Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Electronic Engineering and Renewable Energy Systems

This note presents an overview of the modeling and control strategies on vehicle platooning of road vehicles and focuses specifically on the modeling and control strategies. In general, independent (simplified) vehicle models are related and coupled only through the control laws. The control problem is then studied and several strategies are considered (local, global and mixed) in literature.The modeling approach that we prefer is the one of robotics considering the geometric, the kinematic and the dynamic models. Several models exist in literature [1–4]. The use of nonlinear robust approaches gives a better controllability of the fleet and more robust behavior against uncertainties and modeling errors.

Controlled thermal ablation in order to maximize the therapy and minimize the side effects poses a challenge during the heating of the biological tissue. Traditionally, these processes are modelled by the bio heat equation introduced by Pennes, who used the Fourier’s theory of heat conduction. During my talk I will present our automated thermal dose control and prediction system for cancer tumors therapy by using Implantable Bio-chip solution. The proposed system is able to control thermal ablation doses deposition during a laser surgery/cancer treatment. A system would help physicians to predict thermal diffusion to organize the treatment as well as maximize therapeutic effects while minimizing side effects. An innovative approach is proposed to improve the quality of thermal treatments in oncology. A biochip platform will be investigated, designed, and prototyped on an FPGA board. The destruction of tumors using a heating source has been widely used as an efficient approach for cancer treatment, where the oncologists use a heating source to destroy the targeted tumoral tissue. A case study of the Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy (LITT) will demonstrate his feasibility as Cancer therapeutic treatment. Furthermore, our Dosimetry Framework of the Bio-heat Transfer for Laser/Cancer Treatment will be introduced. This would provide a precise idea of the predicted reaction depending on selected doses, tissue geometry, and the laser source prior to the treatment; so new treatment strategies can be proposed and evaluated.

The electrical systems are moving very rapidly to small/medium size distributed generation and storage system with the main goal to improve the level of energy self-sufficiency, with a drastic change of the user model from passive to active (prosumers). The prosumers will group themselves at the level of nano and micro smart grids. In this context models of hybrid systems with photovoltaic (PV) system, battery energy storage system (BEES) and/or diesel generator are needed. Since power quality represents an important issue for smarts grid that can work also in off-grid configuration, the aim of the control logic is the achievement of voltage and frequency regulation. For this purpose, different reference standards are considered. In the proposed case study, two different operation modes are investigated: grid-connected mode and stand-alone mode, depending on the different role of diesel generator and external power grid. Two different control logics for the system PV+BEES are adopted for the two operation modes under study. Accordingly, two different simulations with a 24-h horizon are run and the results are discussed, in terms of active and reactive power of the hybrid system components, voltage and frequency profile at the connection bus. Also a transient analysis on the diesel generator connection and disconnection is conducted.

By the end of 2019 the global cumulative installed photovoltaic (PV) capacity is more than 600 GWp corresponding to several millions of photovoltaic (PV) systems installed worldwide. Thus, the operation and maintenance activities of such plants are today important for a great number of professionals working in this solar sector. Forecasting of PV output power play very important role in power planning and dispatching, optimal management, grid quality and stability. Designing of an accurate PV output power forecasting models stay quite challenging issue and a crucial task, as the PV output power is extremely uncertain due mainly to solar irradiance variation. Broadly forecasting methods can be classified mainly into four groups: Physical model (e.g., numerical weather prediction models), statistical methods (e.g., AR, ARMA, ARIMA, etc.), method-based artificial intelligence techniques, including machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL), and the group named hybrid methods (e.g., Combining two methods). Different timescales forecasting are important for PV plants, for example intra-hour forecasts (up to 1 h) are useful for grid quality and stability. Intra-day forecasts (up to 6 h) are essential and could be used for optimal integration. Forecasts up to one-day mainly used for unit commitment planning and dispatching power. Up to one-week forecasts could be used for trading, management and maintenance. The main aim of this talk is to give an overview on the available forecasting methods, special attention will be paid to methods recently developed, including ML and DL. Pros and cons of reviewed methods in terms of accuracy and complexity will be discussed in this presentation.

Implementation of Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) decoders using conventional algorithms such as LLR BP or Min-Sum requires large amount of memory resources for storing the parity check matrix. This paper presents a soft implementation of irregular LDPC decoding for Wimax application, which achieve better BER performance and faster convergence with less memory requirement. The proposed construction reduce the memory required for loading the LDPC parity-check matrix by up to 98%, and subsequently reduce the decoding latency to 0.7 ms by iteration.

This study covers the new benefits of using predictive maintenance in industries. Reducing unplanned downtime, increasing productivity, and feeling safe and reliable are the most common benefits of predictive maintenance. Recently, it has been used as a tool for energy efficiency and reducing energy consumption. The objective of this article is to demonstrate that predictive maintenance techniques, including vibration analysis and infrared thermography, can monitor energy losses due to machine faults such as misalignment and unbalance. Vibration and thermal measurements were outlined and compared. The comparison was validated and investigated through laboratory test rig. Different modes of misalignment and unbalance were investigated. It was found that the measured temperature also indicate the presence of faults and can be used as energy monitoring tool at least as good as vibrations analysis technique. The methodology developed in this paper, which is based on the combination of the two techniques, aims to prove the use of infrared thermography in an energy efficiency program.

Recently, antenna selection has attracted researchers’ attention world widely. It is a promising solution for the design of optimal multi-antenna systems. Many selection algorithms were proposed as solutions for the heavier selection scheme based on exhaustive search. In this paper, we propose an antenna selection algorithm that aims to make a trade-off between performance and complexity, it encompasses two phases: training as well as decision making and as an evaluation metric, it uses spectral efficiency. For new channel state realizations, the algorithm evaluates only the antenna combinations that mostly occurred during the training phase and its decisions are based on thresholds gotten from the aforementioned metric.

The main objective of this work is the study, design and simulation of a narrow-band compact band pass filter using the technique of a rectangular-shaped linear resonator closed on a capacitive load and based on magnetic coupling. This filter is intended for wireless communication systems (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, RFID, and ISM). It is attractive considering the substrate and tracks used and also in terms of size (7.485 × 8.18) mm2. It also has good selectivity (300 MHz bandwidth) and low insertion loss (−0.01 dB).

In the autonomous vehicle, an image taken by the vehicle can’t be exposed properly due to vehicle movements and road constraints. Fortunately, an efficient and accurate system of multiple exposure fusion technique for creating images of high dynamic-range (HDR image) has come to solve this problem and provide a technical average to recover the lost information and add it via specialized software processing, but HDR has many disadvantage which include high calculation and increase in operational time. In this paper, the algorithm of HDR image is described and implemented in embedded platform to identify the more complex functions and aspect from a profiling analysis of the HDR software implementation.

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) comprises vehicles equipped with wireless transceivers. These vehicles could exchange information directly via vehicle-to-vehicle communication (V2V) without the need of implementing any pre-existing infrastructure. However, Routing in VANET network is not the same as routing in Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET), due to the specific features of VANET like the high dynamic topology caused by the high speed of vehicles. Hence, many VANET routing schemes have already been proposed, but they are not efficient in terms of Packet Delivery Rate (PDR) and throughput or they have a high routing overhead. In this paper, a new position-based routing for VANET has been proposed that is efficient in terms of PDR, throughput and has low overhead. Moreover, the proposed protocol named DVA-GPSR is based upon the classical GPSR routing by taking into account three new metrics in addition to the position of vehicles. Proper vehicle could be selected as a relaying node based on a weight function that includes the proposed metrics, like the angle direction and the speed variation between the sender and the receiver, the density of the next hop and the current location of the destination vehicle. Simulation studies prove that the proposed protocol maximizes the throughput, increases the PDR and decreases routing overhead.

