Introduction
Moderation of Health Selection by Parental Education
Mediation of the Intergenerational Transmission of Education via Health Problems
Current Study
Methods
Data
Variables
Educational Attainment
Health Problems
Control Variables
Analysis
Results
Full Sample (n = 352,899) | Sibling Sample (n = 163,430) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Education at Age 27 at Least (%) | Education at Age 27 at Least (%) | |||||
Covariatea | %d | Secondary | Tertiary | %d | Secondary | Tertiary |
Somatic Condition | ||||||
No | 91.9 | 90.4 | 35.0 | 92.2 | 90.9 | 35.3 |
Yes | 8.1 | 87.9 | 31.2 | 7.8 | 88.6 | 32.0 |
Frequent Infections | ||||||
No | 90.9 | 90.3 | 34.8 | 91.8 | 90.8 | 35.1 |
Yes | 9.1 | 89.0 | 33.6 | 8.2 | 89.6 | 34.5 |
Mental Disorder | ||||||
No | 94.3 | 91.3 | 35.7 | 94.8 | 91.7 | 36.1 |
Yes | 5.7 | 72.1 | 17.1 | 5.2 | 73.0 | 17.3 |
Sex | ||||||
Male | 51.1 | 88.1 | 26.8 | 51.1 | 88.6 | 27.1 |
Female | 48.9 | 92.3 | 42.9 | 48.9 | 92.8 | 43.4 |
Birth Year | ||||||
1986 | 16.2 | 89.1 | 35.0 | 15.3 | 90.1 | 36.9 |
1987 | 15.9 | 90.0 | 35.4 | 15.3 | 90.8 | 36.8 |
1988 | 16.8 | 89.8 | 34.9 | 18.0 | 90.3 | 35.5 |
1989 | 16.8 | 90.3 | 34.6 | 18.4 | 90.7 | 35.0 |
1990 | 17.2 | 90.7 | 34.0 | 16.7 | 90.8 | 33.5 |
1991 | 17.1 | 91.1 | 34.1 | 16.3 | 91.4 | 33.0 |
Maternal Age (continuous) | 29.0 | 28.4 | ||||
(5.2) | (4.7) | |||||
Mother Tongue | ||||||
Finnish | 93.9 | 90.2 | 34.4 | 94.0 | 90.8 | 34.9 |
Swedish | 4.8 | 93.5 | 44.0 | 4.7 | 93.9 | 43.9 |
Other | 1.4 | 76.0 | 21.7 | 1.3 | 74.1 | 17.6 |
Parental Education | ||||||
Tertiary | 50.4 | 94.6 | 46.9 | 52.6 | 94.8 | 47.0 |
Secondary | 42.8 | 87.2 | 23.5 | 41.9 | 87.7 | 23.1 |
Basic | 6.8 | 76.0 | 14.1 | 5.6 | 74.3 | 12.3 |
Family Typeb | ||||||
Two parents | 82.3 | 91.8 | 37.0 | 85.0 | 92.1 | 37.1 |
Mother only | 15.3 | 83.0 | 24.2 | 12.8 | 83.2 | 24.1 |
Father only | 2.4 | 81.6 | 21.8 | 2.2 | 81.4 | 22.4 |
Sibship Size (continuous)b | 2.8 | 3.3 | ||||
(1.5) | (1.8) | |||||
Urban-Rural Classificationb,c | ||||||
Inner-urban | 18.9 | 88.0 | 36.6 | 16.7 | 88.3 | 37.5 |
Outer-urban | 29.5 | 90.0 | 36.1 | 28.5 | 90.5 | 37.0 |
Peri-urban | 12.8 | 90.8 | 33.9 | 13.6 | 91.3 | 34.2 |
Local centers in rural areas | 6.2 | 90.8 | 35.3 | 5.9 | 91.1 | 35.8 |
Rural areas close to urban | 9.2 | 90.2 | 31.4 | 10.0 | 90.8 | 31.9 |
Rural heartland | 15.0 | 91.7 | 34.1 | 16.0 | 92.2 | 34.4 |
Sparsely populated rural | 8.4 | 91.2 | 30.4 | 9.3 | 91.7 | 30.5 |
Total | 100.0 | 90.2 | 34.7 | 100.0 | 90.7 | 35.1 |
Health Problem | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A, Secondary Education | |||||
Somatic condition | –.028 | –.026 | –.015 | –.022 | –.016 |
(–.032, –.024) | (–.030, –.022) | (–.019, –.011) | (–.029, –.015) | (–.023, –.009) | |
Frequent infections | –.014 | –.016 | –.009 | –.023 | –.020 |
(–.017, –.010) | (–.020, –.013) | (–.012, –.006) | (–.031, –.016) | (–0.027, –.013) | |
Mental disorder | –.196 | –.171 | –.170 | –.119 | –.117 |
(–.202, –.189) | (–.177, –.165) | (–.176, –.163) | (–.130, –.107) | (–.129, –.106) | |
Birth year and sex | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Other control variablesa | No | Yes | Yes | No | No |
Mutually adjustedb | No | No | Yes | No | Yes |
Sibling fixed effects | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
N | 352,899 | 352,899 | 352,899 | 163,430 | 163,430 |
B. Tertiary Education (among those with completed secondary education) | |||||
Somatic condition | –.040 | –.035 | –.027 | –.010 | –.005 |
(–.046, –.034) | (–.041, –.029) | (–.033, –.022) | (–.021, .002) | (–.017, .006) | |
Frequent infections | –.013 | –.013 | –.007 | –.026 | –.023 |
