Introduction
Background and problem statement
Adopting design-based pedagogy in developing integrated STEM programs
Research problem in using design processes to construct and implement integrated STEM tasks
Theories for framing applicable design processes
Deductive reasoning based on design abductions
Optimised solution-based design process
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Step 1: Biological solution identification
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Step 2: Define the biological solution
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Step 3: Principle extraction
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Step 4: Reframe the solution
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Step 5: Problem search
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Step 6: Problem definition
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Step 7: Principle application
Research design
Methodology
Methods of data collection and analysis
Results of exploratory study
Reflective practice through solution-based design exploration
Data analysis outcomes
Design skills and mindsets
Steps | Design skills | Design mindset |
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1. Solution selection | Adaptability Brainstorming Evaluation Process language Risk-taking Teamwork | Collaborative Metacognitive |
2. Solution definition | Adaptability Persistence Process language Research Synthesis | Metacognitive |
3. Principle extraction | Adaptability Bias toward action Process language Prototyping Research Synthesis | Experimental Metacognitive |
4. Solution reframing | Adaptability Brainstorming Persistence Process language | Metacognitive Human-centred |
5. Problem search | Adaptability Brainstorming Persistence Resilience Teamwork | Collaborative Human-centred Metacognitive |
6. Problem definition | Adaptability Evaluation Process language Research Risk-taking Synthesis | Human-centred Metacognitive |
7. Idea creation | Adaptability Evaluation Reflection Synthesis | Human-centred Metacognitive |
8. Prototyping | Adaptability Bias toward action Persistence Process language Prototyping Resilience | Experimental Human-centred |
9. Testing | Adaptability Evaluation Process language Prototyping Reflection Resilience | Human-centred Metacognitive |
Digital fabrication technologies
Steps | Hardware | Software | ||
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Electronic kits | Desktop FDM 3D printer | Circuit development and simulation tool | 3D CAD modelling software | |
Step 3 | Yes | |||
Step 8 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Step 9 | Yes (if necessary) | Yes (if necessary) | Yes (if necessary) | Yes (if necessary) |
Sub-task contents and approaches to completion
Steps | Sub-task contents | Approaches to completion |
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1. Solution selection | Selecting a product that represents a problem solution and contains STEM knowledge | 1. List a range of products 2. Select those which solve problems 3. Consider the complexity and targeted subject areas 4. Decide the solution selection |
2. Solution definition | Defining the complicated functions of the selected product | 1. Gain a superficial understanding of the product 2. Search for a description of the product’s function 3. Decompose the product’s functional features 4. Draft and refine a complete solution definition |
3. Principle extraction | Extracting the principles of the selected product into a solution-neutral form | 1. Ascertain and investigate the components of the product 2. Integrate the principle information into a complete description 3. Use a circuit development and simulation tool to demonstrate the description |
4. Solution reframing | Reframing the defined solution in human terms | 1. Review the solution definition outlined in Step 2 2. Consider how humans might view the usefulness of the solution 3. Draft and refine a human-centred description of the product’s function |
5. Problem search | Searching for the problem to which the reframed solution and extracted principle can be applied | 1. Convert the solution description reframed in Step 4 into a heuristic question 2. List a range of answers through a mind map |
6. Problem definition | Defining the problem to which the reframed solution and extracted principle can be applied | 1. Select one of the most beneficial answers listed in Step 5 2. Convert the answer into a superficial problem description 3. Search for explicit information about the problem |
7. Idea creation | Creating a design idea that applies the reframed solution and extracted principle | 1. Address a preliminary design idea based on the outcomes of Steps 4 and 6 2. Add principle factors based on the outcome of Step 3 3. Reflect any inappropriate parts of the design idea 4. Confirm an improved design idea |
8. Prototyping | Prototyping a design model as an intermediary between the design idea and the physical world | 1. Use the circuit development and simulation tool to simulate the selected Step 7 design idea 2. Use electronic kits to build an interaction circuit 3. Calculate dimensions based on a structure sketch 4. Use CAD software to design a 3D model 5. Use a 3D printer to fabricate the model |
9. Testing | Testing the effect of the design model on solving the defined problem | 1. Evaluate the prototype for specific defects 2. Troubleshoot any defects ready for further iterations of the prototype |