Cloud computing and Internet of Things (IoT) are technologies that provide services to all kind of consumers, allowing any authorized information to be available and providing smart decision automatically. Therefore, ensuring scalability with an acceptable quality of service (QoS) metrics through service-level agreements (SLA) is a challenge due the massive grows of the connected devices. In this paper, we will start by presenting our vision of the scalability problem in the IoT networks. Then, we will explain our new proposed collaborative solution based on cloud computing approach for the scalability problem according to ETSI architecture in IoT networks. The objective is to propose a collaboration solution integrating cloud computing, with the purpose of dealing with the scalability issue in IoT networks, by maximizing the number of satisfied requests while keeping the Quality of Service at a good level.

This study aims to compare the advantages of infrared thermography (IRT) in passive and active use. The IRT is a non-contact, fast and wide-area of inspection nondestructive testing (NDT) technique that has been increasingly used in different fields to detect the presence of faults in assets. Indeed, the detection of faults in an early time allows the possibility to reduce the downtimes, thereby offering an important reduction of energy consumptions which ultimately leads to reduced cost. To achieve the object of this work, two experimental studies have been carried out using infrared thermography in passive and active form. The first experience is destined to the control of rotating machine damaged with unbalance using the passive IRT. In the last experiment the active IRT is carried out on a composite plate in order to reveal the presence of internal damage caused by a low velocity impact. The results obtained in this study show that the active thermography offers more details (localization and size of the defect) compared to the passive IRT.

This paper deals with the design of a 60 GHz microstrip patch antenna using transmitarray structures. The influence on the gain and bandwidth was investigated in terms of size and shape. Simulated results showed that the antenna performance can be significantly improved by using rectangular slots instead of circular slots.

This paper presents a new model for 2D image classification based on 2D discrete Charlier moments and neural networks to enhance the classification accuracy of Grayscale images. Discrete Charlier moments have the ability to extract relevant features from an image even in lower orders, and with high efficiency of the neural networks; we can design the proposed efficient model. Experiments are carried out on Coil-20 and ORL datasets to demonstrate the performance of the proposed model. The obtained results show the capability of the proposed model to achieve high classification accuracy on both datasets, and to outperform other recent methods.

In a rapidly changing territory, energy networks must be increasingly responsive and flexible. New models of multi-fluid management and energy production are being created and developed on national and international level. This involves the use, monitoring and supervision of many sensors that reports lot of data. This paper deals with the secure management of large amounts of data within the context of smart grid. We propose a solution based on proxy re-encryption designed primarily to allow decryption delegation, which allow a neat management of large amount of data while respecting the GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation) and security standards.

In the last few years, WBAN or Wireless Body Area Network has attracted a huge number of researchers to ameliorate the quality of healthcare. Furthermore, due to the sensitive data transmitting in WBAN, we need to enhance the security field that still suffers from various challenges. In this paper, we listed the main constraints and requirements security in WBAN System. Then we present our proposed IDS (Intrusion detection System) for detecting jamming attacks in WBAN based on some network parameters. Finally, to study the severity of jamming attack we applied our proposed IDS by using two types of MAC protocols: ZigBee and TMAC implemented on OMNET++ as simulator tool and Castalia as platform.

A new compact millimeter-wave bandpass filter combining SRRs and CSRRs is designed to be used in the future communication systems. By etching two CSRRs in the ground plane of the SRR bandpass filter, good performances are obtained. The simulated return loss and insertion loss of the proposed filter operating at 26 GHz are better than −24 dB and −0.4 dB, respectively. The level of the rejection band is about −50 dB with compact size about 3.9 × 4.25 mm2.

Photovoltaic systems implementations do not stop to proliferate, which involves the sitting up of monitoring networks that can tell the administrator about the health of the monitored system. Developing an isolated monitoring system is not enough for deciding its convenience about its implementation in a production environment. In such systems, with no interaction with others, characteristics like scalability and reliability can be forgotten. In this work we analyze an isolated system, already proposed in past work, which leads to a functional block diagram based on which we build some general recommendations about scalability and reliability concerns. To support our words, we propose to investigate three scenarios using a reliability prediction software. We introduce results of simulation using tables and plot. Discussion of results supports the earlier given recommendations related to the reliability section.

We study in this work the photonic band structure and the transmission coefficient through a one-dimensional (1D) structure made of asymmetric loops pasted together with a backbone of finite length. This waveguide structure exhibit pass band separated by large band gaps, in which the propagation of electromagnetic waves is prohibited. These gaps originate both from the periodicity of the system and the resonant modes of the loops. The presence of defects at the loops level inside this structure can create localized modes inside the band gaps; these modes are very sensitive to different geometrical parameters of the structure, in particularity, the ratio of the defects lengths. Hence, this structure has potential applications as filters large band gaps with a high performance.

In GaAs/ $$Ga_{1-x} Al_{x} As$$ MQW systems, an applied hydrostatic pressure modifies the structure of the electron band, resulting changes in the energy states of the electrons. The application of the hydrostatic pressure modifies the height of the barrier, the effective masses and the thicknesses of the constituent layers. In our study, we apply a hydrostatic pressure on MQWs consisting of altering layers $$GaAs/Ga_{0.6} Al_{0.4} As$$ with a geo-material defect layer placed in the middle of the structure. So to investigate the effect of the applied pressure, we study the transmission and the variation of the energy levels for three aluminium concentrations used in the defect layer at different applied pressure values. The defect modes are moving toward lower energies when we increase the hydrostatic pressure. It changes also the position and the number of the defect modes appeared inside the gaps. The results show that our structure is sensitive to pressure and temperature variations of approximately 1 kbar, and T = 20 K.

In this paper, we are interested in simulating and modeling of Cds/ZnSnN2 structure for a solar cell using SCAPS-1D. The ZnSnN2 is considered as one of the promising absorber materials for photovoltaic application due to the high optical efficiency and the low cost. In the present work, we have investigated the effects of the thickness of the buffer and the absorber layers, the temperature on electrical parameters (Voc) the open-circuit voltage and (Jsc) the short-circuit current density, (FF) fill factor and (η) efficiency of the solar cell. The results show a remarkable improved of the efficiency a η = 26.49% under the AM1.5G spectrum, one sun and deformation of 0.51% between the Cds and the ZnSnN2. The achieved results show that the ZnSnN2 is a very promising material for thin film photovoltaics and offers a number of interesting advantages compared to (CIGS) and (CZTS) due to its high efficiency, earth-abundant, non-toxic and inexpensive element.

The creation of a uniform deposition requires a thorough study and understanding of the different characteristics of plasma discharge. In this work, we are interested in modeling a radiofrequency (RF) plasma discharge using silicon nitride gases SiH4/NH3/H2. The plasma equations are solved using the numerical finite element method until a periodic steady state is obtained. The numerical results show the fundamental characteristics of RF plasma between the two reactor electrodes. These characteristics allow us to describe the physics of plasma discharge so that physico-chemical processes can be implemented for more efficient and less costly deposition.

In this work, a numerical study using radial basis functions (RBF) is performed on a -i- junction GaAs solar cell. So, we solve the differential equations satisfied by the density of excess photogenerated minority carriers in the front and rear regions of this junction. We observe the effect of back surface recombination velocity on the minority carrier distribution and the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) in the p type and n type regions. Next, we study the effect of insertion into the i region multiple of InGaAs/GaAsP quantum wells (QWs) with ultra-thin GaAs spacers inserted between the QW and the barriers. Precisely, we focus attention on the effect of In content and the number of QWs on IQE.

We study both analytically and numerically the possibility to realize a simple plasmonic Y-shaped demultiplexer made of an input line and two output lines. Each line consisting of a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) waveguide contains a specific resonator made of two stubs grafted at a given position from the input line. The two stubs on each line induce a plasmonic induced transparency (PIT) resonance in the transmission spectra characterized by a resonance squeezed between two zeros. The idea consists in coinciding at a given wavelength, a resonance on one line with a transmission zero on the other line. We give closed-form expressions of the geometrical parameters allowing the selective transfer of a single mode in one line without affecting the other line. The analytical results, obtained by means of the Green’s function method, are confirmed by numerical simulation using finite element method via Comsol Multiphysics software.

