nach oben

Wood Science and Technology

Erschienen in:

01.01.2007 | ORIGINAL

Optimisation of a two-stage heat treatment process: durability aspects

verfasst von: M. J. Boonstra, J. van Acker, E. Kegel, M. Stevens

Erschienen in: Wood Science and Technology | Ausgabe 1/2007

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

Heat treatment of wood at relatively high temperatures (in the range of 150–280°C) is an effective method to improve biological durability of wood. This study was performed to investigate the effect of heat treatment process optimisation on the resistance against fungal attack, including basidiomycetes, molds and blue stain fungi. An industrially used two-stage heat treatment method under relatively mild conditions (<200°C) was used to treat the boards. Heat treatment of radiata pine sapwood revealed a clear improvement of the resistance against the brown rot fungi Coniophora puteana and Poria placenta. Increasing process temperature and/or effective process time during the first process stage, the hydro thermolysis, appeared to affect the resistance against C. puteana attack, but the effect on the resistance against P. placenta was rather limited. Heat treated radiata pine showed a limited resistance against the white rot fungus Coriolus versicolor and process variations during the hydro thermolysis stage appeared not to affect this resistance. A clear difference between the resistance of heat treated Scots pine sapwood and heartwood against fungal attack is observed. Scots pine heartwood showed a higher resistance against C. puteana and P. placenta but also against the white rot fungus C. versicolor. Similar results were obtained when heat treated birch was exposed to brown and white rot fungi. Heat treatment showed an improved resistance against C. puteana attack, especially at higher temperatures during the hydro thermolysis stage. A clear improvement of the durability was also observed after exposure to the white rot fungus C. versicolor and especially Stereum hirsutum. Increasing the process temperature or process time during the hydro thermolysis stage appeared to have a limited effect on the resistance against C. versicolor attack. Heat treated radiata pine and Norway spruce were still susceptible to mold growth on the wood surface, probably due to the formation of hemicelluloses degradation products (e.g. sugars) during heat treatment. Remarkable is the absence of blue stain fungi on heat treated wood specimen, also because the abandant blue stain fungi were observed on untreated specimen. Molecular reasons for the resistance of heat treated wood against fungal attack are discussed in detail contributing to a better understanding of heat treatment methods.

Vorheriger Artikel Characteristics of sugar maple wood surfaces machined with the fixed-oblique knife pressure-bar cutting system

Nächster Artikel Mechano-sorptive creep in wood fibres

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

van Acker J, Stevens M, Brauwers C, Rijckaert V, Mol E (1998a) Blue stain resistance of exterior wood coatings as a function of their typology. International research group on wood preservation, Doc. No. IRG/WP/98-20145

van Acker J, Stevens M, Brauwers C, Rijckaert V, Mol E (1998b) Laboratory blue stain testing of low VOC paints. In: ‘Advances in exterior wood coatings and CEN standardisation’, Brussel, Conference Paper 15

Baechler RH (1959) Improving wood’s durability through chemical modification. Forest Prod J 9:166–171

Boonstra MJ, Tjeerdsma BF, Groeneveld HAC (1998) Thermal modification of non-durable wood species. Part 1. The Plato technology: thermal modification of wood. International research group on wood preservation, Doc. No. IRG/WP 98-40123

Boonstra MJ, Tjeerdsma BF (2006) Chemical analysis of heat treated softwoods. Holz Roh-Werkst, in print

Boonstra MJ, van Acker J, Tjeerdsma B, Kegel E (2006) Optimisation of a two-stage heat treatment process. Mechanical properties. Wood Sci Technol (Submitted)

CEN/TS 15038-1 (2004) Durability of wood and wood-based products – determination of the natural durability of solid wood against wood-destroying fungi, test methods – part 1: Basidiomycetes

Cowling EB (1961) Comparative biochemistry of the decay of sweetgum sapwood by white-rot and brown-rot fungi. Technical bulletin No. 1258. US Department of Agriculture. Washington, DC, USA

Cowling EB, Brown W (1969) Structural features of cellulosic materials in relation to enzymatic hydrolysis. In: Hajny, Reese (eds) Cellulases and their applications. advanced chemical series 95. American Chemical Society Press, Washington DC, pp 152–187

