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Journal of International Entrepreneurship

Erschienen in:

12.09.2022

The evolving international entrepreneurship orientations and international entrepreneurship capital in the rapidly changing and digitizing international environments

verfasst von: Hamid Etemad

Erschienen in: Journal of International Entrepreneurship | Ausgabe 3/2022

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Abstract

The relationship between entrepreneurial orientations and internationalization has been examined extensively, but the recent developments in the rapidly changing environment point to the need for further examination of international entrepreneurs’ orientations in their own embedding contexts and beyond. There is ample evidence suggesting a positive relationship between the firm’s combined overall international entrepreneurial orientation, its extent of innovativeness, export (or international marketing), collaborative, and socio-cultural orientations and the scope and speed of its internationalization. The aim of this article is to examine the challenges and developments among the integral components of international entrepreneurial orientations and their associated activities, strategies, and resources to integrate their interactive impacts for better understanding of the broader concepts of international entrepreneurship orientations and international entrepreneurship capital in the increasing complexities of entrepreneurial internationalization processes.

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Source of number: national statistics and recent WHO reports.

In Etemad’s (2022b) SMEs Crisis Management volume, more than 10 chapters document cases of iSMEs viewing the COVID crisis as an opportunity for respond to forced changes in their buyers and suppliers encountering difficulties and also forced changes in consumers and market behaviors in general, and in their rapidly evolving expectation in particular. Their respective entrepreneurial orientations and proactive innovativeness and risk tolerance have helped them significantly (for more details also see Etemad 2022a and b and 2021b).

This concept will be defined in terms of its integral components not yet discussed. In short, however, it includes a coherent combination of entrepreneurial and other orientations and other human, social, and psychological capitals.

There is an extensive and very large literature discussing different aspect of entrepreneurial or entrepreneurship orientation. The following is a relatively short listing of that literature, some of which are also mentioned in the text of this article: Acosta et al. (2018), Ahmed and Brennan (2019), Etemad (2015), Felzensztein et al. (2015), Godwin Ahimbisibwe and Abaho. (2013), Hernández-Perlines, et al. (2020), Karami and Tang (2019), Kraus et al. (2012), Lumpkin and Dess (1996), Onwe et al. (2020), Ripollés-Meliá et al. (2007), Semrau et al. (2016), Wiklund and Shepherd (2005).

There is an extensive literature discussing different aspects of marketing, exporting, and international marketing activities and orientation, including but not limited to Acosta et al. (2018), Boso et al. (2013), Kohli and Jaworski (1990), Jaworski and Kohli (1993), among many others.

For example, environmental occurrences, such as the extreme heat and droughts, contribute to wildfires in one region of the world, while hard torrential rains causing landslides and devastating floods, and hurricanes and tornados, among others, are causing death and property losses in other regions.

There in an extensive literature on intra-firm collaboration and networking, including Ciravegna et al. (2014), Felzensztein et al. (2015), Johanson and Valhlne (2009), Karami and Tang (2019), Thornton et al. (2015), Torkkeli et al. (2012), Yu et al. (2011), among many others. Similarly, there is a rich literature on the older topic of collaborative advantage, including Chan et al. (1997), Doz and Hame (1998), Johnston and Lawrence (1988), Huxham (1993), Kanter (1994), among many others.

There in an extensive literature on intra-firm collaborative and syergistic networking, including Acosta et al. (2018), Boso et al. (2013), Chetty et al. (2018), Feder (2015), Jaworski and Kohli (1993), Kohli and Jaworski (1990), Narver and Slater (1990), Raju et al. (2015), among many others.

For avoiding complexities, due to the distinctions between the distribution of goods and services, we have implicitly included license- and franchise- holders for producing and delivering services locally in the local, and international, channels of distribution.

Their internationalization is “indirect” because the smaller firms supplying the platforms’ global sales do not usually directly deal with global customer. The district transaction-related affairs are conducted by the platforms. However, the supplying firms internationalize as they sell internationally and generate sales revenues in international markets, where platform is present and serves.

For more detailed information, see the introductory Website of Shopify.com at https://www.shopify.com/free-trial?ref=rrs1&utm_campaign=feb2022.

See the general discussion of collaborative orientation’s advantages earlier, and its characterization in the schematic representation of different orientations in Fig. 2 as well as further elaborations in Table 1.

For more detailed description of such collaborative relation, see Etemad (2022a).

For more detailed information, see the introductory Website of Shopify.com at https://www.shopify.com/free-trial?ref=rrs1&utm_campaign=feb2022.

For more details, see the website of Wayfair.com at https://www.wayfair.com/.

This case, among others, justifies the inclusion of time as an integral component of the International Entrepreneurial Capital (IEC), as discussed earlier.

Amazon.com uses its own storage and transportation facilities and vehicles to deliver to its Prime customers in the shortest possible time.

As described earlier, large platforms, such as Wayfair.com, offer numerous choices of products and brands in a given product category on the same page of their websites, enabling consumers to compare them all side by side, similar to their comparative purchases offline. Therefore, ISDVs’ products need to be competitive and innovative enough to attract the attention of discriminating and informed international consumers online.

Etemad 2022c provides a methodological perspective for identifying underexplored, and possibly ignored, subject matters and addressing their corresponding gap in the literature.

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Titel: The evolving international entrepreneurship orientations and international entrepreneurship capital in the rapidly changing and digitizing international environments
verfasst von: Hamid Etemad
Publikationsdatum: 12.09.2022
Verlag: Springer US
Erschienen in: Journal of International Entrepreneurship / Ausgabe 3/2022
Print ISSN: 1570-7385
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-7349
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10843-022-00322-1

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