We present a comparative study of density of states (DOS) and group delay times for a one-dimensional (1D) coaxial photonic crystal made of N cells attached horizontally along a waveguide. Using the interface response theory of continuous media, we derive exact analytical expressions relating the DOS and reflection and transmission delay times. We demonstrate analytically and experimentally that the reflection and transmission delay times for a symmetric system are not equivalent when we take into account the dissipation in the cables, and the DOS presents a different behavior in comparison with the reflection delay time because of the existence of additional enlarged delta peaks in the latter quantity that cannot be detected without loss.

We investigate from a theoretical point of view the optical properties of the aperiodic photonic crystals. These structures are arranged by stacking together two isotropic layers according to the Thue-Morse (T-M) substitutional rules. It is demonstrated that the T-M dielectric systems exhibit interesting and potentially useful physical properties such as the transmission band gaps, some high localized states and the omnidirectional reflection bands. The transmission spectrum and the spatial distribution of the local density of states in one-dimensional T−M structures has been investigated by means of the Green’s function approach. The T-M structures could be of practical interest to design all-optical diodes, omnidirectional reflectors and optical filters.

A 2D numerical unit cell mode of Direct Carbon Fuel Cell (DCFC) was developed to simulate the effect of the operating conditions on the performance of the latter considering the electrochemical reaction mechanism and mass transfer. The problem is solved numerically using the Lattice Boltzmann method with MRT scheme to simulate the gas flow inside the electrodes, which are porous media. It was found that the porosities of the two components of the fuel cell, the electrolyte and the anode, have a strong effect on the performance of the fuel cell. The increase of the porosity improves the cell’s performance by reducing the losses due to activation, ohmic and concentration polarization.

Solution-processed organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites have attracted attention as light-harvesting materials for solar cells and photonic applications. The present study focusses on cubic single crystal; microstructures of CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskite fabricated by a one-step solution based self-assembly method. It is seen that, in addition to the nucleation from the precursor solution, the crystallization occurs when the solution was supersaturated, followed by formation of small nucleus of CH3NH3PbBr3 that will self-assembled into bigger hollow cubes. A 3D fluorescence microscope investigation of hollow cubes confirmed the formation of hollow plates on the bottom, then the growth starts from the perimeter and propagate to the center of the cube. Furthermore, the growth in the (001) direction follows a layer-by-layer growth model to form a complete cube, confirmed by SEM observations. To get more insights into the structural and optical properties, density functional theory (DFT) simulations were conducted. The density of state (DOS) calculations revealed that the valence band maximum (VBM) consists of states contributed by Br and Pb, which agrees with the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy valence band (XPSVB) measurements.

A mathematical model based on the fluid approach is developed to study the capacitively coupled radiofrequency discharges at low pressure. This model allows us to obtain the electron heating profiles under the effects of applied voltage and pressure after 3000 radiofrequency cycles. These informations are very useful to understand the plasma processes used for etching or for the deposition of thin films to manufacture capacitors or micro coils. The results showed an increase whether for the pressure heating or for the ohmic heating when the applied voltage increases from 150 to 220 V. Finally, the results also showed that pressure heating and ohmic heating exist simultaneously and increase rapidly with the increase of the pressure which has similar effect to the applied voltage on the electron heating.

The state of charge (SOC) is a measurement of the amount of energy available in a battery at a specific point in time expressed as a percentage. The SOC provides the user with information of how much longer the battery can perform before it needs to be recharged. This paper proposes a comparison between common algorithms used to estimate the SOC (state of charge) of a lithium battery cell for electric vehicle application. Results for Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) are shown here. In order to apply this algorithm, a battery model was chosen and parameterized, then the EKF was applied to estimate the battery SOC level. The simulation results were verified using MATLAB software.

The previous Monte Carlo codes offer the most powerful engines to study the processes physic of particles including their interactions in Radiation Therapy. In this task, we take benefit of GATE 8.2 to simulate the linear accelerator system, IAEA phase-space folders are exploited to speed up computing time. The model developed includes the majority of the components of the patient-dependent part using in Elekta 6MV platform. This model is used accompanied by a homogeneous water phantom with dimensions $$ 50 \times 50 \times 50$$ cm $$^{3}$$ , placed at an SSD of 100 cm. The comparisons of our results are performed with experiment data respecting the similar aspect. The Percentage Depth Dose (PDD) and transverse profiles, for field size of $$ 10 \times 10$$ cm $$^{2}$$ , are accurately calculated. Besides, the beam quality such as $$ D_{10}$$ (%), $$ d_{max}$$ (cm), $$ d_{80}$$ (cm), $$TPR_{20/10}$$ , the two relative differences in dose were derived on $$\psi _{i} $$ , $$\psi _{i,max}$$ and the ratio $$\mathfrak {R}_{i}$$ are calculated. Once and for all, we typically take a good agreement between simulation MC GATE 8.2 and the experiment data with an error less than 2%/3 mm.

This paper discusses the optimal design and optimization of an analog active filter using the hybrid HPSGWO optimization algorithm, which is a combination of Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm (PSO), and Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) algorithms. The PSO is a stochastic research method based on population, however, GWO is a recently introduced meta-heuristic search method inspired by Canis-lupus. The values of the active filter components are selected from various standard industrial series (E series). Obtained results are compared with those obtained by PSO and GWO, as well as with other optimization methods, namely ACO, CRPSO and SOS. The Virtuoso Cadence tool was used to validate the optimization results obtained by the proposed approach. Moreover, it has been shown that this approach gives very robust results compared to the cited methods.

This paper aims to improve the performance of graded ultrathin CIGS-based solar cells using the one-dimensional simulation program (SCAPS-1D). In this context, we have assessed the effect of the graded bandgap and the thickness of the absorber layer (CIGS) on solar cell performance. We have also examined the impact of different graded bandgap profiles by varying the gallium concentration. Notably, the increase of the gallium concentration (xGa) and the CIGS thickness (dCIGS) have degraded the conversion efficiency η. The optimization of these parameters gives a considerable solar yield when dCIGS = 1 μm and xGa in the range 0.1–0.3. For the graded cell, we have mentioned that the double-graded profile improves significantly the conversion efficiency up to 22.21% compared to the uniform profile with η = 21.43%.

Optical properties of the ternary InxGa1-xAs/GaAs alloys including strain, band gap energy, band offsets, and intersubband absorption coefficient in the conduction band (CB) are theoretically investigated. Effect of temperature, T, and Indium composition, In, of InGaAs on all these parameters is verified. The calculations show that the insertion of indium in the host material, varying the well width, Lw, and changing temperature has pronounced effects on the optical intersubband coefficient of the InGaAs quantum well (QW) structure. These results make the InxGa1-xAs/GaAs alloy promising for realization of mid-infrared devices.

This paper presents an optimization and simulation of optical and electrical properties of GaAsPN/GaAs tandem Dual-Junction solar cells such as current density-voltage (J-V), external quantum efficiency (EQE), with an AM1.5 solar spectrum. We comparing the simulated performance of various N fractions and we will show that the use of N = 0.01 improve the performances of external quantum efficiency (EQE) and current-voltage characteristics. Our results have been shown that an optimal efficiency of about 26.19% was obtained with P composition x = 0.37 and N fractions y = 0.01. In addition, a doping of 2.1018 cm−3 of the GaAs0.62P0.37N0.1 base top cell boosts the efficiency from 25.73% to 26.19%.

A simple DC and low frequency active voltage attenuator and level shifter is proposed in this paper, which carries out a temperature compensation and high linearity by using a compact CMOS analog circuit. The proposed scheme reduces temperature sensibility and the variance due to process variations. Several simulations were performed to estimate the circuit performances as the harmonic distortion and the effect of the layout implementation. The circuit was designed in a standard CMOS process and optimized for several values of the attenuation.

