nach oben

Small Business Economics

Erschienen in:

05.01.2017

Integrating psychological approaches to entrepreneurship: the Entrepreneurial Personality System (EPS)

verfasst von: Martin Obschonka, Michael Stuetzer

Erschienen in: Small Business Economics | Ausgabe 1/2017

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

Understanding the psychological nature and development of the individual entrepreneur is at the core of contemporary entrepreneurship research. Since the individual functions as a totality of his or her single characteristics (involving the interplay of biological, psychosocial, and context-related levels), a person-oriented approach focusing on intraindividual dynamics seems to be particularly fruitful to infer realistic implications for practice such as entrepreneurship education and promotion. Applying a person-oriented perspective, this paper integrates existing psychological approaches to entrepreneurship and presents a new, person-oriented model of entrepreneurship, the Entrepreneurial Personality System (EPS). In the empirical part, this model guided us to bridge two separate research streams dealing with entrepreneurial personality: research on broad traits like the Big Five and research on specific traits like risk-taking, self-efficacy, and internal locus of control. We examine a gravity effect of broad traits, as assumed in the EPS framework, by analyzing large personality data sets from three countries. The results reveal a consistent gravity effect of an intraindividual entrepreneurial Big Five profile on the more malleable psychological factors. Implications for entrepreneurship research and practice are discussed.

Vorheriger Artikel Productive and harmful entrepreneurship in a knowledge economy

Nächster Artikel Job dissatisfaction of the self-employed in Indonesia

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich

As MIDUS has only two waves of data collection, the window of entry into self-employment is not four consecutive waves as in the HILDA and the GSOEP but refers only to wave 2.

Others identify a two-factor solution where two to three items load on a factor that can be labeled as internal locus of control and six items loading on a factor that can be labeled as external locus of control (e.g., Caliendo et al. 2010).

The number of possible mediation effects in the case of the Big Five traits can be calculated as follows: number of Big Five traits * number of dependent variables * number of characteristic adaptations for each sample (GSOEP = 20, HILDA = 10, MIDUS = 20 possible mediation effects).

The results of these robustness checks are available from the authors on request.

Allport, G. W. (1923). The Leipzig congress of psychology. American Journal of Psychology., 34, 612–615.CrossRef

Arnaud, N. (2011). Following their parents’ footsteps: Distal and proximal antecedents of succession intentions among adolescent family business offspring. Doctoral dissertation. Hamburg: Dr. Kovač.

Arnett, J. J. (2000) Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist 55(5), 469–480.

Asendorpf, J. B. (2003). Head-to-head comparison of the predictive validity of personality types and dimensions. European Journal of Personality, 17(5), 327–346.CrossRef

Åstebro, T., Chen, J., & Thompson, P. (2011). Stars and misfits: self-employment and labor market frictions. Management Science, 57, 1999–2017.CrossRef

Audretsch, D. B., & Keilbach, M. (2008). Resolving the knowledge paradox: knowledge-spillover entrepreneurship and economic growth. Research Policy, 37(10), 1697–1705.CrossRef

Audretsch, D. B., Obschonka, M., Gosling, S. D., & Potter, J. (2016). A new perspective on entrepreneurial regions: linking cultural identity with latent and manifest entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics. doi:10.1007/s11187-016-9787-9.

Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: the exercise of control. New York: Freeman.

Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182.

Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. (1991). The Big Five personality dimensions and job performance. Personnel Psychology, 44, 1–26.CrossRef

Baum, R. J., & Locke, E. A. (2004). The relationship of entrepreneurial traits, skill, and motivation to subsequent venture growth. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 587–598.CrossRef

Benet-Martínez, V., & John, O. P. (1998). Los Cinco Grandes across cultures and ethnic groups: Multitrait method analyses of the Big Five in Spanish and English. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 729–750.CrossRef

Blanchflower, D. G. (2000). Self-employment in OECD countries. Labour Economics, 7, 471–505.CrossRef

Block, J. (1971). Lives through times. Berkeley, CA: Bancroft.