(–.019, –.007) | (–.019, –.008) | (–.013, –.001) | (–.038, –.013) | (–.035, –.011) | |
Mental disorder | –.169 | –.147 | –.145 | –.107 | –.106 |
(–.176, –.162) | (–.154, –.140) | (–.152, –.138) | (–.123, –.092) | (–.122, –.091) | |
Birth year and sex | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Other control variablesa | No | Yes | Yes | No | No |
Mutually adjustedb | No | No | Yes | No | Yes |
Sibling fixed effects | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
N | 318,202 | 318,202 | 318,202 | 138,852 | 138,852 |
Health Problem | Parental Education | Overalla | Within Sibshipsb |
---|---|---|---|
A Secondary Education | |||
Somatic condition | Tertiary | –.024 | –.018 |
(–.028, –.019) | (–.026, –.009) | ||
Secondary | –0.029 | –.030 | |
(–.035, –.022) | (–.042, –.018) | ||
Basic | –.023 | .003 | |
(–.043, –.004) | (–.036, .041) | ||
p = .447 | p = .121 | ||
Frequent infections | Tertiary | –.015 | –.021 |
(–.019, –.011) | (–.029, –.012) | ||
Secondary | –.016 | –.029 | |
(–.022, –.010) | (–.041, –.017) | ||
Basic | –.025 | –.003 | |
(–.043, –.006) | (–.045, .038) | ||
p = .614 | p = .332 | ||
Mental disorder | Tertiary | –.123 | –.096 |
(–.131, –.115) | (–.110, –.081) | ||
Secondary | –.203 | –.139 | |
(–.213, –.194) | (–.158, –.121) | ||
Basic | –.239 | –.138 | |
(–.262, –.217) | (–.186, –.090) | ||
p < .001 | p = .001 | ||
N | 352,899 | 163,430 | |
B. Tertiary Education (among those with completed secondary education) | |||
Somatic condition | Tertiary | –.041 | –.011 |
(–.049, –.032) | (–.028, .005) | ||
Secondary | –.028 | –.003 | |
(–.037, –.020) | (–.020, .014) | ||
Basic | –.035 | –.055 | |
(–.055, –,016) | (–.102, –.007) | ||
p = .135 | p = .124 | ||
Frequent infections | Tertiary | –.013 | –.017 |
(–.021, –.004) | (–.035, .000) | ||
Secondary | –.015 | –.039 | |
(–.027, –.006) | (–.057, –.021) | ||
Basic | –.010 | –.002 | |
(–.030, .009) | (–.051, .047) | ||
p = .900 | p = .149 | ||
Mental disorder | Tertiary | –.176 | –.127 |
(–.187, –.165) | (–.149, –.104) | ||
Secondary | –.124 | –.086 | |
(–.133, –.115) | (–.108, –.065) | ||
Basic | –.085 | –.069 | |
(–.103, –.066) | (–.123, –.016) | ||
p < .001 | p = .017 | ||
N | 318,202 | 138,852 |
Health Problem | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Somatic Condition | –.011 | –.012 | –.010 | .003 | .005 |
(–.016, –.006) | (–.017, –.007) | (–.014, –.004) | (–.008, .013) | (–.006, .016) | |
Frequent Infections | .002 | .000 | .002 | –.016 | –.015 |
(–.003, .007) | (–.005, .005) | (–.003, .007) | (–.027, –.004) | (–.026, –.003) | |
Mental Disorder | –.076 | –.067 | –.067 | –.060 | –.060 |
(–.082, –.070) | (–.074, –.061) | (–.073, –.060) | (–.074, –.046) | (–.074, –.045) | |
Track Choice | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Birth Year and Sex | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Other Control Variablesa | No | Yes | Yes | No | No |
Mutually Adjustedb | No | No | Yes | No | Yes |
Sibling Fixed Effects | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
N | 318,202 | 318,202 | 318,202 | 138,852 | 138,852 |
Parental Education | Total Effect | Controlled Direct Effect | Portion Eliminated |
---|---|---|---|
A Secondary Education (n = 352,899) | |||
Basic (ref.) | |||
Secondary | .113 | .101 | .012 |
(.107, .118) | (.094, .108) | (.007, .016) | |
Tertiary | .186 | .167 | .019 |
(.180, .192) | (.160, .174) | (.015, .024) | |
B Tertiary Education (among those with completed secondary education; n = 318,202) | |||
Basic (ref.) | |||
Secondary | .083 | .087 | –.003 |
(.076, .089) | (.078, .095) | (–.009, .002) | |
Tertiary | .310 | .317 | –.007 |
(.303, .316) | (.309, .326) | (–.012, –.002) |