In this work, we have to study the impact of InGaAs thickness and Indium content on the performance of (InP/InGaAs/InAlAs) MOSFET structure. For this purpose, we have to solve the self-consistent of Poisson and Schrödinger equations that give the carriers and their eigen state energies at each level using TCAD tools. The charge transport model is based on the conventional drift-diffusion equation with Fermi-Dirac statistics, Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH) recombination and electrical field-dependent mobility. The charge control under the gate and I-V characteristics of InP/InxGa1-xAs/InyAl1-yAs MOSFET will be presented. The obtained results show the effect of the InGaAs channel layer thickness and its indium content on the gate’s capacity to control the charge carriers below it. It is found that the optimal values for improving our MOSFET structure are a 9 nm thick InGaAs channel, and content values of x = 0.80 and y = 0.52. We have extracted the output and transfer characteristic with the gate length of 150 nm, we have found an On-state drain current value of 1090 mA/mm and maximum transconductance of 563 mS/mm. It is also found that the drain current reach to 860 mA/mm at a gate voltage of 1 V and drain voltage of 0.7 V.

In this paper, a study of two PWM commands is established, the bipolar PWM and the unipolar one used to control inverters for photovoltaic applications. These two commands will go through the power electronic device that helps transforming a DC power generated by a PV panel into an AC power: The inverter. In this work, a single-phase H-bridge inverter is used, the output will be an inductive load. The four inverter’s Mosfets will be controlled by a driver IC which will receive the PWM signals in order to perform the switching operations. The objective is to get a clean sinusoidal waveform as an output, for this purpose a chosen filter will be added to the circuit’s output in order to eliminate as much harmonics as possible.

Medical cyclotrons are devices dedicated to the production of radionuclides administered to patients to perform either diagnostics or therapy. The $$^{18}F$$ used for the synthesis of fluorodeoxyglucose ( $$^{18}FDG$$ ) is produced by the bombardment of water enriched with $$^{18}O$$ target by a beam of protons. In the present study, the production of $$^{18}F$$ was simulated in order to test GATE’s effectiveness and its ability to simulate the $$^{18}F$$ production next to other elements possibly produced during the bombardment. The technique is to vary the irradiation parameters using the GATE software. GATE is a very powerful simulation tool; it is widely used in medical imaging and radiotherapy applications. The results of this task confirm the reliability of the GATE Monte Carlo simulation in the modeling of the radioisotope production system based on the results found, which is promising for diagnostic imaging studies and extended therapeutic applications.

Brachytherapy dose calculations have been based on the TG-43 formalism since 1995, which considers the irradiated medium to be homogeneous and made up of water. This study aims to determine the TG-43 dosimetry parameters recommended by the AAPM and the dose rate distribution for a GammaMed HDR $$^{192}Ir$$ source provided by Varian Medical Systems in water phantom with dimensions of $$20\times 20\times 20 \;$$ cm $$^{3}$$ using the FLUKA Monte Carlo simulation. The resulting dose rate profiles were compared with data from the Eclipse TPS along the x-axis for $$z = 0.5 \;$$ cm, $$z = -0.5 \;$$ cm, $$z = 0 \;$$ cm, also along the r-axis with $$x = z$$ , Furthermore, the TG-43 dosimetric parameters were compared with the literature results, where the radial dose function was determined at radial distances ranging from 0.2 to $$8 \;$$ cm, and the anisotropy function was determined From 0 to $$10 \;$$ cm with a polar angle ranging from $$0 {{}^{\circ }}$$ to $$180 {{}^{\circ }}$$ . Once and for all, our results show that we have a good agreement between simulation results obtained by using FLUKA and the TPS data with a small deviation observed when the radial distance decreases.

Several researches are made on the readout circuit of the pH-ISFET, but, there is not much choice of readout circuit design. We will present in this article Caprio’s quad-based readout circuit that minimize the temperature sensitivity and discuss several choices of geometry in the respect of saturation transistors. A Spice description as well as Veriloge-a were used to simulate the circuit using HSpice. The simulation was carried out in the temperature range from $$20\,^{\circ }\text {C}$$ to $$80\,^{\circ }\text {C}$$ , in the pH measurement range from 1 to 12 and with a supply voltage of $$ \pm $$ 3 $$\text {V}$$ . The proposed readout circuit was simulated in a CMOS $$0.6\,\upmu \text {m}$$ process. The circuit has very good performance in terms of temperature sensitivity and output linearity. Given the temperature change from $$20\,^{\circ }\text {C}$$ to $$80\,^{\circ }\text {C}$$ , the maximum temperature coefficient is $$269.79\,\text {ppm}/^\circ \text {C}$$ .

In modern industry which is characterized by very small scales and sizes, the Silicon nanowire Ion-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistors Sensors (Si-nw-ISFET) are considered as a pioneer in this field. These sensors are known by their biocompatibility, very high surface-to-volume ratio due to the very small sizes of the nanowires, fast response, and good reliability of the signal. In this paper, a simplified BSIM level 1 model is presented to explain the characteristics of Si-nw-ISFET microsensor in linear, saturation and sub-threshold regions with eight parameters at the maximum. This model is suitable for our simulation because it includes a short channel and narrow-width effects, as well as the nanowire parameters, such as the resistance of nanowire Rnw and the number of wires in parallel. In addition, the effect of voltage Vds on the response of Si-nw-ISFET sensor is studied in this work and it can be related to the transconductance parameter. The BSIM1 model presented for Si-nw-ISFET microsensor was compared with the experimental data, and the simulation results show that this model can fit the experimental results with good accuracy for different pH values compared to the Spice level 3 model.

This article deals with the study of the traction propulsion system of railway locomotive under 3 kV DC power supply taking into account two different traction mode: DC and AC motor. The Multiconductor Transmission Line (MTL) theory will be applied in order to analyze and to model Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) disturbances produced in common mode of the 3 phases cables between the inverter and the AC motor to examine the impact of the proximity between these cables and the European Rail Traffic Management System/European Train Control System (ERTMS/ETCS) antennas.

Most commonly, the existing fault diagnosis approaches depend on the availability of the measurements, and therefore, on the reliability of the sensor, consequently, if a fault occurs at the sensor level, this may result in a false alarm, indicating the occurrence of a failure in the energy conversion devices. The greatest extensive fault diagnosis techniques could estimate the defects and even located them, but they neglected the impact of the quality factor of the input instructions.Regarding these outcomes, this paper suggests a new multi faults diagnosis algorithm based on the Welch method and the K-Nearest Neighbor classifier algorithm. In this approach, the Welch method is applied to estimate the power spectral density; it provides the foremost signal components that discriminate the deficiencies of the devices, and then the character of the shortages is identified using the K-Nearest Neighbor classifier, which is proper for multi-class labeling.The effectiveness of the recommended strategy is confirmed via simulation, within its employment in the diagnosis of electric vehicle powertrain defects, indistinct, the traction inverter at the faulty and healthy status of the current sensor.

This article presents the results of the impact study on the HV transmission network of a 40 MW PV plant connected to the high impedance Moroccan HV network. The analysis of the power plant’s behavior at the connection point includes the calculation of the active and reactive power flux and the harmonics. The simulation results from the ETAP software showed the influence of the short-circuit power of the network and the type of inverter on the harmonic ratio at the connection point of the PV plant with the HV network.

The main objectives of this paper consist of developing Control, to stabilize a quadrotor. To achieve this purpose first a Takagi-Sugeno (T.S) fuzzy model for Quadrotor, obtained from a dynamic model, is presented. The proposed T-S controller is designed with measurable premise variables and the conditions of stability are given in terms of linear matrix inequality (LMI) and Parallel Disturbance Compensation (PDC) technique with pole placement constraint is synthesized. The requirements of stability and pole placement in LMI region are formulated based on the Lyapunov direct method. Simulation results are included to validate the performance of this approach.

This paper presents the development of a quadrotor 3D-Model based on a new approach integrating both the flight controller and the quadrotor CAD-model (Computer-aided design). The quadrotor design is performed using CAD modelling environment, then imported to MATLAB Simscape for the design of the control scheme based on the PID (Proportional-Integral-derivative) controller. The effectiveness of the offered flight simulator system is tested using several predefined trajectories and the simulation results of each trajectory emphasize the accuracy of the proposed simulator.

