Curr Opin Plant Biol 11(3):278–285CrossRef Vanholme R, Morreel K, Ralph J, Boerjan W (2008) Lignin engineering. Curr Opin Plant Biol 11(3):278–285CrossRef
131.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen F, Dixon RA (2007) Lignin modification improves fermentable sugar yields for biofuel production. Nat Biotechnol 25(7):759–761MathSciNetCrossRef Chen F, Dixon RA (2007) Lignin modification improves fermentable sugar yields for biofuel production. Nat Biotechnol 25(7):759–761MathSciNetCrossRef
132.
Zurück zum Zitat Gressel J (2008) Transgenics are imperative for biofuel crops. Plant Sci 174(3):246–263CrossRef Gressel J (2008) Transgenics are imperative for biofuel crops. Plant Sci 174(3):246–263CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Lignin: untapped biopolymers in biomass conversion technologies
verfasst von
Manimaran Ayyachamy
Finola E. Cliffe
Jessica M. Coyne
John Collier
Maria G. Tuohy
Publikationsdatum
01.09.2013
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery / Ausgabe 3/2013
Print ISSN: 2190-6815
Elektronische ISSN: 2190-6823
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-013-0084-4

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 3/2013

Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery 3/2013 Zur Ausgabe