Daniel G (2003) Microview of wood under degradation by bacteria and fungi. In: Goodell, Nicholas, Schultz (eds) Wood deterioration and preservation. Advances in our changing world, chapter 4, ACS symposium series 845. American Chemical Society press, Washington DC, pp 34–72

Daniel G, Nilsson T, Petterson B (1989) Intra- and extracellular localization of solid wood and wood fragments by Phanerochaete chrysosporium by using transmission electron microscopy and immuno-gold labeling. Appl Environ Microbiol 55:871–881PubMed

Enoki A, Tanaka H, Fuse G (1988) Degradation of lignin-related compounds, pure cellulose, and wood components by white-rot and brown-rot fungi. Holzforschung 42(2):85–93CrossRef

Enoki A, Hirano T, Tanaka H (1992) Extracellular substance from the brown-rot basidiomycete gloeophyllum trabeum that produces and reduces hydrogen peroxide. Mater Organismen 27:247–261

Eriksson KE (1981) Microbial degradation of cellulose and lignin. In: Proceedings of international symposium on wood and pulping chemistry, vol 3. Stockholm, pp 60–65

EN 113 (1996) Wood preservatives – Testing methods to determine protection effectiveness against basydiomicetes – Determination of the effectiveness threshold

EN 350-2 (1994) Durability of wood and wood-based products – natural durability of solid wood–part 2. Guide to natural durability and treatability of selected wood species of importance in Europe

Flournoy DS, Kirk TK, Highley TL (1991) Wood decay by brown-rot fungi: changes in pore structure and cell wall volume. Holzforschung 45(5):383–388

Fujita M, Harada H (2001) Ultrastructure and formation of wood cell wall. In: Hon N-S, Shiraishi N (eds) Wood and cellulosic chemistry, Chap. 1. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, pp 1–50

Giebeler E (1983) Dimensionsstabilisierung von Holz durch eine Feuchte/Wärme/Druck-Behandlung. Holz Roh Werkst 41:87–94CrossRef

Goodell B, Jellison J, Liu J, Daniel G, Paszczynski A, Fekete F, Krishnamurthy S, Jun L, Xu GJ (1997) Low molecular weight chelators and phenolic compounds isolated from wood decay fungi and their role in the fungal biodegradation of wood. J Biotechnol 53:133–162CrossRef

Goodell B (2003) Brown-rot fungal degradation of wood: our evolving view. In: Goodell, Nicholas, Schultz (eds) Wood Deterioration and Preservation. Advances in our changing world, chap. 6, ACS symposium series 845. American Chemical Society press, Washington DC, pp 97–118

Halliwell G (1965) Catalytic decomposition of cellulose under biological conditions. Biochem J 95:35–40PubMed

Henry WP (2003) Non-enzymatic iron, manganese, and copper chemistry of potential importance in wood decay. In: Goodell, Nicholas, Schultz (eds) Wood Deterioration and Preservation. Advances in our changing world, chapter 10, ACS symposium series 845. American Chemical Society press, Washington DC, pp 175–194

Highley TL (1970) Decay resistance of four woods treated to destroy thiamine. Phytopathology 60:1660–1661

Highley TL (1975) Properties of cellulases of two brown-rot and two white-rot fungi. Wood Fiber 6:275–281

Highley TL (1977) Requirements for cellulose degradation by a brown-rot fungus. Mater Organismen 12(1):25–36

Highley TL, Murmanis LL, Palmer JG (1983) Electron microscopy of cellulose decomposition by brown-rot fungi. Holzforschung 37(6):271–278

Highley TL, Kirk TK, Ibach R (1989) Effects of brown-rot fungi on cellulose. In: O’Rear, Llewellyn (eds) Biodeterioration research. Plenum Press, New York pp 511–525

Highley TL, Micales JA (1990) Effect of aromatic monomers on production of carbohydrate-degrading enzymes by white-rot and brown-rot fungi. FEMS Microbiol Lett 66:15–22CrossRef