This paper presents a model-free controller based on particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO-MFC) for the altitude systems of a Mini-Drone. A model-free control (MFC) is applied to improve both trajectory tracking and robustness of quadrotor in the presence of external uncertainties and disturbance. The problem of Tuning MFC parameters designed is formulated as an optimization problem according to time domain objective function that is solved by PSO algorithm to find the most optimistic results. In order to prove the robustness of the proposed algorithm, an extensive set of numerical results are presented using a real Simulink Template for Parrot Mini-Drone platform. Results evaluation show that the proposed control scheme achieves good performance for altitude system compared to the controller without optimization.

This paper presents a simulation and hardware implementation of maximum power point tracking (MPPTs) algorithms. The investigated algorithms are: perturb and observe (P&O), Incremental conductance (InCond) and Hill climbing (HC). Firstly, the algorithms have been simulated and tested under Matlab/Simulink environment. Subsequently, the simulated algorithms have been verified experimentally at the MIS Laboratory of Picardie Jules Verne, University, (France). All steps to implement the controllers into the dSPACE are presented in detail, as well as the development hardware. The experimental test was done under a cloudy sky (solar irradiance = 100 W/m2, air temperature 6 = degrees). The obtained simulation and experimental results proved an acceptable performance of 0.8, 0.83 and 0.85 for P&O, InCond and HC respectively. A slow convergence time is observed for all examined algorithms, particularly at low solar irradiation level.

Parallel inverter is one of the most interesting topology to achieve high power level, overcame current limitation on the switching devices and also to enhance the output current waveforms. However, the circulating current results from the common connection of both AC and DC sides directly can increase the current stresses and conduction losses of the switching devices and reduces inverters efficiency. This paper provides an investment on the three-level Space vector modulation and proposes a new strategy to eliminating the circulating current for paralleled three-level t-type inverters. Results obtained confirmed the performance and the effectiveness of the proposed circulating current control strategy.

After improving the electrical performance of a single-phase photovoltaic inverter (previous article), this article aims to model the three-phase photovoltaic inverter of voltage connected to the grid, and the comparison of two improved methods of controlled of this inverter by the vector control PWM (SVPWM) and sinusoidal (SPWM) under non-linear load conditions (NLL). For this and after modeling the converter, we wish to apply the vector and sinusoidal control in order to minimize the losses of the current injected by this converter in the grid. After application of the Park transformations, the d-q components would not be time-invariant in situations where harmonics, resonances or unbalance is present. Control allows indirect control of the active and reactive powers injected into the grid. This strategy is based on decoupling the output currents of the inverter into active and reactive currents using the Park transformation. The PI controllers are implemented in the dq frame (synchronous reference frame SRF) to adjust the grid currents in the synchronous dq frame. To generate the reference current and maintain synchronism between the inverter and the grid, a Phase-locked loop technique (PLL) can be used. The main advantage and objective of this method is to effectively compensate the harmonic current content of the grid current without and with the use of compensation devices. The main objective is to address, in terms of cost, efficiency, power management and power quality, the problems found with Three-phase photovoltaic inverter connected to the grid controlled by SVPWM and SPWM, in order to compared the two methods and obtain a more reliable and flexible Three-phase inverter. The results of simulations of the new SPWM and SVPWM algorithm demonstrate its superior performance compared to the simple sinusoidal pulse width modulation which is previously used with single-phase photovoltaic inverters (previous article [1–3]). After comparing the results of the two methods vector and sinusoidal commands, we notice that the current THDi of the current for the vector control (SVPWM) is lower than that obtained with the sinusoidal command (SPWM). The effectiveness of these techniques proposed in this article is demonstrated by the simulation results using the MATLAB/ SIMULINK environment.

In light of the recent emergence of Vehicle To Grid (V2G) technology, electric vehicles (EVs) are no longer viewed as just transportation tools. They could rather serve as energy sources available at disposal of the electrical grid for ancillary services provision. As a result, an accurate estimation of their battery state of charge (SOC) is now more crucial than ever. Knowing that the choice of the appropriate SOC estimation strategy must consider the computational aspects of each approach, in this paper we investigate the implementation of two advanced SOC estimation strategies; The Feedforward Neural Network (FFNN) and Adaptive Gain Sliding Mode Observer (AGSMO). To verify the performances of both strategies, Processor In the Loop (PIL) implementations were conducted using an STM32F429ZI discovery board. The obtained experimental results prove that both algorithms perform well in battery SOC estimation. However, due to its slight edge in terms of precision, we recommend the AGSMO over the FFNN for the targeted application

The anti-lock braking system (ABS) is an active safety system in road vehicles, which senses the slip value between the tyre and the road and utilizes these values to define the optimum braking force. Conventional control methods will not meet requirements due to uncertainties coming from vehicle dynamics and the high nonlinearity of the tyre and road interaction that are sources of instability. Therefore, we design an adaptive output feedback control methodology augmented via radial basis function neural network in order to force the slip dynamics to track a given smooth reference trajectory with bounded errors in the presence of high uncertainty. This result is achieved by extending the universal function approximation property of RBF NN together with the fast convergence of K-average clustering algorithm to model unknown system dynamics from input/output data. The effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm has been successfully verified through simulation results.

In this paper, the static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) is used to improve the voltage of the IEEE 14 Bus power system network. We focus on the voltage level of the most majoring issues in the IEEE-14-bus system with constant loads. Firstly, we have analyzed the IEEE-14 bus system under the standard test data, then we analyzed it with static synchronous compensator under the standard test data by changing its location overall buses. NEPLAN software was used to simulate the studied system. We have compared all the obtained results with the original power flow of the IEEE-14 bus system in order to choose the optimal place of STATCOM to improve the voltage profile of all buses.

This work presents an EMC modeling in conducted mode of a serial chopper designed for a photovoltaic application. Indeed, the frequency rise in semiconductor materials and the very short switching time of the switches promote electromagnetic interference and coupling with neighbouring environments. In order to overcome its drawbacks, effective methods have been adopted to reduce electromagnetic noise levels, such as Random Pulse Width Modulation (RPWM), which allows the electromagnetic spectrum to be spread over a wide range of frequencies, and the use of soft switching.

The study of renewable energies, such as photovoltaic generators, is still relevant until this day. As a result, PV Emulator is highly recommended. It allows to faithfully reproduce the characteristic of a panel, module or any photovoltaic field by taking into consideration the variation of the radiance, temperature and load. The PV Emulator proposed in this paper consists of an isolated switch mode power supply based on a full bridge converter. To force the current tracking the PV characteristic, PI controller and phase shift PWM are implemented via an F28335 platform. To duplicate PV module behavior, two modeling approaches are investigated and compared in simulation and confronted to experimental characteristics. Then, the PV Emulator is implemented using these modeling methods and the designed power supply. Both simulation and experimental results are presented at the end of this paper.

The current research paper deals with contribution to the worldwide problem of transformers which are essential parts to maintain the power flow in the electrical power system, the stability is significant for the reliability of the whole supply. The oil used in all transformers is used for insulating and cooling purposes. Degradation of transformer oil occurs because of the ageing, high temperature and chemical reactions such as the oxidation. It is also affected by contaminants from the solid materials. Therefore, the oil condition must be checked regularly and reclaimed or replaced periodically, to avoid the sudden. In this work is devoted to study the transformer oil behavior under AC voltage at industry frequency (50 Hz). The mineral used mineral oil Borak 22 is examined for different parameters such as, the distance between electrodes and geometry of electrodes. The experiment results concerning the evolution of the breakdown voltage into new oil and another old. The results showed that the spacing of the inter-electrode distance causes an increase in the breakdown voltage of the oil, and that the point-plat electrode configuration was the worst form of the configurations. Finally, the used oil was better than new oil. He current research paper deals with contribution to the worldwide problem of transformers.