Brandstätter, H. (2011). Personality aspects of entrepreneurship: a look at five meta-analyses. Personality and Individual Differences, 51, 222–230.CrossRef

Caliendo, M., Cobb-Clark, D. A., & Uhlendorf, A. (2010). Locus of control and job search. DIW Discussion Papers No. 979.

Caliendo, M., Fossen, F., & Kritikos, A. S. (2014). The personality characteristics and the decision to become and stay self-employed. Small Business Economics, 42, 787–814.CrossRef

Cardon, M. S., Wincent, J., Singh, J., & Drnovsek, M. (2009). The nature and experience of entrepreneurial passion. Academy of Management Review, 34, 511–532.CrossRef

Cervone, D., & Shoda, Y. (1999). Beyond traits in the study of personality coherence. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 8, 27–32.CrossRef

Cobb-Clark, D. A., & Tan, M. (2011). Noncognitive skills, occupational attainment and relative wages. Journal of Labor Economics, 18, 1–13.CrossRef

Cobb-Clark, D. A., & Schurer, S. (2012). The stability of big-five personality traits. Economics Letters, 115, 11–15.CrossRef

Costa, P. T., McCrae, R. R., & Holland, J. L. (1984). Personality and vocational interests in an adult sample. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69, 390–400.CrossRef

De Fruyt, F., & Mervielde, I. (1997). The five-factor model of personality and Holland’s RIASEC interest types. Personnel and Individual Differences, 23, 87–103.CrossRef

De Fruyt, F., & Mervielde, I. (1999). RIASEC types and Big Five traits as predictors of employment status and nature of employment. Personnel Psychology, 52, 701–727.CrossRef

Dehne, M., & Schupp, J. (2007). Persönlichkeitsmerkmale im Sozio-oekonomischen Panel (SOEP)-Konzept, Umsetzung und empirische Eigenschaften. DIW Research Notes, 26, 1–70.

Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The ‘what’ and ‘why’ of goal pursuits: human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227–268.CrossRef

Digman, J. M. (1990). Personality structure: emergence of the five-factor model. Annual Review of Psychology, 41, 417–440.CrossRef

Donnellan, M. B., & Lucas, R. E. (2011). Age differences in the Big Five across the life span: evidence from two national samples. Psychology and Aging, 23, 558–566.CrossRef

Fauchart, E., & Gruber, M. (2011). Darwinians, communitarians, and missionaries: the role of founder identity in entrepreneurship. Academy of Management Journal, 54, 935–957.CrossRef

Falck, O., Heblich, S., & Luedemann, E. (2012). Identity and entrepreneurship: do school peers shape entrepreneurial intentions. Small Business Economics, 39, 39–59.CrossRef

Frese, M. (1982). Occupational socialization and psychological development: an underemphasized research perspective in industrial psychology. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 55, 209–224.CrossRef

Fritsch, M. & Rusakova, A. (2005). Personality traits, self-employment and professions. Jena Economic Research Papers 2010-075.

Gerlitz, J-Y., & Schupp, J. (2005). Zur Erhebung der Big-Five-basierten Persönlichkeits-merkmale im SOEP [On the measurement of Big-Five-based personality traits in the SOEP], Research Notes 4. Berlin: German Institute for Economic Research (DIW).

Gottlieb, G. (2003). On making behavioral genetics truly developmental. Human Development, 46, 337–355.CrossRef

Graham, E. K., & Lachman, M. E. (2012). Personality stability is associated with better cognitive performance in adulthood: are the stable more able? Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences & Socia, 67, 545–554.CrossRef

Grotevant, H. D. (1987). Toward a process model of identity formation. Journal of Adolescent Research, 2, 203–222.CrossRef

Heineck, G., & Anger, S. (2010). The returns to cognitive abilities and personality traits in Germany. Labour Economics, 17, 535–546.CrossRef

Hisrich, R., Langan-Fox, J., & Grant, S. (2007). Entrepreneurship research and practice: a call to action for psychology. American Psychologist, 62, 575–589.CrossRef