Highley TL, Clausen CA, Croan SC, Green F, Illman BL, Micales JA (1992) Research on biodeterioration of wood, 1987–1992. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Products Laboratory Research Paper FPL–RP–529

Highley TL, Dashek WV (1997) Biotechnology in the study of brown- and white-rot decay. In: Bruce A, Palfreyman JW (eds) Forest products biotechnology, Chap. 2. UK Taylor & Francis Ltd, London. ISBN 0-7484-0415-5, pp15–36

Hirano T, Tanaka H, Enoki A (1995) Extracellular substance from the brown rot basidiomycete Tyromyces palustris that reduces molecular oxygen to hydroxyl radicals and ferric iron to ferrous iron. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 41:334–341

Hyde SM, Wood PM (1997) A mechanism for production of hydroxyl radicals by the brown-rot fungus Coniophora puteana: Fe (III) reduction by cellobiose dehydrogenase and Fe (II) oxidation at a distance from the hyphea. Microbiology 143:259–266CrossRef

Illman BL, Meinholtz DC, Highley TL (1988) An electron spin resonance study of manganese changes in wood decayed by the brown-rot fungus Postia placenta. International research group on wood preservation, Doc. No. IRG/WP 88-1359

Illman BL, Meinholtz DC, Highley TL (1989) Manganese as a probe of fungal degradation of wood. In: O’Rear, Llewellyn (eds) Biodeterioration Research. Plenum Press, New York, pp 485–496

Jensen KA, Houtman CJ, Ryan ZC, Hammel KE (2001) Pathways for extracellular Fenton chemistry in the brown rot basidiomycete gloeophyllum trabeum. Appl Environ Microbiol 67:2705–2711PubMedCrossRef

Jin L, Nicholas DD, Kirk TK (1990) Mineralization of the methoxyl carbon of isolated lignin by brown-rot fungi under solid substrate conditions. Wood Sci Technol 24(3):277–288CrossRef

Kamdem DP, Pizzi A, Triboulot MC (2000) Heat-treated timber: potentially toxic byproducts presence and extent of wood cell wall degradation. Holz Roh Werkst 58:253–257CrossRef

Kamdem DP, Pizzi A, Jermannaud A (2002) Durability of heat treated wood. Holz Roh Werkst 60:1–6CrossRef

Keilich G, Bailey PJ, Liese M (1970) Enzymatic degradation of cellulose, cellulose derivates, and hemicelluloses in relation to the fungal decay of wood. Wood Sci Technol 4:273–283CrossRef

Kirk TK (1975) Effects of brown-rot fungus, lenzites trabea, on ligin in spruce wood. Holzforschung 29(3):99–107

Kirk TK, Chang HM (1974) Decomposition of lignin by white-rot fungi. I. Isolation of heavily degraded lignins from decayed spruce. Holzforschung 28:217–222

Kirk TK, Chang HM (1975) Decomposition of lignin by white-rot fungi. II. Isolation of heavily degraded lignins from decayed spruce. Holzforschung 29:56–64

Koenigs JW (1972) Production of ectracellular hydrogen peroxide and peroxidase by wood-rotting fungi. Phytopathology 62:100–110CrossRef

Koenigs JW (1974) Hydrogen peroxide and iron: a proposed system for decomposition of wood by brown-rot basidiomycetes. Wood Fiber 6:66–79

Lyr H (1960) Formation of ecto-enzymes by wood-destroying and wood-inhabiting fungi on various culture media. V. Complex medium as carbon source. Archives of Microbiology 35:258

Messner K, Fackler K, Pongsak L, Gindl W, Srebotnik E, Watanabe T (2003) Overview of white-rot research: where are we today. In: Goodell, Nicholas, Schultz (eds) Wood deterioration and preservation. Advances in our changing world, ACS symposium series 845, chap. 5. American Chemical Society press, Washington DC, pp 73–96

Micales JA, Green F, Clausen CA, Highley TL (1987) Physical properties of β-1,4-Xylanase produced by Postia (=Poria) placenta: implications for the control of brown rot. International research group on wood preservation, Doc. No. IRG/WP 87–1318