Faced with current energy and environmental challenges, electric vehicles represent an interesting alternative solution to vehicles powered by internal combustion engines. Our project focuses on finding a solution that combines several energy sources with complementary characteristics and low environmental impact, adapted to these vehicles. The two selected sources are a fuel cell and a supercapacitor for their complementarity in terms of power density and mass energy. Fuel cell systems have disadvantages, such as high cost, slow response and no regenerative energy recovery during braking. Supercapacitors have a low energy density. Hybridization can be a solution to these drawbacks. The Energy Management Strategy (EMS) based on fuzzy logic has been developed. A first dimensioning of an electric powertrain was made, modelling of sources and DC/DC converters were built. Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR) is used as a unified formalism for modelling, control, and EMS development. The results of robustness gathered using different types of driving cycles will be presented and compared.

This paper presents a simulation of a connected micro-grid (MG) for electric vehicles (EV) charging station. An energy management system (EMS) is essential for the MG to operate in a coordinated way. Therefore a simple management strategy is adopted to ensure and maintain an adequate service. Solar energy is the main source of this MG, and this energy could be stored, delivered to the grid, or supplied the charging points through an appropriate interface board (IB). This kind of MG is installed in many countries around the world. The system includes: PV panels, the main grid, an inverter, rectifiers, batteries, EMS, and load. The MG has been simulated under different conditions and scenarios using Matlab/Simulink environment. Results showed that the adopted strategy for energy management performs well.

This paper focuses on Fractional-Order (FO) sliding mode control of the vehicle lateral dynamic. The objective is to force the vehicle to track the reference values of the yaw rate and the side slip angle. The use of the Fractional-Order Sliding Mode Controller (FOSMC) guarantees a high robustness against model uncertainties and external disturbances and reduces the chattering effect. The stability of the overall system is ensured by applying the Lyapunov’s theorem on the predefined FO sliding surface. Two simulation examples have been carried out based on different steering angle profiles to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller. The results obtained confirm the accuracy and the speed of the vehicle response compared to the dynamic of the desired yaw rate and side slip angle.

This paper presents a decentralized Global Chassis Control (GCC) architecture. The objective of this global chassis controller is to improve the overall vehicle performance i.e maneuverability, lateral stability and rollover avoidance, by coordinating the Active Front steering, Direct Yaw Control and Active Suspensions in a decentralized architecture. The developed architecture is multilayer, and based on higher order sliding-mode control, the super-twisting algorithm. The proposed GCC is validated by simulation using Matlab/Simulink, and a comparison is done with a centralized $$LPV/\mathscr {H}_\infty $$ architecture that has been developed in the laboratory, to show the difference in behavior and performance of both strategies of control.

Energy management of Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) remains a concern and a challenge for many researchers. This paper presents, an energy management strategy for hybrid electric vehicles powered by fuel cell as a primary source and Li-Ion battery as a secondary one. Our proposed approach combines the frequency separation energy management strategy and a fuzzy logic controller. The principle of this strategy is based on routing the low-frequency components of power demand to the fuel cell and the high frequencies to the battery and through a fuzzy logic controller, the low-frequency component is corrected to control the battery state of charge. The models of the hybrid electric vehicle and the management strategy are evaluated under Matlab/Simulink for the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) and the Urban Dynamo-meter Driving Schedule (UDDS). The simulation results show the good performances of the proposed strategy through respect of each source dynamics and maintenance of bounded battery state of charge (SOC).

This publication focuses on the characterization physicochemical of household and similar waste in Mohammadia city, with the aim of understanding the mutation of its components compared to the socio-economic evolution of the Moroccan citizen, and justify the need to propose other more adequate solutions to ensure achievement objectives of the national household waste program by 2022. For this purpose, the study was made by district (industrial zone, popular area with average habitats, villa zone and rural area). A manual and careful sorting (nine categories) is carried out for this study.Thus, the results of this characterization (organic matter 54,94%, plastic 15,18%, paper and cardboard 9,72%, textile 7,46%, sanitary textile 5,82%, metals 2,20%, glass 1,89%, Wood 1,82% and Others 1,28%) revealed a dominance of organic matter and an increase in plastic rate that did not exceed 8% in the past. Added to this, the results of the analysis of physicochemical parameters (loss on ignition of the order of 60,26%, humidity rate quite high 59,05%, a total organic carbon (TOC) of 33,47%, and a Lower Heating Value (LHV) of 1840,3 kcal/kg).From these data, we were able to demonstrate the inefficiency of the direct burying solution (large quantity of leachate produced and the possibility of recovering more than 80% of this waste). Also, the high LHV opens the way to another possibility that was not even considered in the past (waste stabilization and Solid Recovered Fuel production).

Heat dissipation efficiency of clean gas bus cabin is undermined by both inappropriate design of air passages in the engine compartment and the excessively long paths for hot air to be discharged from the cabin. In order to verify the temperature field homogenization enhanced heat transfer method (TFH) in the engine compartment of clean-gas-bus, a temperature field experimental system for LPG city bus (LPGB) engine compartment based on infrared imaging technology was built. The temperature field in the semi-enclosed space engine compartment was non-interfering, visualizing and continuously measured. At the same time, under the five working conditions of the LPG engine, 16-channel temperature sensors were used to collect the temperature of key components changing with time. The experimental results showed that compared with the typical structure, the temperatures of the radiator inlet water and the high-temperature exhaust manifold of the enhanced heat transfer structure decreased by 10.8% and 25.4% respectively. The engine compartment with the enhanced heat transfer structure had the following characteristic of “minimum temperature gradient in core flow region and maximum temperature gradient on the thermal boundary”, which conforms to the TFH optimization model which helped to strengthen the heat dissipation in the cabin.

This Study investigates the nexus between trade openness, energy consumption, economic growth, population density and Carbone dioxide CO2 emissions in Morocco CO2 during the period 1971–2014. Using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds test, we find that there is a long term relationship between the variables of the model. The results show that energy consumption and economic growth have statistically significant positive effects on CO2 emissions both in the short-run and long-run. The estimated coefficient for openness and population are positive and insignificant in the long term and these two variables are significant and respectively positive and negative in the short term. Economic growth has a positive impact on carbon emissions in both the long and short term. To conclude this research we suggest some recommendations for policy makers to undertake actions in order to develop alternative clean energies that emit less CO2 and contribute to more economic growth without damaging the environment by redirecting investment towards less polluting sectors.

Our study focuses on optimizing the electrical efficiency of the biogas plant in the Oujda controlled landfill, with the aim of improving its economic and overall rate of return. For this purpose, the study begins with an analysis of the power generation and operating times of the station which showed a yield not exceeding 23%. These results are due to the control lack over the quantity of biogas and its biomethane content extracted directly from the burial dump of the landfill, and its fluctuation during the day. In this case, the throughput improvement is capped to ensure average production that cannot exceed 15 h of work per day.To achieve our goal, we have carried out three scenarios for the design of a batch digester methanation unit. The 1st scenario is the one where we add a second motor without affecting the performance of the first, in the 2nd scenario we add a second motor and we fill the missing difference of the first so that they both work at maximum capacity. In the third scenario, we only compensate the amount of biogas missing from the first motor without adding a second one.

Boiler performance and efficiency evaluation is generally performed by direct and indirect methods as reported in three boiler performance evaluation codes which will be the subject of our study (ASME PTC4-2008, IS13979: 1994 and BS845-1: 1987 codes). On the one hand, ASME code PTC4-2008 describes in detail the indirect method with different types of losses; some of them are applied in certain exceptional cases. On the other hand, IS13979: 1994 and BS845-1: 1987 codes commonly introduce six types of losses. In literature, direct and indirect methods are widely used to calculate boilers efficiency, and it’s found that indirect method is more effective than direct method which is confirmed by the present study. The present work aims to compare boilers efficiency by direct and indirect methods, while matching the heat losses formulas proposed by the codes mentioned above with other formulas found in literature. Therefore, we will conduct the performance evaluation of a fire tube boiler burning fuel (HHV 9238,55 kcal/kg) through formulas retained from this study. Indirect method is found to be more effective and accurate than the direct method, and the major heat losses are dry combustion gases loss as well as water produced by hydrogen in fuel loss. Furthermore, some unavoidable losses occur for various reasons. However, energy lost could be reused by means of different energy recovery technologies.