Hoang, H., & Gimeno, J. (2010). Becoming a founder: how founder role identity affects entrepreneurial transitions and persistence in founding. Journal of Business Venturing, 25, 41–53.CrossRef

Holtz-Eakin, D., Joulfaian, D., & Rosen, H. S. (1994). Entrepreneurial decisions and liquidity constraints. RAND Journal of Economics, 25, 334–347.CrossRef

Hopp, C., & Stephan, U. (2012). The influence of socio-cultural environments on the performance of nascent entrepreneurs: community culture, motivation, self-efficacy and start-up success. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 9-10, 917–945.CrossRef

Johansson, A. W. (2004). Narrating the entrepreneur. International Small Business Journal, 22, 273–293.CrossRef

John, O. P., Donahue, E. M., & Kentle, R. L. (1991). The Big Five inventory: version 4a and 54. Berkeley: University of California at Berkeley.

Kelley, D. J., Brush, C. G., Green, P. G., & Litovsky, Y. (2011). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM): 2010 Women’s report. Babson Park, MA: Babson College.

Keyes, C. L. M., Shmotkin, D., & Ryff, C. D. (2002). Optimizing well-being: the empirical encounter of two traditions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 1007–1022.CrossRef

Knight, F. H. (1921). Risk, uncertainty, and profit. New York: Kelly & Millman.

Kösters, S., & Obschonka, M. (2011). Public business advice in the founding process: an empirical evaluation of subjective and economic effects. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 29, 577–604.CrossRef

Krueger, N. F. (2007). What lies beneath? The experiential essence of entrepreneurial thinking. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice., 31, 123–138.

Lachman, M. E., & Weaver, S. (1998). The sense of control as a moderator of social class differences in health and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 763–773.CrossRef

Leutner, F., Ahmetoglu, G., Akhtar, R., & Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2014). The relationship between the entrepreneurial personality and the Big Five personality traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 63, 58–63.CrossRef

Lievens, F., Coetsier, P., De Fruyt, F., & De Maeseneer, J. (2002). Medical students’ personality characteristics and academic performance: a five-factor model perspective. Medical Education, 36, 1050–1056.CrossRef

Lucas, R. E., & Donnellan, M. B. (2011). Personality development across the life span: longitudinal analyses with a national sample from Germany. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 847–861.CrossRef

Lucas, R. E., & Donnellan, M. B. (2009). Age differences in personality: evidence from a nationally representative Australian sample. Developmental Psychology, 45, 1353–1363.CrossRef

Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. G. (1996). Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance. Academy of Management Review, 21, 135–173.

MacKinnon, D. P., Fairchild, A. J., & Fritz, M. S. (2007). Mediation analysis. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 593–614.CrossRef

Magnusson, D., & Törestad, B. (1993). A holistic view of personality: a model revisited. Annual Review of Psychology, 44, 427–452.CrossRef

McAdams, D. P., & Pals, J. L. (2006). A new Big Five: fundamental principles for an integrative science of personality. American Psychologist, 61, 204–217.CrossRef

McClelland, D. (1961). The achieving society. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand.CrossRef

McCrae, R. R., & Costa Jr., P. T. (2008). The five-factor theory of personality. In O. P. John, R. W. Robins, & L. A. Pervin (Eds.), Handbook of personality: theory and research (3rd ed., pp. 159–181). NY: Guilford Press.

McCrae, R. R., Terracciano, A., et al. (2005). Personality profiles of cultures: aggregate personality traits. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(3), 407–425.CrossRef

Nicolaou, N., & Shane, S. (2014). Biology, neuroscience, and entrepreneurship. Journal of Management Inquiry, 23, 98–100.CrossRef

Nicolaou, N., Shane, S., Cherkas, L., Hunkin, J., & Spector, T. (2008). Is the tendency to engage in entrepreneurship genetic? Management Science, 54, 167–179.CrossRef

Obschonka, M., Hakkarainen, K., Lonka, K., & Salmela-Aro, K. (2016a). Entrepreneurship as a twenty-first century skill: Entrepreneurial alertness and intention in the transition to adulthood. Small Business Economics.