Pott GT (2004) Natural fibers with low moisture sensitivity. In: Natural fibers, plastics and composites, Chap. 8. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, ISBN 1 4020 7643 6

Rodriguez J, Ferraz A, de Mello MP (2003) Role of metals in wood biodegradation. In Goodell, Nicholas, Schultz (eds) Wood deterioration and preservation. Advances in our changing world, Chap. 9. ACS symposium series 845, American Chemical Society press, Washington DC, pp 154–174

Scheffer TC (1986) O₂ requirements for growth and survival of wood-decaying and sapwood-staining fungi. Can J Bot 64:1957–1963CrossRef

Schmidt CJ, Whitter BK, Nicholas DD (1981) A proposed role for oxalic acid in non-enzymatic wood decay by brown rot fungi. In: Proceedings American wood preservation association 77:157–164

Stamm AJ (1964) Dimensional stabilization. In wood and cellulose science, Chap. 19. The Ronald Press Co., USA, pp 312–342

Strebotnik E, Messner K (1988) Spatial arrangement of lignin peroxidase in pine decayed by Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Fomitopsis pinicola. International research group on wood preservation, Doc. No. IRG/WP 88–1343

Strebotnik E, Messner K (1990) Immunogold labelling of size marker proteins in brown-rot-degraded pine wood. International research group on wood preservation, Doc. No. IRG/WP 90–1428

Takao S (1965) Organic acid production by basidiomycetes. Appl Microbiol 13:732–737PubMed

Tanaka H, Itakura S, Hirano T, Enoki A (1996) An extracellular substance from the white-rot basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium for reducing molecular oxygen and ferric iron. Holzforschung 50:541–548CrossRef

Tanaka H, Itakura S, Enoki A (2000) Hydroxyl radical generation and phenol oxidase activity in wood degradation by the white-rot basidiomycete Irpex lacteus. Mater Organismen 33:91–105

Tjeerdsma BF, Boonstra M, Militz H (1998a) Thermal modification of non-durable wood species. Part 2. Improved wood properties of thermally treated wood. International research group on wood preservation, Doc. No. IRG/WP 98-40124

Tjeerdsma BF, Boonstra M, Pizzi A, Tekely P, Militz H (1998b) Characterisation of thermally modified wood: molecular reasons for wood performance improvement. Holz Roh Werkst 56:149–153CrossRef

Tjeerdsma BF, Stevens M, Militz H (2000) Durability aspects of (hydro) thermal treated wood. International research group on wood preservation, Doc. No. IRG/WP 00-40160

Tjeerdsma BF, Militz H (2005) Chemical changes in hydrothermal treated wood: FTIR analysis of combined hydrothermal and dry heat-treated wood. Holz Roh Werkst 63:102–111CrossRef

Weiland JJ, Guyonnet R (1997) Retifiziertes Holz. 16. Verdichter Holzbau in Europa. Motivation, Erfahrung, Entwicklung. Dreiländer Holztagung. 10. Joanneum Research Fachtage. 2.-5.11.1997. Grazer Congress. Graz. Austria

Weiland JJ, Guyonnet R (2003) Study of chemical modifications and fungi degradation of thermally modified wood using DRIFT spectroscopy. Holz Roh Werkst 61:216–220

Zabel RA, Morrell JJ (1992) Wood microbiology. Decay and its prevention. Academic Press, Inc., San Diego

Titel: Optimisation of a two-stage heat treatment process: durability aspects
verfasst von: M. J. Boonstra
J. van Acker
E. Kegel
M. Stevens
Publikationsdatum: 01.01.2007
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in: Wood Science and Technology / Ausgabe 1/2007
Print ISSN: 0043-7719
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-5225
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-006-0087-4

Springer Professional

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2007

Moisture and blue stain distribution in mountain pine beetle infested lodgepole pine trees and industrial implications

Characteristics of sugar maple wood surfaces machined with the fixed-oblique knife pressure-bar cutting system

Experimental observations and micromechanical modeling of successive-damaging phenomenon in wood cells’ tensile behavior

Supporting Members

Effect of mean moisture content on the steam reconditioning of collapsed Eucalyptus regnans

Mechano-sorptive creep in wood fibres