In this paper, we study the impact of floods on the hydraulic flood protection structure. It is a development, consisting of a ditch collecting water from the western watersheds and drainage at the western edge of the city towards the Oued Moulouya. The present work therefore uses the software IBER which is based on a formalism finite volume. Several flood scenarios are applied in order to show the failures and propose solutions or improvements to the existing structure, in order to mitigate the damage caused by the floods.

In this paper we study the impact of sediment on the hydraulic flood protection structure built in the coastal city of Saidia. It is a development, consisting of a ditch collecting the waters of the western catchment basins and evacuation at the western limit of the city towards Oued Moulouya. The present work uses the IBER software which is based on a finite volume formalism. The study predicts the behavior of sediment deposition, erosion and sediment transport, which makes it possible to fight against the flaring of the canal based on the knowledge of the morpho-sedimentary dynamics of the streams.

This study aims to highlight a methodology for implementing an energy audit plan within industries. Today, international competitiveness involves optimizing companies’ production costs. This necessarily requires the implementation of rigorous energy saving policies. These savings are measures taken to limit energy consumption or to avoid energy losses. The energy audit is a methodical review and analysis of the use and consumption of energy; which attempts to identify energy flows and information on all the company’s energy consumption patterns. According to the information obtained in audit potential improvements in energy efficiency are carried out. In this paper, we present the results of an energy audit conducted within a company operating in the agri-food sector in the eastern region of Morocco. It has been shown that, in this case, the database resulting from the energy audit has contributed significantly to the development of a systematic approach to decision-making and consequently to the improvement of the energy efficiency.

The integration of renewable energy plants into the energy mix leads to serious problems in maintaining the balance of electricity grids. Indeed, renewable energy plants can produce electricity when there is not much need. Therefore, predicting renewable energy potentials and then the output of power plants can allow grid operators to prepare decision scenarios in advance. In this work, we are interested in predicting hourly short-term (h + 1) and long term (h + 48) global horizontal solar irradiation (GHI) by applying two types of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN): Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) and a Nonlinear AutoRegressive neural network with eXogenous inputs (NARX).

The conservation of food products become more and more important in the last decades, especially because of the fast growth of the population around the world, which makes the drying method an interesting way to pre-serve the vegetal product for a long time. There is plenty of drying methods, such as electric drying, mechanic, solar …etc. this latter is so appealing due to its preservation of the environment. Our work is a contribution to the improvement of the drying process using ANSYS FLUENT, in which we use the meteorological data of Oujda city (eastern Morocco) to make this study more realistic. We investigate the trays effect in an indirect solar dryer, in order to find the optimum number of it as well their suitable position. The result showed that adding a second tray has improved both the velocity and the temperature distribution along the two trays as well for the chamber. But, adding a third one has decreased the velocity and the temperature along the two precedents trays as well it provides a bad distribution in the drying chamber. Regarding the position of the trays, we figure that the right position in our geometry is 0.35 m and 0.45 m for tray 1 and 2 respectively.

The dust accumulation on solar mirrors is a complex and site-specific phenomenon. It strongly depends on the environment parameters such as wind, precipitation, ambient temperature and relative humidity. Therefore, finding the relationship between these parameters we can predict the impact of this accumulation on the mirrors optical efficiency. Currently the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is one of the best solutions that can be used for a performant prediction of such problematic. In this paper, a new approach using ANN and different meteorological parameters is used to predict the soiling level for a solar mirror with a maximum accuracy. As first results we reached an accuracy value of 95% using only 7 months of daily measurements of the environment data in Green Energy Park (GEP) research facility.

The main objective of this research is to compare different conical receiver’s materials of a parabolic solar concentrator. For this reason, three types of metallic alloys and pure materials (Inconel 625, Inconel 718, and copper) are investigated in order to detect and analyze the most efficient material using ray-tracing simulation on Comsol Multiphysics. The results indicated that Inconel 625 gives better thermal performances compared to other materials. The maximum temperature on the surface of the absorber of 392 °C is obtained with a thermal power density of 393.15 kW/m3. Consequently, the application of this material on the concentrator-receiver system will be suggested.

In this paper, we conducted a numerical study of three-dimensional laminar flow in forced convection, through a rectangular channel with two-perforation deflector fixed to its lower wall. To do so, the finite volume method based on the SIMPLE (Semi Implicit Method for Pressure Linked Equation) algorithm has been used to solve the Navier-Stokes, the energy equations and the for velocity-pressure coupling. Besides, we analyzed the effect of the transverse spacing between the perforations of the inserted deflector. The results presented as path lines and isotherms for the two planes XZ and XY, respectively, passing through the center of the deflector. Friction is studied as a function of the transverse spacing between the perforations and the Reynolds number. Furthermore, calculations of the average friction coefficient and the average Nusselt number are performed for Reynolds numbers between 100–700 and for different transverse spacings. The results show that the optimal design corresponds to the small spacing between perforations.

In cities, buildings play an important role in electricity consumption and are one of the central problems of global warming. Therefore, buildings are good alternatives for micro-power generation facilities. In this paper, Göztepe, Istanbul is selected as a pilot region in Turkey. Solar and wind energy potential of this region was examined in order to study the feasibility of a hybrid wind-solar system. Technical analysis and cost analysis are performed for the electricity demand of the building. A computational fluid dynamics program is used to determine the most appropriate place for installation of the wind turbines on the top of the building. HOMER software is used to simulate and analyzing the performance of system.

To limit climate change, the use of renewable energy is mandatory. PV/T systems generate renewable energy, simultaneously satisfy both the thermal and electrical energy requests. Usually, these systems have some limitations to fulfill the thermal energy needs; therefore, it is necessary to improve their efficiency with the aim to increase the enthalpy level of the energy produced. In this paper, the effects of changing the cooling fluid from pure water to a nanofluid composed by water and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) in a PV/T system are studied. The analysis is based on the thermodynamics viewpoint, considering both the total energy produced and its quality. The thermal level achievable by changing the heat transfer fluid, as well as the electrical efficiency considering various input conditions has been calculated. Finally, the energy yield produced by a conventional PV/T plant, which use pure water (PV/T)w and the proposed improved PV/T plant, which use pure the nanofluid (PV/T)nf, under real climate conditions have been compared. Such comparison was developed taking into account the second law of thermodynamics as well as the exergy analysis.

Heat transfer and entropy generation for natural convection of a fluid inside a square cavity with inner adiabatic bodies, has been studied numerically with finite difference method. Calculations have been made for Rayleigh numbers $$Ra=10^{3}$$ , $$10^{4}$$ and $$5.10^{4}$$ for two obstacles with a constant height $$h=1/4$$ . Results are presented as local Nusselt number, streamlines and isotherm contours. The results reveal the effects of relevant parameters on thermal fields, the fluid flow and heat transfer in the cavity. The outcome shows that the heat transfer rates generally rise with the increase of Rayleigh number. The entropy generation is higher at locations with large temperature gradients.

In this paper, a photovoltaic (PV) system, with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) connected to a differential inverter is presented. The main characteristic of the used inverter is its potential ability to adapt to the permanent variation of the incident solar irradiation intensity that consequently imposes variable electrical quantities at the output of the PV panels, whereas our devices function with fixed electrical quantities. This set of related algorithms will identify the suitable duty ratio in which the DC/DC converter should be operated to maximize the power output, and suitable duty ratio in which the DC/DC/AC converter works according to the reference output signal. Results showed that this inverter is able to reach the output voltage reference despite the input voltage variation.

A depth-averaged Lagrangian particle tracking method is used to examine the process of solute transport. The Random-Walk particle tracking (RWPT) method is based on the use of stochastic methods to describe the dispersive component of particle displacement, and it is practically exempt from the numerical dispersion. Its performance is examined by comparing it with the Eulerian method. Firstly, the model is used to simulate the strait of Gibraltar. Unlike the Eulerian methods, the Lagrangian (or particulate) methods require no meshing. The model hydrodynamic used for describing the free surface flow in the strait of Gibraltar was based on the Saint-Venant bidimensional equation for large scale simulation.