Obschonka, M., & Silbereisen, R. K. (2012). Entrepreneurship from a developmental science perspective. Editorial for the special issue “entrepreneurial development: person and context”. International Journal of Developmental Science, 6, 107–115.

Obschonka, M., Schmitt-Rodermund, E., Silbereisen, R. K., Gosling, S. D., & Potter, J. (2013). The regional distribution and correlates of an entrepreneurship-prone personality profile in the U.S., Germany, and the UK: a socioecological perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 105, 104–122.CrossRef

Obschonka, M., Schmitt-Rodermund, E., & Terraciano, A. (2014). Personality and the gender gap: a multi-nation study. PloS One, 9(8), e103805.CrossRef

Obschonka, M., Silbereisen, R. K., Cantner, U., & Goethner, M. (2016b). Entrepreneurial self-identity: predictors and effects within the theory of planned behavior framework. Journal of Business and Psychology. doi:10.1007/s10869-014-9385-2.

Obschonka, M., Stuetzer, M., Gosling, S. D., Rentfrow, P. J., Lamb, M. E., Potter, J., & Audretsch, D. B. (2015). Entrepreneurial regions: do macro-psychological cultural characteristics of regions help solve the “knowledge paradox” of economics? PloS One, 10(6), e0129332. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0129332.CrossRef

Obschonka, M., Stuetzer, M., Audretsch, D. B., Rentfrow, P. J., Potter, J., & Gosling, S. D. (2016c). Macro-psychological factors predict regional economic resilience during a major economic crisis. Social Psychological and Personality Science.

Oosterbeek, H., Van Praag, M., & Ijsselstein, A. (2010). The impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurship skills and motivation. European Economic Review, 54(3), 442–454.CrossRef

Pearlin, L. I., & Schooler, C. (1978). The structure of coping. Journal of Health and Social Behaviour, 19, 2–21.CrossRef

Radler, B. T., & Ryff, C. D. (2010). Who participates? Accounting for longitudinal retention in the MIDUS national study of health and well-being. Journal of Aging and Health, 22, 307–331.CrossRef

Rauch, A., & Frese, M. (2007a). Born to be an entrepreneur? Revisiting the personality approach to entrepreneurship. In J. R. Baum, M. Frese, & R. J. Baron (Eds.), The psychology of entrepreneurship (pp. 41–65). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Rauch, A., & Frese, M. (2007b). Let’s put the person back into entrepreneurship research: a meta analysis on the relationship between business owners’ personality traits, business creation, and success. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 16, 353–385.CrossRef

Roberts, B. W., Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. E. (2003). Work experiences and personality development in young adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 582–593.CrossRef

Roberts, B. W., Kuncel, N. R., Shiner, R., Caspi, A., & Goldberg, L. R. (2007). The power of personality: the comparative validity of personality traits, socioeconomic status, and cognitive ability for predicting important life outcomes. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2, 313–345.CrossRef

Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80, 1–2.CrossRef

Rottinghaus, P. J., & Miller, A. D. (2013). Convergence of personality frameworks within vocational psychology. In W. B. Walsh, M. L. Savickas, & P. J. Hartung (Eds.), Handbook of vocational psychology (pp. 105–131). New York: Routledge Press.

Saucier, G. (1994). Mini-markers: A brief version of Goldberg’s unipolar Big-Five markers. Journal of Personality Assessment, 63, 506–516.CrossRef

Savickas, M. L. (2002). Career construction: a developmental theory of vocational behavior. In D. Brown (Ed.), Career choice and development (4th ed., pp. 149–205). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Schmitt-Rodermund, E. (2004). Pathways to successful entrepreneurship: parenting, personality, entrepreneurial competence, and interests. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65, 498–518.CrossRef

Schmitt-Rodermund, E. (2007). The long way to entrepreneurship: personality, parenting, early interests, and competencies as precursors for entrepreneurial activity among the ‘termites’. In R. K. Silbereisen & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Approaches to positive youth development (pp. 205–224). London: Sage.CrossRef

Schumpeter, J. A. (1934). The theory of economic development. Cambridge, MA: Havard University Press.