In this paper, we will study the impact of the tilt angle of the photovoltaic panels PVP on the sizing of different photovoltaic energy systems. Two structures are studied in this paper, with a comparison of sizing results with and without a seasonal adjustment of the tilt angle. the first system is a PV/Battery and the second is a PV/Storage Tank for pumping water system, with a Well-detailed modeling of the solar radiation profile, containing the three components, the direct, diffuse and reflected, and a determination of the optimal tilt angle for each month of the year, are presented in this paper. For sizing, we are based on the Electric System Cascade Analysis, taking into account the climatic data of the site, and the technical and economic data of the system components.

The objective of this study is to conduct a technico-economic analysis of hydrogen production from solar energy via the water electrolysis process. To this end, four solar energy technologies were selected namely: fixed PV, 1-axis PV, 2-axis PV, and Stirling dish and the simulation were carried in five different location in Morocco using 3-years average of high accurate meteorological data measured at ground level. The results show that the 2-axis PV is the technology that can produce the highest amount of hydrogen (around 4500 Tons per year), followed by the 1-axis PV, Eurodish and the fixed PV. Also, it was found that the lowest cost can be achieve by the fixed PV (~6 $/Kg), closely followed by the 1-axis PV, the 2-axis PV and finally the Eurodish.

The most conceivable systems, using photovoltaic solar energy (PV) with random behavior, are built using energy converters (converter and inverter). However, it is impossible to transfer the optimal PV power to a load and at the same time respect its nominal characteristics (voltage and current). In this article, we develop a PV system which supplies a main charge with specific nominal characteristics and a secondary load consisting of an electrolysis with concentric cylindrical electrodes and plays a fundamental role in the designed system. The results obtained show that the optimization and the transfer of power are always possible.

In this paper, we use the Fuzzy Logic (FL) techniques to improve the power generated by a small Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) wind turbine. The advantage of this non-linear technique is that it does not require the knowledge of the system mathematical model to obtain a maximum energetic efficiency. It can generate the optimal rotation speed reference without using the wind speed sensor; this reduces considerably the system cost. The proposed system delivers power to a resistive load through a PWM rectifier which offers the implementing control algorithms possibility. In first part, the wind turbine model and that of PMSG are presented to show the system nonlinearity. After that, the different steps of the proposed algorithms are developed namely the classical Hill Climb Searching method, the Single Input Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC), and the double inputs FLC. Finally, the performance of each algorithm is simulated, evaluated and compared in the MATLAB/Simulink platform. The obtained results indicate that the Fuzzy Logic Approach (FLA) is more effective than classical strategies. It is also particularly robust in stability and easy to implement in other systems.

In this study, the deposition efficiency of particles in a 90° circular bend pipe was investigated numerically. The turbulent flow was modeled by solving Reynolds Navier-stokes (RANS) equations and the deposition process was simulated based on the discrete phase model (DPM) in ANSYS Fluent©. Particle deposition behavior at a particle Stokes number over a range from 0.04 to 1.6 was investigated and validated against an experimental study from literature. Further, a parametric study varying the particle densities, bend orientation and curvature ratio was presented. A good agreement was found between the present model and the experimental work. The results demonstrate that changing neither particle densities nor the bend orientation has no influence on deposition efficiency, while increasing the bend curvature ratio increase the deposition of particles.

This paper presents a wind conversion chain supplying a DC micro grid. The studied system consists a wind turbine (WT), synchronous permanent magnet generator (PMSG), rectifier, DC-DC buck converter supply the micro grid. To extract the maximum power from the wind turbine, we used two techniques perturb & observe and the fuzzy logic. The results show the performance of the studied system to control the output voltage supply the DC Micro-grid. All modelization and simulations are performed under Matlab/Simulink environment.

This work presents a system managing electric energy in a building with a varying demand of energy with respect to the need of its occupants. The system uses renewable energy resources such as photovoltaic panels, the battery as an energy storage system and the grid. The objective of this work is to avoid the usage of the grid as much as possible and this is made in the purpose of minimizing the electricity bill. The objective is also to benefit from the photovoltaic energy and the storage system according to their availability in order to satisfy the energy demand by the building. An algorithm that manages these three resources is presented, it is dedicated to managing the energy production and consumption of the building, the surplus of renewable energy production is stored in the system storage or injected into the grid. The study is made in a period of two successive days according to the levels of the batteries SOCs with a varying energy demand and different solar irradiance. This study has succeeded to obtain the energy demand satisfaction, managing the storage system and planning of power exchange between the grid and the building. The results are obtained through simulation by the MATLAB and SIMULINK environments.

This paper aims to study the application of the maximal power point tracking (MPPT) to a variable speed wind turbine where a field-oriented control (FOC) is applied to the generator. Simulation in Matlab/Simulink environment is achieved first, then an experimental validation is conducted by means of a test bench containing a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) driven by a servomotor that emulates the behavior of the wind turbine, a back to back power converter and an RL filter. The implementation of the field-oriented control is realized using a digital signal processor (DSP) card and an acquisition interface.

Pumping water using multiple energy sources is the ideal solution for supplying potable water in isolated or arid areas where there is no supply of grid power. In this paper, an effective control, and energy management strategy for a stand-alone photovoltaic-batteries water pumping system for agriculture applications is presented. The system is composed of solar photovoltaic panels as a primary energy source, and Lead-Acid batteries as a seconder energy source to supply the BLDC motor that drives the centrifugal pump. The energy management strategy uses an intelligent algorithm to satisfy the energy demanded by the motor, also to maintain the state-of-charge of the battery between safe margins in order to eliminate the full discharge and the destruction of the batteries. Drift is a major problem in photovoltaic systems; this phenomenon occurs when solar irradiation changes rapidly. Classical power maximization algorithms do not solve this problem, for this reason, a Modified Perturb & Observe (MP&O) has been implemented. The obtained results show a fast convergence performance to the maximum power point compared to the conventional Perturb & Observe (P&O). Computer simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed energy management algorithm under random meteorological conditions.

A hybrid photovoltaic/thermal collector (PV/T) is used to produce simultaneously electrical and thermal energy from absorbed solar irradiation. The research to date has tended to focus on either bi-fluids (water and air) as the working fluid to supply energy needs for different applications. The purpose of this work is to test the performances of PV/T at different operating modes of fluid e.g. the air mode, the water mode, and the simultaneous mode (water& air). Furthermore the effect of mass flow rate as a key parameter for better electrical and thermal performances has been investigated. The PV/T performances were assessed based on a dynamic numerical model. An energy balance equations have been established for each layer, then implemented in MATLAB software. The results show that thermal efficiency in the simultaneous mode (air & water) is better compared to others modes. The thermal efficiencies for independently fluid condition have ranged from approximately 20 to 48%, and increased to a maximum efficiency of near to 68% for the case of the simultaneously fluids. This result indicates that the optimum mass flow rates for air and water are 0.035 kg/s and 0.007 kg/s respectively. Therefore, the theoretical model developed of the independently and simultaneously operational modes is validated, evidencing a good fit between simulation results and the experimental data available in literature experimental.

Hydrogen production from water electrolysis process is used worldwide as an alternative to conventional fuels. Using photovoltaic thermal system (PV/T) for electrolysis energy supply could be an attractive and innovative option. The PV/T systems are a genuine power production technology, providing simultaneously electricity and heat. In this paper, an attempt is made to investigate the possibility of hydrogen production from PV/T solar plant. Assessment of electrical and thermal performances of this plant is performed based on thermo–electrical dynamic model. Such model was developed taking into account energy balance equations and validated through an experimental data from PV/T power plant installed at the University of Catania, Italy. The results clearly show a good fitting between simulated and experimental results (RMSE% less than 7.00%, and R-squared more than 0.99). At 12 pm, the mean maximum electrical and thermal energy provided by the PV/T solar plant is found about 0.84 kWh/m2 and 0.548 kWh/m2 respectively. In terms of hydrogen production, a considerable amount of hydrogen about 60 ml/min can be provided.