Shane, S., Nicolaou, N., Cherkas, L., & Spector, T. D. (2010). Genetics, the Big Five, and the tendency to be self-employed. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 1154–1162.CrossRef

Sheldon, K. M., & Kasser, T. (1995). Coherence and congruence: two aspects of personality integration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 531–543.CrossRef

Specht, J., Bleidorn, W., Denissen, J. J. A., Hennecke, M., Hutteman, R., Kandler, C., Luhmann, M., Orth, U., Reitz, A. K., & Zimmermann, J. (2014). What drives adult personality development? A comparison of theoretical perspectives and empirical evidence. European Journal of Personality, 28, 216–230.CrossRef

Specht, J., Egloff, B., & Schmuckle, S. (2013). Everything under control? The effects of age, gender, and education on trajectories of perceived control in a nationally representative German sample. Developmental Psychology, 49, 353–364.CrossRef

Stewart, W. H., & Roth, P. L. (2001). Risk propensity differences between entrepreneurs and managers: a meta-analytic review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 145–153.CrossRef

Stuetzer, M., Obschonka, M., Audretsch, D. B., Wyrwich, M., Rentfrow, P. J., Coombes, M., Shaw-Taylor, L., & Satchell, M. (2016a). Industry structure, entrepreneurship, and culture: An instrumental variable analysis using historical coal mining in Great Britain. European Economic Review, 86, 52–72.

Stuetzer, M., Audretsch, D. B., Obschonka, M., Rentfrow, P. J., Potter, J., & Gosling, S. D. (2016b). Entrepreneurial culture, knowledge spillovers, and the growth of regions.

Stuetzer, M., Obschonka, M., & Schmitt-Rodermund, E. (2013). Balanced skills among nascent entrepreneurs. Small Business Economics, 41(1), 93–114.CrossRef

Sullivan, R. (2000). Entrepreneurial learning and mentoring. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 6, 160–175.CrossRef

Super, D. E. (1963). Self-concepts in vocational development. In D. E. Super, R. Starishevsky, N. Matlin, & J. P. Joordan (Eds.), Career development: self-concept theory (pp. 17–32). New York: College Entrance Examination Board.

Turiano, N. A., Pitzer, L., Armour, C., Karlamangla, A., Ryff, C. D., & Mroczek, D. K. (2012). Personality trait level and change as predictors of health outcomes: findings from a national study of Americans (MIDUS). Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences & Socia, 67, 4–12.CrossRef

Wagner, G. G., Frick, J. J., & Schupp, J. (2007). The German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP): scope, evolution and enhancements. Schmollers Jahrbuch, 127, 139–169.

Wilson, F., Kickul, J., & Marlino, D. (2007). Gender, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial career intentions: implications for entrepreneurship Education1. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(3), 387–406.CrossRef

Zhao, H., & Seibert, S. E. (2006). The big five personality dimensions and entrepreneurial status: a meta-analytic review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 259–271.CrossRef

Zhao, H., Seibert, S. E., & Lumpkin, G. T. (2010). The relationship of personality to entrepreneurial intentions and performance: a meta-analytic study. Journal of Management, 36, 381–404.CrossRef

Titel: Integrating psychological approaches to entrepreneurship: the Entrepreneurial Personality System (EPS)
verfasst von: Martin Obschonka
Michael Stuetzer
Publikationsdatum: 05.01.2017
Verlag: Springer US
Erschienen in: Small Business Economics / Ausgabe 1/2017
Print ISSN: 0921-898X
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-0913
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-016-9821-y

Springer Professional

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2017

Job dissatisfaction of the self-employed in Indonesia

Looking inside the spiky bits: a critical review and conceptualisation of entrepreneurial ecosystems

Searching for the existence of entrepreneurial ecosystems: aregional cross-section growth regression approach

Productive and harmful entrepreneurship in a knowledge economy

The campus as entrepreneurial ecosystem: the University of Chicago

The lineages of the entrepreneurial ecosystem approach

Premium Partner